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2.  Addition of impurities into water is known as water
pollution. It is caused by natural process or by human
activities. The natural impurities may be dissolved
gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulphide, or dissolved minerals or micro-organisms

3.  The natural impurities may be added during
rainfall or flowing of water through soil on
ground. These impurities are derived from the
atmosphere, catchment area and the soil

4.  A more serious concern of water pollution is that
part which is caused by human activity - urbanization
and industrialization. These activities leads to
addition of more harmful substances in the water
which have a lot of health hazards.

5.  The sources of pollution resulting from human activities are
:
 (a) sewage- sewage is the waste material from human
excreta which flows in sewers. It contains decomposable
organic matter and pathogenic agents. If untreated sewage
is poured into rivers it will pollute the river water.

6.  (b) Industrial and trade waste- waste form
industrial units contains harmful toxic chemicals
and if untreated industrial waste is thrown in
river it ill pollute the water.

7.  (c) Animal activity- animals pass urine and excreta into
pond and river during drinking leads to water pollution.
 (d) human activity- human activities such as washing
clothes and bathing in river or near ponds also leads
to water pollution.

8. (e) agricultural pollutants- agricultural
activities which may lead to water pollution
includes pesticide application and overuse
of chemical fertilizers.

9.  Use of polluted and contaminated water may
cause diseases. These diseases are known as
water born diseases or water related diseases.
Water-related diseases may be classified as
water born diseases and chemical water born
diseases

10.  1. Due to presence of infective agent in water
the water born diseases are-
 (A) viral diseases- water born viral diseases
includes Viral hepatitis A, hepatitis E,
poliomyelitis, rotavirus diarrhoea in infants

11.  (B) bacterial diseases- water born bacterial
diseases includes typhoid and paratyphoid
fever, bacillary dysentery, Esch. coli
cholera and leptospirosis or weil's disease .

12.  (C) Protozoal disease- protozoal diseases includes
amoebiasis and giardiasis
 (D) Helminthic disease- Helminthic disease
includes, roundworm, threadworm and hydatid
disease

13.  2. Due to presence of aquatic host in water the water
born diseases are-
 (A) Presence of snail- schistosomiasis is caused by
presence of snail host in water.
 (B) Presence of cyclops- guineaworm and fish tape
worms are caused by presence of cyclops in water.

14.  Chemical pollutants derived from industrial and agricultural
wastes leads to chemical water born diseases. Chemical
pollutants include detergent solvents, cyanides, heavy metals,
minerals and organic acids, nitrogenous substances, bleaching
agents, dyes, pigments, sulphides, ammonia, toxic and
biocidal organic compounds .

15.  (a) fluorosis : The presence of fluoride at about 1
mg/litre in drinking water is known to protect
against dental caries, but high levels of fluoride
cause mottling of the dental enamel.

16.  (b) methaemoglobinaemia- High nitrate content
of water is associated with
methaemoglobinaemia. This is a rare occurrence
but may occur when drinking water is polluted
with chemical fertilizer.

17. By – SURESH KUMAR ( Nursing Tutor )