1. Construction typology
Building Technology
Asrul Aminuddin
SOLID
•a homogeneous mass structure
where the external surface is
independent of the internal
form – a three-dimensional
solid body.
SURFACE
•a homogeneous surface where
the external and internal forms
are similar – a two-dimensional
panel.
SKELETAL
•a framework where the
assembly of members gives a
clear indication of the form
usually using one-dimensional
elements.
MEMBRANE
•a flexible sheet material
sometimes reinforced with
linear tension elements used
either as single cable net. A
variation is the pneumatic
where air under pressure is
contained by a tension
membrane skin.
HYBRID
•a combination of two of the
above forms of near equal
dominance.
Skeletal -
Trusses and frameworks
•Trusses are an assembly of structural
members based on a triangular
arrangement with member to member
pin-jointed connections called ‘nodes’
•Trusses can be two-dimensional
(planar) or three-dimensional
(prismatic)
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2. Skeletal Centre support Skeletal Perimeter support
KLIA by….
Zaha Hadid-Morpheus Hotel-Macau
Archteen-Observation tower
Skeletal -
Trusses and frameworks
•Prismatic or space-trusses linked together
become space frames
•Space frames are three-dimensional
lstructures made up from linked layers
•Loang span and prefab consruction
Tetrahedron
Combination of equal
sided pyramids
Combinations of
tetrahedrons
Skeletal -
Trusses and frameworks
•Single-layer space frames are called
latticed structures Construction and
popular for big span
Lattice girder at perimeter support
Diagonal bracing at corners of lattice
structure
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3. KTM Railway station KL
Skeletal -
Trusses and frameworks
•Frameworks are composed
of elements which when
assembled in two or three
directions form a skeletal
construction.
Plaza festival, EXPO 70 Japan (1970)
Skeletal -
Trusses and frameworks
•Frames can be shaped in three
dimensional construction
Nicholas Grimshaw-
Eden Project
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4. Surface -
Grids, plates, shells, stressed skins
•Grids are commonly used only for large
spans to ease construction
complications.
Distribution of load on different types of post and
beam structure
Different sizes and location
of post and beam structure
Surface -
Grids, plates, shells, stressed skins
•Plates or flat slabs are generally
horizontal elements constructed as floor
or roof flat slab
•They are designed to span in one
directions or two directions
1. Slab in post and beam
structure
2. One-way structure
3. Two-way structure
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Surface -
Grids, plates, shells, stressed skins
•Shells are surface constructed which are
curved in one of two directions
•Structural forces in tension and
compression.
Kresge Auditorium, MIT (1953)
St. Louis Planetarium, Obata (1962)
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5. Paraboloid Hyperbolic
Structural Form
San Jose Obrero Church,
Monterrey (1960)
Surface -
Grids, plates, shells, stressed skins
•Stressed skins
construction – a
combination of thin plates
with rib-stiffeners.
Load and
construction
distribution
Candela 1959
Hyperboloid Structural Form
Membrane -
Cable/membrane tents, cable nets,
pneumatics
•All primary in tension construction of
sheet type materials
Frei Otto-Dance hall, Cologne, Germany (1960)
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6. Olympic Stadium, Munich (1972)
Richard Roger-Mellenium Dome
Raleigh Arena (1953)
Ice Hockey Stadium, New
Haven (1958)
Membrane -
Cable/membrane tents, cable nets,
pneumatics
•Stress concentrations tend to occur at
the boundaries and curved cables are
often introduced to even them out (tear
drops and zigzags at the mast top)
Where is this ..??
Guthrie Pavilion Shah Alam
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7. Membrane -
Cable/membrane tents, cable nets,
pneumatics
• Materials used for the skins are:
1. PVC polyester – polyvinyl
chloride coated polyester
2. PTFE glass – poly-tetra-
fluoroethylene coated glass fibre
3. ETFE foil – ethylene-tetra-
fluoroethylene foil
Hybrids -
Tension-assisted structures
•The primary type may be solid or
skeletal, the secondary elements are
of different type and may be part of
structure, of which the combination
of these 2 types is of near equal
dominance.
Hybrids -
Tension-assisted structures
•Many tensioned - assisted structures
fall into this category and typically will
consist of the following combinations:
1. Steel and tensile membrane
2. Structural glass and steel
3. Masonry and steel
4. Timber/plastic and steel
Eden Project Bodelva Cornwall
Nicholas Grimshaw
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12. Erich Mendelshon
Sketch for Einstein
Tower
Erich Mendelshon
Einstein Tower
Metabolist-Utopia
Kurokawa -
Nakagin
Capsule
Tower
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13. Brussels Expo Heysel
Futuristic City
Blade Runner
Metabolist
City
Suita -Osaka
Helix
Housing in Denmark
The Sage Music & Art Gallery
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14. David Fisher
Rotating Tower
Norman Foster - Greater London
Authority
Tate Modern
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architects,
Herzog and
de Meuron
Frank Gehry – Art Gallery Ontario
UCX- inhabitant
Calatrava -Twisting Torso
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15. CCTV
MAD – Ontario condo.
Architect’s (Perkins and Will –
Mumbai Green
Hani Rashid and Lise Anne Couture -
Strata Tower
Daekwon Park called Symbiotic
Interlock
Felipe Mesa and Alejandro Bernal -
Orquideograma are
JDS Architects + CEBRA – iceberg
housing
James Law - Cybertecture
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