This document discusses several film movements and their histories: German Expressionism emerged in response to World War 1 and used theatrical set designs adapted for film. The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari in 1920 was deemed the first "art film" and horror film. Italian Neo-Realism developed after World War 2 and used real locations and non-professional actors to focus on reality over visual style. The French New Wave movement used lighter cameras for "street cinema" films and directors were seen as auteurs, influencing later films like Bonnie and Clyde. Jules and Jim became iconic of this movement.

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Art & the Cinema
German Expressionism
Hopper & Hitchcock
Caravaggio & Scorsese
Italian Neo Realism
French new wave

2. Realism Vs Formalism

3. Video Study 1:
Caligari & Art Cinema

4. Birth of cinema (Lumiere Brothers)
•Invented the Cinematograph in 1895
•First film content is mainly ‘home movies’ and urban life
•Similar devices like Edison’s Kinetoscope are invented worldwide
•The Industry begins as a novelty sideshow

5. German Expressionism
•While the factory system booms in the US (post WW1), in Germany a new Art
movement is taking place
•Expressionism permeates painting, dance, architecture and writing.
•Unable to compete with Hollywood budgets, the Germans adapt the theatre set
deigns for film
•Fleeing Hitler’s germany, directors emigrate to Hollywood

6. The cabinet of Dr Caligari (Robert Wiene)
•Emerges in 1920 as the first ‘art film’
•Also deemed to be the first horror film
•Set design by expressionist painters

7. Edward Hopper
Begins hand-painting cinema posters
Influenced by film and on directors, most famously Hitchcock
Empty, people-less American scenes continue to influence directors like
Terence Malick
‘Magic hour is when warehouses become palaces’

8. Video Study 2:
Italian Neo-Realism

9. Italian Neo-Realism
Post-war Italy wishes to rebuild and redefine itself
Without budget for lavish sets & actors, directors used real locations &
non-actors
Reality is more important than visual style or illusion

10. Video Study 3:
Nouvelle Vague

11. French New Wave (Nouvelle Vague)
•Lighter hand-held cameras make it easier to make ‘street cinema’
•Jen-luc Godard and Francois Truffaut become it’s principal directors
•Directors become thought of as Auteurs
•Influences American films like ‘Bonnie & Clyde’
•‘Jules et Jim’ becomes it’s iconic film

12. Designing ‘Raging Bull’
Each fight reflects Jake LaMotta’s state of mind in it’s directorial approach
Light, editing, camera movement and sound all contribute

13. Caravaggio & Scorsese
•Extremes of lighting with Film Noir elements
•Caravaggio chooses ‘ordinary street people’ as models
•Paintings have a filmic sense of dramatic staging