The document discusses banana fiber reinforced composite materials and presents the plan to make composites using banana fibers as reinforcement. It provides background on banana fibers, including their extraction process, properties, and applications. The methodology section outlines the various tests that will be conducted on the banana fibers and composites, including tensile strength testing, FTIR, XRD, and evaluation of moisture content and crystalinity.

1. Banana fiber reinforced
Composite material
Presented By :
Mirza Fouzia M.
As a part of Mid term of M.E. – III & IV
Guided By:
Dr. Aadhar Mandot
Asst. Professor
Department of Textile Engineering
Faculty of Technology & Engineering
The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

2. Outline
1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. What is Banana fiber and its Extraction
process?
4. Properties of Banana Fiber
5. Applications of Banana Fiber
6. Material & Methodology
7. Plan of Work
8. References

3. ⮚Introduction

4. ⮚ Introduction
• Global warming is a major threat to mankind .
• To stop and to reverse the effect of global warming, there is a need to
replace non- renewable, non-degradable, and synthetic materials
with renewable, bio-degradable, and natural material.
• The natural fibers are renewable, non-abrasive, bio-degradable,
possess a good calorific value, exhibit excellent mechanical properties
and are inexpensive.
• This good environmental friendly feature makes the materials very
popular in engineering markets such as the automotive and
construction industry.

5. ⮚ Introduction
• The best way to bring about the change is to make use of or find
innovative uses for agricultural waste.
• The banana fibers are waste product of banana cultivation, therefore
without any additional cost these fibers can be obtained for
industrial purposes.
• In India, approximately 5 lakhs tones of banana trunk is discarded
as waste every year , after harvesting.

6. ⮚Literature Review

7. 1. A review of processing technology for
the utilisation of agro-waste fibres, by
Manjul Kumar Sinha
• The present paper is based on review of various aspects of the two
agrowastes such as Banana fiber and Pineapple fiber and their
possible commercial utilisation.
• Investigations on banana fiber, agrowastes can be suitably
processed, in processing units available in India, into useful
products such as rope or packaging material
• Banana fibre can also be used, as paper, board, cellulose derivatives
etc.

8. 2. Process Ability Enhancement of False
Banana Fiber for Rural Development ,
by Alhayat Getu Temesgen1 and Omprakash Sahu2
• In this work, the structure and characterization of false banana
fibers (FBF) modified by physico-chemical treatment were studied.

9. 3. Applications of Natural Fibers and
Its Composites: An Overview ,
by M. R. Sanjay et al
• This paper exhibits an outline on natural fibers and its composites
utilized as a part of different commercial and engineering applications.
• In this review, many articles were related to applications of natural fiber
reinforced polymer composites.
• In structural applications and infrastructure applications, natural fiber
composites have been used to develop load-bearing elements such as
beam, roof, multipurpose panel, water tanks and pedestrian bridge

10. ⮚What is Banana fiber and
its Extraction process?

11. What is Banana fiber and
its Extraction process?
• Banana fiber is a ligno-cellulosic fiber, obtained from the pseudo-
stem of false banana plant (Musa sepientum), is a bast fiber with
relatively good mechanical
• The complete process involves mechanical extraction techniques.
• Initially the banana plant sections were cut from the main stem of
the plant and then rolled lightly to remove the excess moisture and
impurities.
• “Raspador machine” consisting of two horizontal beams is used for
extraction process to avoid fiber breaking.
• Banana fiber is a very good replacement for synthetic fiber.

12. Pseudo stem Vertical section of stem
Cross section of stem

13. What is Banana fiber and
its Extraction process?
•
Raspador machine

14. ⮚After Extraction
The fiber are shade dried

15. ⮚Properties of Banana Fiber

16. ⮚Properties of Banana Fiber
• The chemical composition : cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and lignin.
• Highly strong fiber.
• Smaller elongation.
• Shiny appearance
• Light weight.
• Moisture absorption as well as releases very fast.
• Average fineness : 2400NM.
• Bio- degradable and Eco- friendly fiber.
• It can be spun through almost all the methods of spinning including
ring spinning, open-end spinning, bast fiber spinning, and semi-
worsted spinning.

17. ⮚Applications of Banana Fiber

18. ⮚Applications of Banana Fiber
• Banana fiber is used for the following purposes:
• Currencies
• Bond papers
• Composite materials as a replacement for fiber glass
• Mattresses, pillows and cushions in the furniture industry
• In handicraft, extensively for making bags, purse, mobile phone
cover, door mats, curtains, and yoga mats etc.
• Polypropylene reinforced with banana fibres is used by automobile
companies like Mercedes for under floor protection panels.
• SHE has started producing sanitary pads using banana fibers
• Research is underway to find out other uses of this fiber

21. ⮚Material & Methodology

22. ⮚Material
• The banana plant fiber used in the experiment reported were
received from Navsari Agriculture University, Navsari, Gujarat-
India.
• The fiber are placed in open room for more than 24 hour for
conditioning action.

23. ⮚Methodology
Fiber testing methods
1. Microscopic view
2. Fineness
3. Tensile strength
4. Moisture Analysis
5. FTIR
6. DSC
7. TGA
8. Torsional rigidity
9. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

24. Microscopic view
• The Raw banana fiber are Cylindrical in shape
as observed through microscope with 2000 x
magnification

25. Tensile Strength
• Tensile Strength and elongation machine work
on constant rate of Elongation.
• Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is the
maximum stress that a material can withstand
while being stretched or pulled before failing
or breaking.
• The average tenacity of the single fiber with
fineness range between 40D – 165D was
obtained 5.84 GPD and the CV % was 15.34.
Universal tensile
tester
machine (UTS)

26. Weight
Test Speed
(mm/min)
Maximum
Load (gf)
Extension At
Max (mm)
Stress in
gm/den % Strain
Individual
Denier GPD (X- X') (X- X')2
0.00142 3 800.8004151 1.211749532 7.456183769 6.058748 127.8 6.266044 0.428751 0.183827
0.00143 3 860.5599382 1.269843666 8.012599547 6.349218 128.7 6.686557 0.849264 0.721249
0.00139 3 711.406608 1.509350783 6.623845722 7.546754 125.1 5.686704 -0.15059 0.022677
0.00106 3 463.2488159 1.118127338 4.31326987 5.590637 95.4 4.855858 -0.98144 0.963216
0.00096 3 485.453366 0.897256369 4.520014526 4.486282 86.4 5.618673 -0.21862 0.047795
0.00134 3 752.9892385 1.247957608 7.011018017 6.239788 120.6 6.243692 0.406399 0.16516
0.0016 3 553.1938616 0.661531943 5.150740452 3.30766 144 3.841624 -1.99567 3.982696
0.00143 3 940.0707172 1.069589473 8.75291757 5.347947 128.7 7.304357 1.467063 2.152275
0.00154 3 806.9956152 1.162161269 7.513866745 5.810806 138.6 5.822479 -0.01481 0.000219
0.00146 3 611.4310929 0.938587208 5.692982302 4.692936 131.4 4.653205 -1.18409 1.402066
0.00118 3 737.429168 1.45246856 6.86613954 7.262343 106.2 6.943777 1.106484 1.224307
0.00142 3 705.3372563 1.105669056 6.567334511 5.528345 127.8 5.519071 -0.31822 0.101266
0.00143 3 705.5239332 1.093623038 6.569072643 5.468115 128.7 5.481926 -0.35537 0.126286
0.00095 3 486.2094318 1.338430138 4.527054189 6.692151 85.5 5.68666 -0.15063 0.02269
0.00094 3 541.7740726 1.144665409 5.044411779 5.723327 84.6 6.403949 0.566656 0.321098
0.00093 3 586.4089353 1.188975925 5.460003145 5.94488 83.7 7.00608 1.168787 1.366063
0.00048 3 208.8414716 1.132106521 1.944504974 5.660533 43.2 4.834293 -1.003 1.006009
0.00143 3 650.6486833 1.032913036 6.058133913 5.164565 128.7 5.055545 -0.78175 0.61113
0.00047 3 242.175609 1.763832639 2.254876261 8.819163 42.3 5.725192 -0.1121 0.012567
0.00182 3 1164.647422 1.4797088 10.84393194 7.398544 163.8 7.11018 1.272886 1.62024
X' 5.837293 16.05284
SD 0.895903

27. Moisture Analysis
By oven dry method (Direct)
• A conditioning oven, as shown in figure,
is a large oven which contains the fiber
sample in a mesh container.
• The container is suspended inside the
oven from one pan of balance, the
mechanism of which is outside the oven.
• A continual flow of air at the correct
relative humidity is passed through the
oven which is maintained at 105oC± 2.
• Moisture content (M.C.) of raw banana
fiber (M.C)= 12.4 %.
• Moisture regain of raw banana fiber
(M.R) = (M.C./ Oven Dry Wt.)x 100 =
14.16 %.

28. Fourier Transformed Infrared (FTIR)
• It was found that spectra of BF raw samples exhibited a strong band at 896
cm-1 due to C-O-C symmetric stretching dialkyl ether linkages and C-O
stretching vibration in cellulose, hemicellulose and minor lignin contribution.
• A large band 3452 – 3100 cm-1 is characteristic of the polymeric association
of the hydroxyl groups and the bonded O–H stretching vibration present in
carbohydrates (cellulose + hemicellulose) and lignin.
• A large region of absorption can be seen involving overlapping bands in the
range of 1635-1100 cm-1 due to C–C, C=C, CO, CHn, C-O-C, CH aromatic
linkages; band at 2927, 2850, 1635, 700-900 cm-1 is seen due to vibrations of
CHn (aliphatic aromatic) present in carbohydrates and lignin.

29. 50
0
100
0
150
0
200
0
250
0
300
0
350
0
400
0 1/c
m
6
5
7
0
7
5
8
0
8
5
%
T
3564.
57
3543.
35
3435.
34
3414.
12
3394.
83
3194.
23
3173.
01
3140.
22
3
115.
14
3076.
56
3043.
77
3
028.
34
2
978.
19
2
947.
33
2883.
68
2874.
03
2829.
67
1645.
33
1606.
76
1514.
17
1417.
73
1329.
00
1244.
13
1205.
55
1126.
47
1087.
89
1037.
74
1026.
16
1004.
95
9
91.4
4
896.9
3
871.8
5
827.4
9
777.3
4
675.1
1
640.3
9
619.1
7
590.2
4
563.2
3
522.7
3
505.3
7441.7
1
430.1
4
410.8
5
FTIR
Measurement
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
In the Figure points indicates bond
between inside the fibres which mention
in below:
1 - Hydroxyl group and bonded O-H
stretching(C+L) C - (cellulose +
hemicellulose)
2 - CHn aliphatic and aromatic (C+L)
3 - CHn aliphatic and aromatic (C+L)-O;
4 - CO(C+L);
5 - Large overlapping of C-C, C=C, CO,
OH, C-O-C, CH aromatic, CHn band
6 - CO, C-O-C (C)
7 - C-C-C symmetric stretching and C-O
stretching vibration(c+ minor L)
Fourier Transformed
Infrared (FTIR)

30. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
• X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a
rapid analytical technique primarily used
for phase identification of a crystalline
material and can provide information on
unit cell dimensions. The analyzed
material is finely ground, homogenized,
and average bulk composition is
determined.
• Raw banana fiber sample exhibited a
crystalline structure, showing diffraction
peaks at 2θ= 15.26, 16.41, 22.15 and
34.58, which can be assigned to the
crystal planes (-110), (110), (200) and
(004), resptively.
• Raw Banana Fiber Crystallinity Index
[CI.] is 25.63%

31. ⮚Plan of Work

32. ⮚Plan of Work
• To spun banana fiber yarn.
• To weave fabric with banana fiber weft.
• To make Non-woven banana fiber web.
• To search relevant technique to make Banana fiber reinforced
Composites using Epoxy resin and Polyester Resin
• To make composite material as a replacement for fiber glass.

33. References
• Agriculture Wastes (1982) 461~475 “Use of Waste Fibres: A
Review”; Manjul Kumar Sinha
• http://nptel.ac.in/courses/116102029/
• http://www.bananafibre.com/bananafibre
• http://file.scirp.org/pdf/NR_2016031117315577.pdf
• www.mdpi.com/journal/materials