prevention theory and chemical reaction on board ships

Maritime Safety Institute MSI-AAST&MT
MSI-AAST&MT © Copyright
1/3/2020 1CAP. MAHMOUD MOHAMED ATTIA

 In order to burn solids and liquids have to be heated to
temperature at which flammable vapors are emitted.
 To start fire, the minimum temperature needed to
ignite fuel, known as ignition temperature, must be
reached.
 The ignition temperature of substances is the lowest
temperature at which sustained combustion will
occur.
1/3/2020CAP. MAHMOUD MOHAMED ATTIA 2

 The heat initiate the chemical reaction that is called
combustion, the source of ignition can be (Match, spark,
friction, lighting, welding, electric short, static electricity
….etc).

FUEL
‫المادة‬
OXYGEN
‫اوكسجين‬
HEAT
‫الحرارة‬
FIRE TRIANGLE
NOT LESS THAN
CONCENTRATION 16%
OF OXYGEN IN AIR TO
START A FIRE AND
SUPPORT

 Solid fuel: before solid fuel will burn, it must
be changed to vapor state. In a fire situation
this change usually is known as Pyrolysis
‫البخار‬ ‫حالة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫تغييره‬ ‫يجب‬ ، ‫الصلب‬ ‫الوقود‬ ‫يحترق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫قبل‬.‫حالة‬ ‫في‬
‫الحراري‬ ‫االنحالل‬ ‫باسم‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫التغيير‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫عرف‬ُ‫ي‬ ، ‫الحريق‬

‫العضوي‬ ‫الوقود‬ ‫حرق‬ ‫في‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫كيميائي‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫أول‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الحراري‬ ‫التحلل‬
‫مثل‬ ‫الصلب‬:‫وفي‬ ،‫البالستيك‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫بعض‬ ‫وأيضا‬ ،‫والورق‬ ‫والقماش‬ ‫الخشب‬
‫بل‬ ،‫نفسه‬ ‫الخشب‬ ‫احتراق‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫النيران‬ ‫رؤية‬ ‫سبب‬ ‫يرجع‬ ‫ال‬ ‫الخشب‬ ‫حريق‬
‫عملية‬ ‫حدوث‬ ‫وخالل‬ ،‫الحراري‬ ‫التحلل‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫أطلقت‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الغازات‬ ‫لوجود‬
‫لل‬ ‫التحول‬ ‫لمرحلة‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫هناك‬ ‫الحراري‬ ‫التحلل‬‫غازية‬ ‫حالة‬

 are liquids or solids that readily give off oxygen
or other oxidizing substances (such as bromine,
chlorine, or fluorine). They also include materials
that react chemically to oxidize combustible
(burnable) materials; this means that oxygen
combines chemically with the other material in a
way that increases the chance of a fire or
explosion. This reaction may be spontaneous at
either room temperature or may occur under
slight heating. Oxidizing liquids and solids can
be severe fire and explosion hazards

8
‫و‬ ‫تسخن‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫التفاعل‬ ‫عن‬ ‫كناتج‬ ‫األوكسجين‬ ‫تطلق‬ ‫التي‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫هي‬‫تتفاعل‬
‫الهيبوكلوريت‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫وتشمل‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫من‬ ‫غيرها‬ ‫مع‬hypo-
chlorites‫والنيترات‬ ‫والكلورات‬bromine, chlorine, or
fluorine)،‫االشتعال‬ ‫لدعم‬ ‫الكافي‬ ‫األكسجين‬ ‫من‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫تحمل‬ ‫منها‬ ‫كل‬ ،
‫أ‬ ‫في‬ ‫الحال‬ ‫هو‬ ‫كما‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫تتفكك‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫أيضا‬ ‫األوكسجين‬ ‫انطالق‬ ‫ويتم‬‫ثناء‬
‫البو‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫إال‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫حرائق‬ ‫إطفاء‬ ‫الصعب‬ ‫من‬ ‫ولذلك‬ ‫االحتراق‬‫درة‬
‫الجافة‬.

 A combustible metal is defined as any metal
composed of distinct particles or pieces,
regardless of shape, size or chemical
composition that will burn
 reacts with water to liberate hydrogen like
magnesium

 calcium
 cerium
 cesium
 lithium
 lutetium
 magnesium and magnesium alloys
 neodymium
 phosphorus
 potassium
 potassium-sodium alloys
 rubidium
 sodium
 Strontium

• Liquid fuel: release vapor, some gases release vapor
over a wide temperature ranges (Gasoline -50
o
C ).
This process is called vaporization. )‫التبخر‬)
‫واسعة‬ ‫حرارة‬ ‫درجات‬ ‫مدى‬ ‫على‬ ‫بخار‬ ‫يطلق‬ ‫السائل‬ ‫الوقود‬ ‫بعض‬
)‫جازولين‬-50‫مئوية‬ ‫درجة‬.)‫التبخر‬ ‫تسمى‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫هذه‬.

 Flashpoint is the temperature in degrees
Celsius (closed cup test) at which a product
will give off enough flammable vapour to be
ignited, as determined by an approved
flashpoint apparatus.
Solas II-2 REG.3 / definition

 Is the lowest temperature at which the liquid,
fuel produces sufficient amount of vapor to
form an ignitable mixture nears its surface ,
but is not sufficient to sustain combustion
 SO..A Material with high flash point is less
flammable or hazardous than a material with
a low flash point.

Fuel Type Temp (Deg C)
Diesel Fuel (4-D) 54.44
Ethyl Alcohol 12.78
Fuels Oil No.1 37.78-72.22
Fuels Oil No.2 52.22-95.56
Acetaldehyde -37.78
Acetone -17-78
Benzene -11.11
Carbon Disulfide -30
Acetaldehyde -37.78

 Petroleum having a flashpoint below 60ºC as
determined by the closed cup method
of test.
ISGOTT 2006

 Gases: gaseous fuel is already in the required
vapor state
 A mixture of hydrocarbon gas and air
cannot be ignited and burned unless its
composition lies within a range of gas in
air concentrations known as the
flammable range.

 The lower limit of this range, known as the Lower
Flammable Limit (LFL), is that hydrocarbon
concentration below which there is insufficient
hydrocarbon gas to support and propagate
combustion. The upper limit of the
range, known as the Upper Flammable Limit (UFL),
is that hydrocarbon concentration above which
there is insufficient air to support and propagate
combustion.
ISGOTT 2006

 The minimum concentration of a particular
combustible gas or vapor necessary to
support its combustion in air is defined as
the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) for that gas.
Below this level, the mixture is too “lean” to
burn.

 The maximum concentration of a gas or
vapor that will burn in air is defined as the
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL). Above this level,
the mixture is too “rich” to burn. The range
between the LEL and UEL is known as the
flammable range for that gas or vapor.

03/01/2020 04:3923
Ca
pt.
Eh
ab
Et
m
an
Non-combustible material
• is a material which
neither burns nor gives
off flammable vapours
in sufficient quantity
for self-ignition when
heated to approximately
750
o
C
Combustion and Fire/
Spontaneous ignition
• Many common
materials are
subjected to this
dangerous
chemical
phenomenon for
example (Cotton,
Coal …etc)
• 201–304 deg C
Auto-ignition
• The lowest
temperature at
which a
combustible
substance will
ignite
spontaneously in
the presence of air
or oxygen
• AUTO IGNITION
TEMP.TABLE

26
‫لالشتع‬ ‫القابلة‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫تكتسب‬ ‫عندها‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫هي‬‫ال‬
‫القابل‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫لجميع‬ ‫الكلى‬ ‫االشتعال‬ ‫لبدء‬ ‫تكفى‬ ‫الطاقة‬ ‫من‬ ‫كمية‬‫لالشتعال‬ ‫ة‬
‫طويلة‬ ‫لمدة‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫اللحظة‬ ‫نفس‬ ‫في‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫في‬.

STARVING OR
ISOLATION
‫العزل‬ ‫او‬ ‫التجويع‬
SMOTHERING
‫الخنق‬
COOLING DOWN
‫التبريد‬
FIRE EXTINGUISHING

28
 ‫بغرض‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫فيه‬ ‫المتواجد‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫يغلق‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫الحادث‬ ‫االنفجار‬ ‫هو‬
‫مرتفعة‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫وتكون‬ ،‫الخنق‬(‫إلي‬ ‫تصل‬ ‫قد‬1000‫مئوية‬ ‫درجة‬)،
‫االحتراق‬ ‫حد‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫األوكسجين‬ ‫نسبة‬ ‫وتقل‬(‫من‬ ‫أقل‬10)%‫وتصل‬
‫فقط‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫مرحلة‬ ‫إلي‬ ‫المحترقة‬ ‫(المادة‬Smouldering) ‫ما‬ ‫فإذا‬ ،
‫الرجعي‬ ‫االنفجار‬ ‫يسمي‬ ‫انفجار‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫التهوية‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫األوكسجين‬ ‫توافر‬.

• FIRE IS CLASSIFIED BY THE TYPE OF FUEL THEY
BURN
• THER ARE 2 STANDARD FOR FIRE
CLASSIFICATION :
1. NFPA 10 / NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION
ASSOCIATION
2. ISO STANDARD / INTERNATIONAL ORG
FOR STANDARDIZATION
REF. A.951(23)

FIRES CLASSIFICATION
NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION NFPA 10
Class A: result from ordinary combustible materials, including wood, cloth,
paper, and many plastics.
Class B: burn in flammable liquids, combustible liquids, petroleum greases,
oils, alcohols, and flammable gases.
Class C: involve energized electrical equipment.
Class D: fires in combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium,
zirconium, sodium, lithium, and potassium.
Class K: fires in cooking appliances that involve combustible cooking media,
such as vegetable or animal oils and fats.
Read more at the ANSI Blog: NFPA 10-2018: FIRE CLASSIFICATION

o CLASS A : fires involve solid material , usually
of organic nature , in which combustion
normally takes place with the formation of
glowing embers
o CLASS B : fires involving liquids or liquefiable
solids
o CLASS C : fires involving gases
o CLASS D : fires involve metals
o CLASS F : fire involve cooking oils

Class Materials Extinguish agent
Class A
Common combustible
material such as
wood, Cloth, paper,
rubber, plastics...etc
1. Water
2. Co2
3. Dry chemical powder
Class B Flammable liquids and
gases
1. Foam
2. Co2
3. Dry chemical powder
4. Water spray
Class C Electrical equipment Co2
Class D Combustible metals Dry powder

36
WATER EXTINGUISHER

37
A dry chemical agent called mono ammonium phosphate.
The chemical is non-conductive and can be mildly
corrosive if moisture is present. In order to avoid
corrosion, it is necessary to scrub and thoroughly
cleanup the contacted area once the fire is out.

38
A dry chemical agent called
sodium bicarbonate. It is
non-toxic, non-conductive
and non-corrosive. It is
easy to cleanup, requiring
only vacuuming, sweeping
or flushing with water.

39
Purple K extinguishers contain specially
fluidized and siliconized potassium
bicarbonate dry chemical which is
particularly effective on Class B flammable
liquids and pressurized gases. It is
electrically non-conductive Extinguishers
with potassium bicarbonate are usually
used for cooking oil.

 Wet chemical (potassium acetate, potassium
carbonate, or potassium citrate) extinguishes the
fire by forming an air-excluding soapy foam
blanket over the burning oil through the chemical
process of saponification (an alkali reacting with a
fat to form a soap) and by the water content
cooling the oil below its ignition ...

41
Carbon dioxide removes oxygen to stop a fire
but has limited range. It is environmentally
friendly and leaves no residue, so cleanup is
unnecessary. Extinguishers with carbon
dioxide are usually used in contamination-
sensitive places such as computer rooms,
labs, food storage areas, processing plants,
etc.

42
Foam floats on flammable
liquids to tame the fire and
helps prevent re-flashes. To
cleanup the affected area, it
must be washed away and
left to evaporate. Fire
extinguishers with foam are
usually used for liquids.

Capt.Sherif Fat-halla 43
CHEMICAL FOAM MECHANICAL
FOAM

44

The standard fire extinguisher color was changed to signal red for
2 main reasons.
1. Firstly, Red is the color associated with both danger
and fire and so there is an obvious association with
fire extinguishers.
2. Secondly, Red is the color most easy to see, especially
in a darker environment, such as a smoke-filled room.
cap. mahmoud attia 45

cap. mahmoud attia 46

ISO STANDARD
3941

prevention theory and chemical reaction on board ships

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