Fire is defined as a fast chemical reaction between combustibles and oxygen that produces heat, flames, gas and smoke. The key elements of fire are fuel, heat, and oxygen. Fires are classified into different classes based on the type of fuel involved - Class A involves wood, paper and cloth; Class B involves flammable liquids; Class C involves electrical fires; Class D involves combustible metals; and Class K involves cooking oils and fats. Fires can be triggered through direct ignition by flames or sparks, or indirect ignition through convection, conduction or radiation. Common causes of fires include friction, self-combustion, and chemical or electrical reactions. Water and foam are common fire extinguishing agents.

1. Definition of FireDefinition of Fire
Fire is defined as aFire is defined as a fast chemicalfast chemical
reactionreaction betweenbetween combustiblescombustibles andand
oxydantsoxydants (normally oxygen present in(normally oxygen present in
the air)the air) producing heat, flames, gasproducing heat, flames, gas
and smoke(Combustion).and smoke(Combustion).
‫المواد‬ ‫بين‬ ‫سريع‬ ‫كيميائي‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫أنها‬ ‫النار‬ ‫وتعرف‬
‫لنتاج‬ ‫يؤدى‬ ‫الكسجين‬ ‫و‬ ‫للتحتراق‬ ‫القابلة‬
‫دخان‬ ‫و‬ ‫لهب‬ ‫وألسنة‬ ‫تحرارة‬

2. Elements of FireElements of Fire
 Fuel - Fuel is any kind of combustible material. The moistureFuel - Fuel is any kind of combustible material. The moisture
content determines how easily that fuel will burncontent determines how easily that fuel will burn..
‫وقود‬ ‫أن‬ ‫بسهولة‬ ‫كيفية‬ ‫يحدد‬ ‫الرطوبة‬ ‫محتوى‬ .‫للتحتراق‬ ‫القابلة‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫من‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫أي‬ ‫هو‬ ‫وقود‬
‫يحرق‬ ‫سوف‬
 Heat - A heat source is responsible for the initial ignition of fire, and heat isHeat - A heat source is responsible for the initial ignition of fire, and heat is
also needed to maintain the fire and permit it to spread. Heat allows fire toalso needed to maintain the fire and permit it to spread. Heat allows fire to
spread by removing the moisture from nearby fuel, warming surroundingspread by removing the moisture from nearby fuel, warming surrounding
air, and preheating the fuel in its path, enabling it to travel with greaterair, and preheating the fuel in its path, enabling it to travel with greater
ease.ease. ‫أيضا‬ ‫تحاجة‬ ‫وهناك‬ ،‫النار‬ ‫لطلق‬ ‫الولية‬ ‫إشعال‬ ‫عن‬ ‫المسؤول‬ ‫هو‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫مصدر‬ - ‫تحرارة‬
‫من‬ ‫الرطوبة‬ ‫إزالة‬ ‫طريق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫لنشر‬ ‫يسمح‬ ‫النار‬ ‫تحرارة‬ .‫بالنتشار‬ ‫لها‬ ‫والسماح‬ ‫النار‬ ‫تحرارة‬ ‫على‬ ‫للحفاظ‬
‫السفر‬ ‫من‬ ‫مكنها‬ ‫مما‬ ،‫طريقها‬ ‫في‬ ‫وقود‬ ‫والتسخين‬ ،‫المحيط‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫تحرارة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫ارتفاع‬ ،‫القريبة‬ ‫الوقود‬
‫أكبر‬ ‫.بسهولة‬
 OxygenOxygen -- Air contains about 21% oxygen, and most fires require at leastAir contains about 21% oxygen, and most fires require at least
16% oxygen content to burn. Oxygen supports the chemical processes that16% oxygen content to burn. Oxygen supports the chemical processes that
occur during a wild land fire. When fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen fromoccur during a wild land fire. When fuel burns, it reacts with oxygen from
the surrounding air releasing heat and generating combustion products (i.e.the surrounding air releasing heat and generating combustion products (i.e.
gases, smoke, embers). This process is known as oxidation.gases, smoke, embers). This process is known as oxidation.
‫تحوالي‬ ‫الوكسجين‬ ‫على‬ ‫يحتوي‬ ‫الهواء‬21‫عن‬ ‫يقل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ما‬ ‫تتطلب‬ ‫تحرائق‬ ‫ومعظم‬ ،٪16‫محتوى‬ ٪
‫يحترق‬ ‫عندما‬ .‫البراري‬ ‫تحريق‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الكيميائية‬ ‫العمليات‬ ‫يدعم‬ ‫الكسجين‬ .‫لحرق‬ ‫الوكسجين‬
‫أي‬ ‫)غازات‬ ‫إطلق‬ ‫وتوليد‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫تحرارة‬ ‫المحيطة‬ ‫التحتراق‬ ‫نواتج‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكسجين‬ ‫مع‬ ‫ويتفاعل‬ ،‫الوقود‬
.‫أكسدة‬ ‫كما‬ ‫العملية‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫وتعرف‬ .(‫والجمر‬ ،‫الدخان‬

3. Fire ClassificationsFire Classifications
 Class AClass A - Fires occurring in wood, paper, and rags- Fires occurring in wood, paper, and rags
are termed Class A fires. Fires in this classificationare termed Class A fires. Fires in this classification
will be effectively and safely extinguished by waterwill be effectively and safely extinguished by water
or solutions containing wateror solutions containing water..
‫وسيتم‬ .‫تحرائق‬ (‫)أ‬ ‫والفئة‬ ،‫والورق‬ ‫الخشب‬ ‫خرق‬ ‫في‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الحرائق‬ ‫ويطلق‬
‫التي‬ ‫المحاليل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الماء‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫انطفأت‬ ‫وآمن‬ ‫فعال‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫التصنيف‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ ‫تحرائق‬
‫الماء‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوي‬
 Class BClass B - Fires occurring in flammable liquids such- Fires occurring in flammable liquids such
as gasoline, oil, solvents, grease and similaras gasoline, oil, solvents, grease and similar
substances are termed Class B fires.substances are termed Class B fires.
‫والمذيبات‬ ،‫والنفط‬ ‫البنزين‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫للشتعال‬ ‫القابلة‬ ‫السوائل‬ ‫في‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الحرائق‬ ‫ويطلق‬
‫الدرجة‬ ‫من‬ ‫المماثلة‬ ‫والمواد‬ ‫والشحوم‬B‫الحرائق‬
 Class CClass C - Those fires occurring in electrical- Those fires occurring in electrical
equipment and facilities such as motors,equipment and facilities such as motors,
transformers, switches, etc., are termed Class Ctransformers, switches, etc., are termed Class C
fires.fires.
 ‫الكهربائية‬ ‫المعدات‬ ‫في‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الحرائق‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫وتسمى‬
،‫الكهربائية‬ ‫والمفاتيح‬ ‫والمحولت‬ ‫المحركات‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫والمرافق‬
‫والفئة‬ ،‫وغيرها‬ C ‫.الحرائق‬

4. Fire ClassificationsFire Classifications
 Class DClass D -- Those fires where the fuel is combustibleThose fires where the fuel is combustible
metal such as magnesium, sodium, zirconium, potassium,metal such as magnesium, sodium, zirconium, potassium,
and titanium are considered Class D fires. The extinguishersand titanium are considered Class D fires. The extinguishers
used must be the application of special powders such asused must be the application of special powders such as
Dry Graphite, Dry Sand, or MET-L-X.Dry Graphite, Dry Sand, or MET-L-X.
،‫والمغنيسيوم‬ ‫الصوديوم‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫للتحتراق‬ ‫القابلة‬ ‫المعادن‬ ‫إتحتراق‬ ‫نتيجة‬ ‫الحرائق‬ ‫هذه‬
‫تحتوى‬ ‫طفايات‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ ،‫والتيتانيوم‬ ،‫والبوتاسيوم‬ ،‫الزركونيوم‬
،‫جاف‬ ‫رمل‬ ،‫جاف‬ ‫الجرافيت‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫مساتحيق‬ ‫على‬
 Class KClass K -- Those fires in cooking appliances that involveThose fires in cooking appliances that involve
combustible cooking media (vegetable or animal oils andcombustible cooking media (vegetable or animal oils and
fats).fats).
‫القابلة‬ ‫الزيوت‬ ‫على‬ ‫تحتوى‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الطبخ‬ ‫معدات‬ ‫في‬ ‫تنشأ‬ ‫التى‬ ‫الحرائق‬ ‫هى‬
.(‫والدهون‬ ‫والزيوت‬ ‫الحيوانية‬ ‫أو‬ ‫)النباتية‬ ‫للتحتراق‬

5. Causes of FireCauses of Fire
 Direct IgnitionDirect Ignition ‫المباشر‬ ‫الشعال‬‫المباشر‬ ‫الشعال‬
Occurs when a flame or a spark comes to contact withOccurs when a flame or a spark comes to contact with
a combustible in presence of aira combustible in presence of air
‫الهواء‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫في‬ ‫اشتعال‬ ‫مع‬ ‫شرارة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫لهب‬ ‫يتصل‬ ‫عندما‬ ‫يحدث‬
 Indirect IgnitionIndirect Ignition ‫المباشر‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الشعال‬‫المباشر‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الشعال‬
Triggering take places through convection, conductionTriggering take places through convection, conduction
and heat radiation. (i.e. hot air streams, heat conductionand heat radiation. (i.e. hot air streams, heat conduction
through metallic parts, infrared radiations) through metallic parts, infrared radiations)
.‫الحرارة‬ ‫الحراري‬ ‫والشعاع‬ ،‫التوصيل‬ ‫خلل‬ ‫من‬ ‫الماكن‬ ‫فى‬ ‫تحدث‬
،‫معدنية‬ ‫قطع‬ ‫خلل‬ ‫من‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫وتوصيل‬ ،‫الساخن‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫تيارات‬ ‫)في‬
(‫الحمراء‬ ‫تحت‬ ‫الشعاعات‬

6. Triggering SourcesTriggering Sources
 FrictionFriction ‫التحتكاك‬‫التحتكاك‬
Triggering is produced by rubbing two materialsTriggering is produced by rubbing two materials. .
 Self-combustionSelf-combustion ‫الذاتى‬ ‫الشتعال‬‫الذاتى‬ ‫الشتعال‬
When the combustible produces heat byWhen the combustible produces heat by
itself (i.e. by chemical reactions,itself (i.e. by chemical reactions,
exothermic reactions in air absence etc.)exothermic reactions in air absence etc.)
‫التفاعلت‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫)أي‬ ‫الحرارة‬ ‫تنتج‬ ‫بعضاها‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫تفاعل‬ ‫عند‬
(.‫الخ‬ ‫الهواء‬ ‫غياب‬ ‫في‬ ‫للحرارة‬ ‫الطاردة‬ ‫والتفاعلت‬ ،‫الكيميائية‬

7. EXTINGUISHING AGENTSEXTINGUISHING AGENTS ‫الحريق‬ ‫مكافحة‬ ‫وسائل‬‫الحريق‬ ‫مكافحة‬ ‫وسائل‬
 Water ‫المياه‬
 Foam ‫الرغاوى‬
 Chemical Powders ‫الكيميائية‬ ‫المواد‬

8. EMERGENCY PROCEDURESEMERGENCY PROCEDURES ‫الطوارئ‬ ‫حال ت‬ ‫فى‬‫الطوارئ‬ ‫حال ت‬ ‫فى‬
The person discovering the fire should:The person discovering the fire should:
‫الحريق‬ ‫إكتشاف‬ ‫عند‬‫الحريق‬ ‫إكتشاف‬ ‫عند‬
 If you smell smoke – investigate.If you smell smoke – investigate. ‫الدخان‬ ‫بإستنشاق‬ ‫تحقق‬‫الدخان‬ ‫بإستنشاق‬ ‫تحقق‬
 If something is burning shout “FIRE” and ask aIf something is burning shout “FIRE” and ask a
colleague to sound the alarm.colleague to sound the alarm. ‫الخرين‬ ‫أعلم‬ ‫التأكد‬ ‫عند‬‫الخرين‬ ‫أعلم‬ ‫التأكد‬ ‫عند‬
 Use an extinguisher to try to put the fire out.Use an extinguisher to try to put the fire out.
 ‫الحريق‬ ‫طفاية‬ ‫بإستعمال‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫على‬ ‫السيطرة‬ ‫حاول‬‫الحريق‬ ‫طفاية‬ ‫بإستعمال‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫على‬ ‫السيطرة‬ ‫حاول‬
 If the fire continues to burn leave the building byIf the fire continues to burn leave the building by
the appropriate emergency route.the appropriate emergency route. ‫كبيرا‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬‫كبيرا‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫كان‬ ‫إذا‬
‫فورا‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫غادر‬‫فورا‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫غادر‬

9. EMERGENCY PROCEDURESEMERGENCY PROCEDURES ‫الطوارئ‬ ‫إجراءا ت‬‫الطوارئ‬ ‫إجراءا ت‬
If you here the alarm:If you here the alarm: ‫الذنذار‬ ‫جرس‬ ‫سمعت‬ ‫إذا‬‫الذنذار‬ ‫جرس‬ ‫سمعت‬ ‫إذا‬
 Immediately leave the building by theImmediately leave the building by the
appropriate emergency route.appropriate emergency route. ‫فورا‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫غادر‬‫فورا‬ ‫المكان‬ ‫غادر‬
‫الطوارئ‬ ‫مخارج‬ ‫باستخدام‬‫الطوارئ‬ ‫مخارج‬ ‫باستخدام‬
 Move to the Assembly Point outside theMove to the Assembly Point outside the
compound.compound. ‫التجمع‬ ‫لنقة‬ ‫اذنتقل‬‫التجمع‬ ‫لنقة‬ ‫اذنتقل‬
 The Fire Marshall (Sec Offr) should confirmThe Fire Marshall (Sec Offr) should confirm
that everyone has left the building.that everyone has left the building. ‫مسئول‬ ‫يقوم‬‫مسئول‬ ‫يقوم‬
‫من‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫خلو‬ ‫بإعلن‬ (‫المن‬ ‫)ضابط‬ ‫المطافى‬‫من‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫مكان‬ ‫خلو‬ ‫بإعلن‬ (‫المن‬ ‫)ضابط‬ ‫المطافى‬
‫الخشخاص‬‫الخشخاص‬

10. PHYSICAL FIRE PREVENTION MEASURESPHYSICAL FIRE PREVENTION MEASURES
‫الحرائق‬ ‫منع‬ ‫تدابير‬
 Fire Barriers.Fire Barriers. ‫الحواجز‬ ‫أقامة‬‫الحواجز‬ ‫أقامة‬
 Building isolation.Building isolation. ‫العازلة‬ ‫المبانى‬ ‫اقامة‬‫العازلة‬ ‫المبانى‬ ‫اقامة‬
 Safety distances.Safety distances. ‫البناء‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الىمنة‬ ‫المسافات‬ ‫توخى‬‫البناء‬ ‫عند‬ ‫الىمنة‬ ‫المسافات‬ ‫توخى‬
 Structural Barriers.Structural Barriers. ‫الهيكلية‬ ‫الحواجز‬‫الهيكلية‬ ‫الحواجز‬

11. PHYSICAL FIRE PREVENTION MEASURESPHYSICAL FIRE PREVENTION MEASURES
‫الحرائق‬ ‫منع‬ ‫تدابير‬
Fire Resistant Structures suitable to be used in presenceFire Resistant Structures suitable to be used in presence
of combustibles- Extinguishers, High risers, Fire trucks,of combustibles- Extinguishers, High risers, Fire trucks,
hydrants, detectors etc.hydrants, detectors etc.
‫القابلة‬ ‫المواد‬ ‫إطفاء‬ ‫أجهزة‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫في‬ ‫لتستخدامها‬ ‫مناتسبة‬ ‫مقاومة‬ ‫هياكل‬ ‫إطل ق‬
‫الخ‬ ‫المطافئ‬ ‫عربات‬ ،‫مياه‬ ‫وصنابير‬ ، ‫الطوارئ‬ ‫مياه‬ ‫)نقاط‬ ،‫للتحترا ق‬
Classified fire reacting materials, Notices, ExitClassified fire reacting materials, Notices, Exit
Guidelines etc.Guidelines etc. – ‫الطوارئ‬ ‫)مخارج‬ ‫الحريق‬ ‫تحالة‬ ‫فى‬ ‫السلمة‬ ‫موجهات‬
‫الخ‬ ... ‫المياه‬ ‫خراطيش‬ – ‫الحريق‬ ‫)طفايات‬
Emergency ways based on the amount of individualsEmergency ways based on the amount of individuals
potentially present in the building.potentially present in the building.
‫المبنى‬ ‫في‬ ‫وجودها‬ ‫يحتمل‬ ‫أفراد‬ ‫من‬ ‫كمية‬ ‫أتساس‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطوارئ‬ ‫لحالت‬ ‫طر ق‬

12. QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?