Microbiology

1. Microbiology Getting Started

2. Early Milestones in Microbiology

3. Whose discovery of microbes in sealed flasks of broth that had been boiled revived the theory of spontaneous generation? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

4. Whose discovery of microbes in sealed flasks of broth that had been boiled revived the theory of spontaneous generation? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

5. Who helped disprove spontaneous generation by demonstrating that boiled nutrient broths would remain sterile as long as microbes in the air could not settle onto the surface of the liquid? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

6. Who helped disprove spontaneous generation by demonstrating that boiled nutrient broths would remain sterile as long as microbes in the air could not settle onto the surface of the liquid? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

7. Whose experiments using boiling as a method of sterilizing broths lead him to suggest that some microbes exist in two forms, one that is susceptible to heat and one that is not? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

8. Whose experiments using boiling as a method of sterilizing broths lead him to suggest that some microbes exist in two forms, one that is susceptible to heat and one that is not? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

9. This researcher sealed boiled nutrient broths in glass flasks in two ways, with corks and with fused-necks, showing that only broths exposed to air after boiling contained microbes. Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

10. This researcher sealed boiled nutrient broths in glass flasks in two ways, with corks and with fused-necks, showing that only broths exposed to air after boiling contained microbes. Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

11. Who viewed and described the actions of microbial “animalcules” using a homemade microscope? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

12. Who viewed and described the actions of microbial “animalcules” using a homemade microscope? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

13. Whose early challenge to spontaneous generation involved covering rotting meat with gauze, preventing flies from landing and depositing eggs? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

14. Whose early challenge to spontaneous generation involved covering rotting meat with gauze, preventing flies from landing and depositing eggs? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

15. Who described the “microbial mushroom” of bread mold using a homemade microscope? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

16. Who described the “microbial mushroom” of bread mold using a homemade microscope? Robert Hooke Francesco Redi Antony van Leeuwenhoek John Needham Lazzaro Spallazani Louis Pasteur John Tyndall

17. Who invented a method of using heat to sterilize food that is still in use today? Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Antony van Leeuwenhoek

18. Who invented a method of using heat to sterilize food that is still in use today? Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Antony van Leeuwenhoek

19. Who pioneered the use of sterile surgical techniques? Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Antony van Leeuwenhoek

20. Who pioneered the use of sterile surgical techniques? Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Antony van Leeuwenhoek

21. Who made over 250 microscopes, including some that were capable of magnifying specimens to 300 times normal size? Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Antony van Leeuwenhoek

22. Who made over 250 microscopes, including some that were capable of magnifying specimens to 300 times normal size? Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Antony van Leeuwenhoek

23. Who created a logarithm for determining the pathogenicity of an organism and the disease resulting from infection? Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Antony van Leeuwenhoek

24. Who created a logarithm for determining the pathogenicity of an organism and the disease resulting from infection? Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Antony van Leeuwenhoek

25. Who is credited with stressing the importance of handwashing in clinical settings? Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Antony van Leeuwenhoek

26. Who is credited with stressing the importance of handwashing in clinical settings? Oliver Wendell Holmes & Ignaz Semmelweiss Joseph Lister Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Antony van Leeuwenhoek

27. What is “spontaneous generation”? The idea that microbes arise from the air, and bad air causes disease The idea that microbes and other life arises from non-living material The idea that “life begets life” The idea that miasmas and humors cause disease

28. What is “spontaneous generation”? The idea that microbes arise from the air, and bad air causes disease The idea that microbes and other life arises from non-living material The idea that “life begets life” The idea that miasmas and humors cause disease

29. Microbiology Basics

30. This involves placing a sample on or into a container of sterile medium containing appropriate nutrients and chemical reagents: Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

31. This involves placing a sample on or into a container of sterile medium containing appropriate nutrients and chemical reagents: Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

32. This involves the use of staining processes and microscopy to observe the characteristics of a sample: Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

33. This involves the use of staining processes and microscopy to observe the characteristics of a sample: Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

34. This process may include genetic analysis, immunological or biochemical testing to determine which microbes are present in a sample: Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

35. This process may include genetic analysis, immunological or biochemical testing to determine which microbes are present in a sample: Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

36. This process involves separating specific colonies from a sample for further study: Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

37. This process involves separating specific colonies from a sample for further study: Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

38. This is the process of creating optimal conditions for growth/reproduction in a sample, including temperature, nutrients, and atmospheric gases: Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

39. This is the process of creating optimal conditions for growth/reproduction in a sample, including temperature, nutrients, and atmospheric gases: Inoculation Incubation Isolation Inspection Identification

40. In which domain/s would you find prokaryotes? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

41. In which domain/s would you find prokaryotes? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

42. Which domain includes helminths? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

43. Which domain includes helminths? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

44. Which domain/s have DNA in a nucleoid region? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

45. Which domain/s have DNA in a nucleoid region? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

46. Which domain features a membrane bound nucleus and organelles? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

47. Which domain features a membrane bound nucleus and organelles? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

48. In which domain would you classify an organism with a peptidoglycan cell wall? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

49. In which domain would you classify an organism with a peptidoglycan cell wall? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

50. Which domain/s have 70s ribosomes? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

51. Which domain/s have 70s ribosomes? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

52. Which domain/s have circular DNA? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

53. Which domain/s have circular DNA? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

54. In which domain would you place fungi? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

55. In which domain would you place fungi? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

56. In which domain would you place algae? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

59. In which domain would you place protozoans? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

60. In which domain would you place protozoans? ARCHAEA EUKARYA BACTERIA

61. Which of the following statements is in correct order from largest to smallest? • Viruses, bacteria, eukaryotic cells, helminth • Bacteria, viruses, helminth, eukaryotic cells • Eukaryotic cells, helminth, viruses, bacteria • Helminth, eukaryotic cells, bacteria, viruses

62. Which of the following statements is in correct order from largest to smallest? • Viruses, bacteria, eukaryotic cells, helminth • Bacteria, viruses, helminth, eukaryotic cells • Eukaryotic cells, helminth, viruses, bacteria • Helminth, eukaryotic cells, bacteria, viruses

63. Staining

64. A ____ dye has a _____ charge, causing it to _____ charged particles in the cell envelope. • Basic, positive, bind to • Acidic, negative, bind to • Basic, positive, repel • Acidic, positive, repel

65. A ____ dye has a _____ charge, causing it to _____ charged particles in the cell envelope. • Basic, positive, bind to • Acidic, negative, bind to • Basic, positive, repel • Acidic, positive, repel

66. A ____ dye has a ____ charge, which is ______ by charged particles in the cell envelope. • Basic, positive, repelled • Basic, negative, bound • Acidic, negative, repelled • Acidic, negative, bound

67. A ____ dye has a ____ charge, which is ______ by charged particles in the cell envelope. • Basic, positive, repelled • Basic, negative, bound • Acidic, negative, repelled • Acidic, negative, bound

68. A positive stain colors the ____, and a negative stain creates a _____. • Background, cell • Cell, silhouette • Cell, contrast • Envelope, colored sample

69. A positive stain colors the ____, and a negative stain creates a _____. • Background, cell • Cell, silhouette • Cell, contrast • Envelope, colored sample

70. Which statement lists the reagents of the Gram stain in the correct order? • Gram’s iodine, alcohol, safranin, crystal violet • Safranin, alcohol, crystal violet, iodine • Crystal violet, alcohol, Gram’s iodine, safranin • Crystal violet, Gram’s iodine, alcohol, safranin

71. Which statement lists the reagents of the Gram stain in the correct order? • Gram’s iodine, alcohol, safranin, crystal violet • Safranin, alcohol, crystal violet, iodine • Crystal violet, alcohol, Gram’s iodine, safranin • Crystal violet, Gram’s iodine, alcohol, safranin

72. How does Gram staining differentiate between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria? • Gram negative bacteria turns blue, as the crystal violet is trapped by the thick peptidoglycan cell wall, but is washed out of the thin Gram-positive cell wall, which is permeable to the red safranin added in the last step • Gram positive bacteria turns blue, as the crystal violet is trapped by the thick peptidoglycan cell wall, but is washed out of the thin Gram-negative cell wall, which is permeable to the red safranin added in the last step • Gram positive bacteria is colorized in the Gram stain, but Gram negative bacteria is not colorized • Gram negative bacteria cannot be identified by the Gram stain, because it has a waxy, impervious cell wall

73. How does Gram staining differentiate between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria? • Gram negative bacteria turns blue, as the crystal violet is trapped by the thick peptidoglycan cell wall, but is washed out of the thin Gram-positive cell wall, which is permeable to the red safranin added in the last step • Gram positive bacteria turns blue, as the crystal violet is trapped by the thick peptidoglycan cell wall, but is washed out of the thin Gram-negative cell wall, which is permeable to the red safranin added in the last step • Gram positive bacteria is colorized in the Gram stain, but Gram negative bacteria is not colorized • Gram negative bacteria cannot be identified by the Gram stain, because it has a waxy, impervious cell wall

74. Which of the following can lead to erroneous or inconclusive results in a Gram stain? • Overlong application of decolorizing agent washing crystal violet out of Gram-positive bacteria • Old bacterial samples (greater than 24 hours old) that are unable to take up enough dye to yield conclusive results • Under-colorizing the sample, so the bacteria are unable to take up the crystal violet or safranin • More than one but not all of these • All of these may lead to inconclusive or incorrect results

75. Which of the following can lead to erroneous or inconclusive results in a Gram stain? • Overlong application of decolorizing agent washing crystal violet out of Gram-positive bacteria • Old bacterial samples (greater than 24 hours old) that are unable to take up enough dye to yield conclusive results • Under-colorizing the sample, so the bacteria are unable to take up the crystal violet or safranin • More than one but not all of these • All of these may lead to inconclusive or incorrect results

76. Why must Mycobacterium be detected with an acid fast stain, and not a simple stain or a Gram stain? • Mycobacterium can be detected with a Gram stain using an augmented procedure • Mycobacterium does not have a peptidoglycan cell wall, so it will not bind crystal violet or safranin • Mycobacterium has high levels of mycolic acids in the cell wall, making it impervious to most staining techniques • Mycobacterium is a sporulating bacteria that can only be detected with an endospore stain

77. Why must Mycobacterium be detected with an acid fast stain, and not a simple stain or a Gram stain? • Mycobacterium can be detected with a Gram stain using an augmented procedure • Mycobacterium does not have a peptidoglycan cell wall, so it will not bind crystal violet or safranin • Mycobacterium has high levels of mycolic acids in the cell wall, making it impervious to most staining techniques • Mycobacterium is a sporulating bacteria that can only be detected with an endospore stain

78. Which statement lists the steps of the acid-fast stain in the correct order? • Methylene blue is applied to sample, excess stain is rinsed away, sample is decolorized with acid-alcohol, carbol-fuchsin stain is applied to sample • Carbol-fuchsin stain is applied to sample, excess stain is rinsed away, sample is decolorized with acid-alcohol, methylene blue is applied to sample. • Carbol-fuchsin stain is applied to sample, sample is decolorized with acid- alcohol, methylene blue is applied to sample, excess stain is rinsed away • Methylene blue is applied to sample, excess stain is rinsed away, carbol- fuchsin stain is applied to sample, sample is decolorized with acid-alcohol

79. Which statement lists the steps of the acid-fast stain in the correct order? • Methylene blue is applied to sample, excess stain is rinsed away, sample is decolorized with acid-alcohol, carbol-fuchsin stain is applied to sample • Carbol-fuchsin stain is applied to sample, excess stain is rinsed away, sample is decolorized with acid-alcohol, methylene blue is applied to sample. • Carbol-fuchsin stain is applied to sample, sample is decolorized with acid- alcohol, methylene blue is applied to sample, excess stain is rinsed away • Methylene blue is applied to sample, excess stain is rinsed away, carbol- fuchsin stain is applied to sample, sample is decolorized with acid-alcohol

80. In the acid-fast stain, acid-fast organisms appear ____ and other cells appear ____. Pink, colorless 1 Blue, colorless 2 Blue, pink 3 Pink, blue 4

81. In the acid-fast stain, acid-fast organisms appear ____ and other cells appear ____. Pink, colorless 1 Blue, colorless 2 Blue, pink 3 Pink, blue 4

82. Microbial Pathogens

83. This bacterium causes a lung disease that can be dormant for years: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Escheria coli

84. This bacterium causes a lung disease that can be dormant for years: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Escheria coli

85. This sporulating bacterium causes a disease that is linked to livestock and leather production: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Escheria coli

86. This sporulating bacterium causes a disease that is linked to livestock and leather production: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Escheria coli

87. This bacterium causes leprosy: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Escheria coli

88. This bacterium causes leprosy: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Escheria coli

89. This bacterium has both harmless and highly toxic strains: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Escheria coli

90. This bacterium has both harmless and highly toxic strains: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Escheria coli

91. This bacterium causes a disease characterized by sustained contractions of the skeletal muscles: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Escheria coli

92. This bacterium causes a disease characterized by sustained contractions of the skeletal muscles: Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus anthracis Clostridium tetani Clostridium perfringens Escheria coli

93. Microbial Structure & Function

94. Which of the following statements about flagella are true? • Eukaryotic flagella are 10x thicker than bacterial flagella • Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya have bacterial flagellum, archaellum, and eukaryotic flagellum, respectively • Bacterial flagella can be arranged singly or in groups, at one end, both ends, or randomly around the cell perimeter • Flagellated propulsion occurs in a series of runs and tumbles • All of these statements are true

95. Which of the following statements about flagella are true? • Eukaryotic flagella are 10x thicker than bacterial flagella • Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya have bacterial flagellum, archaellum, and eukaryotic flagellum, respectively • Bacterial flagella can be arranged singly or in groups, at one end, both ends, or randomly around the cell perimeter • Flagellated propulsion occurs in a series of runs and tumbles • All of these statements are true

96. In this arrangement, flagella are clumped into small bunches emerging from the same site: Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

97. In this arrangement, flagella are clumped into small bunches emerging from the same site: Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

98. In this arrangement, a single flagellum extends from one end of the cell: Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

99. In this arrangement, a single flagellum extends from one end of the cell: Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

100. In this arrangement, two flagella extend from opposite ends, or poles, of a cell: Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

101. In this arrangement, two flagella extend from opposite ends, or poles, of a cell: Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

102. In this arrangement, flagella are scattered randomly around the surface of the cell: Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

103. In this arrangement, flagella are scattered randomly around the surface of the cell: Monotrichous Lophotrichous Amphitrichous Peritrichous

104. These are rod shaped bacteria: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

105. These are rod shaped bacteria: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

106. These are elongated, curved shapes: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

107. These are elongated, curved shapes: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

108. These are spiral or curved shapes: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

109. These are spiral or curved shapes: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

110. These are spherical bacteria: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

111. These are spherical bacteria: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

112. These are elongated, thin, branching: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

113. These are elongated, thin, branching: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

114. These bacteria are tightly coiled: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

115. These bacteria are tightly coiled: Coccus Spirillum Branching or filamentous Vibrio Spirochete Bacillus

116. These appendages are found only in eukaryotes: Fimbriae PiliCilia Flagellum

117. These appendages are found only in eukaryotes: Fimbriae Pili Cilia Flagellum

118. These short, thin pili are used by Gram- negative bacteria to attach to epithelial tissues in the mucous membranes: Fimbriae PiliCilia Flagellum

119. These short, thin pili are used by Gram- negative bacteria to attach to epithelial tissues in the mucous membranes: Fimbriae PiliCilia Flagellum

120. This appendage can be spun counterclockwise to generate forward propulsion: Fimbriae PiliCilia Flagellum

121. This appendage can be spun counterclockwise to generate forward propulsion: Fimbriae PiliCilia Flagellum

122. These structures are a means of attachment and gene transfer during conjugation: Fimbriae PiliCilia Flagellum

123. These structures are a means of attachment and gene transfer during conjugation: Fimbriae Pili Cilia Flagellum

124. The Gram positive bacteria is characterized by a _____ layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, and the presence of _____. Thin, lipopolysaccharides Thin, porins Thick, tetrapeptides Thick, teichoic acids

125. The Gram positive bacteria is characterized by a _____ layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, and the presence of _____. Thin, lipopolysaccharides Thin, porins Thick, tetrapeptides Thick, teichoic acids

126. The Gram negative bacteria is characterized by a _____ layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, and the presence of _____. Thin, lipopolysaccharides Thin, porins Thick, tetrapeptides Thick, teichoic acids

127. The Gram negative bacteria is characterized by a _____ layer of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, and the presence of _____. Thin, lipopolysaccharides Thin, porins Thick, tetrapeptides Thick, teichoic acids

128. This structural feature of the Gram- negative cell wall is an endotoxin, making infections by these bacteria severe: • Periplasm • Teichoic acids • Peptidoglycan • Lipopolysaccharide

129. This structural feature of the Gram- negative cell wall is an endotoxin, making infections by these bacteria severe: • Periplasm • Teichoic acids • Peptidoglycan • Lipopolysaccharide

130. Which statement places the layers off the Gram negative bacterial cell envelope in the correct order from superficial to deep?

131. Microbes and Disease

132. Most microorganisms are beneficial, or at least not harmful, to humans: True False

133. Most microorganisms are beneficial, or at least not harmful, to humans: True False

134. Which of the following are industrial uses for microbes? • Fermenting yogurt, cheese, beer & wine • Producing insulin for human use • “Bioremediation” to break down pollutants like PCBs and oil spills • Synthesis of plastics, cellulose, biofuels • Synthesis of antibiotics and amino acids • All of these

135. Which of the following are industrial uses for microbes? • Fermenting yogurt, cheese, beer & wine • Producing insulin for human use • “Bioremediation” to break down pollutants like PCBs and oil spills • Synthesis of plastics, cellulose, biofuels • Synthesis of antibiotics and amino acids • All of these

136. What qualifies an illness as an emerging infectious disease? • It is a disease that has only started to infect humans in the last 35 years • It is a disease that has become more common in the last 35 years • It is a disease that has spread from a limited population to the global population in the past 35 years • It is a disease that has emerged in animals in the past 35 years and has the potential to infect humans

137. What qualifies an illness as an emerging infectious disease? • It is a disease that has only started to infect humans in the last 35 years • It is a disease that has become more common in the last 35 years • It is a disease that has spread from a limited population to the global population in the past 35 years • It is a disease that has emerged in animals in the past 35 years and has the potential to infect humans

138. What is a contributing factor to emerging infectious diseases? • An organism may become resistant to antibiotics and be harder to treat • A pathogen may develop the ability to infect human hosts • A pathogen may evolve to become more toxic or virulent • Global warming may increase the range of warm climate pathogens • Population spread may bring humans into new or increased contact with animal populations • All of these

139. What is a contributing factor to emerging infectious diseases? • An organism may become resistant to antibiotics and be harder to treat • A pathogen may develop the ability to infect human hosts • A pathogen may evolve to become more toxic or virulent • Global warming may increase the range of warm climate pathogens • Population spread may bring humans into new or increased contact with animal populations • All of these

140. Which of the following are acellular infectious agents? Prions Bacteria Prokaryotes Viruses Viroids Protists

141. Which of the following are acellular infectious agents? Prions Bacteria Prokaryotes Viruses Viroids Protists

Microbiology

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (18)

Similar to Microbiology

Similar to Microbiology (20)

More from LynnStanley8

More from LynnStanley8 (13)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Microbiology