2. The ____ carry blood toward the heart, and
____ carry blood away from the heart.
■ Venules, veins
■ Arterioles, venules
■ Arteries, veins
■ Veins, arteries
3. The ____ carry blood toward the heart, and
____ carry blood away from the heart.
■ Venules, veins
■ Arterioles, venules
■ Arteries, veins
■ Veins, arteries
4. The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen _____
blood to the lungs; the systemic arteries
carry oxygen _____ blood to the tissues.
■ Poor, rich
■ Rich, poor
5. The pulmonary arteries carry oxygen _____
blood to the lungs; the systemic arteries
carry oxygen _____ blood to the tissues.
■ Poor, rich
■ Rich, poor
6. This is the central chamber where blood
flows through vessels:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
7. This is the central chamber where blood
flows through vessels:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
8. This is a system of tiny vessels that nourishes
external tissue of the largest vessels:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
9. This is a system of tiny vessels that nourishes
external tissue of the largest vessels:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
10. This is layer is smooth muscle cells and
elastin fibers:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
11. This is layer is smooth muscle cells and
elastin fibers:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
12. This layer contains the endothelium and the
subendothelial layer in larger vessels:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
13. This layer contains the endothelium and the
subendothelial layer in larger vessels:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
14. This layer is composed of collagen fibers that
protect and anchor the vessel:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
15. This layer is composed of collagen fibers that
protect and anchor the vessel:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
16. This is composed of simple squamous
epithelium, which reduces friction:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
17. This is composed of simple squamous
epithelium, which reduces friction:
■ Lumen
■ Tunica media
■ Tunica intima
■ Vasa vasorum
■ Tunica externa
■ Endothelium
20. These vessels deliver blood to specific body
organs; they have the thickest tunica media, with
more smooth muscle and less elastin than other
vessels:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
21. These vessels deliver blood to specific body
organs; they have the thickest tunica media, with
more smooth muscle and less elastin than other
vessels:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
22. These vessels, which consist of only a thin
tunica intima, are responsible for exchange
of materials between the blood and ECF:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
23. These vessels, which consist of only a thin
tunica intima, are responsible for exchange
of materials between the blood and ECF:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
24. These thick walled arteries near the heart contain
elastin in all three tunics, and act as pressure
reservoirs to maintain smooth blood flow:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
25. These thick walled arteries near the heart contain
elastin in all three tunics, and act as pressure
reservoirs to maintain smooth blood flow:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
26. These porous vessels are composed of
endothelium with thin tunicas media and
externa in larger vessels:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
27. These porous vessels are composed of
endothelium with thin tunicas media and
externa in larger vessels:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
28. The smallest of these vessels is smooth
muscle around endothelium; changes in their
diameter regulate perfusion of tissue:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
29. The smallest of these vessels is smooth
muscle around endothelium; changes in their
diameter regulate perfusion of tissue:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
30. Although these vessels have three tunics, the
media is poorly developed, and the externa is
heaviest, with thick collagen bundles:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
31. Although these vessels have three tunics, the
media is poorly developed, and the externa is
heaviest, with thick collagen bundles:
■ Elastic arteries
■ Muscular arteries
■ Arterioles
■ Capillaries
■ Venules
■ Veins
32. These most permeable capillaries, found in the
liver, spleen, bone marrow, and adrenal medulla,
allow large molecules and cells to pass:
■ Continuous capillaries
■ Fenestrated capillaries
■ Sinusoid capillaries
33. These most permeable capillaries, found in the
liver, spleen, bone marrow, and adrenal medulla,
allow large molecules and cells to pass:
■ Continuous capillaries
■ Fenestrated capillaries
■ Sinusoid capillaries
34. The most common capillaries, also the least
permeable, abundant in muscles, lungs, skin,
and the CNS:
■ Continuous capillary
■ Fenestrated capillary
■ Sinusoid capillary
35. The most common capillaries, also the least
permeable, abundant in muscles, lungs, skin,
and the CNS:
■ Continuous capillary
■ Fenestrated capillary
■ Sinusoid capillary
36. These capillaries have large pores and
occur in areas with active filtration:
■ Continuous capillaries
■ Fenestrated capillaries
■ Sinusoid capillaries
37. These capillaries have large pores and
occur in areas with active filtration:
■ Continuous capillaries
■ Fenestrated capillaries
■ Sinusoid capillaries
38. Which of the following statements are
true about the structures of veins?
■ Due to the lower pressure of blood moving through the lumen, vein walls can be
thinner than arterial walls
■ Valves are needed to prevent backflow to compensate for low pressure
■ Veins are called capacitance vessels because they can hold up to 65% of the body’s
blood supply due to their larger lumens and thin walls
■ Thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged longitudinally reinforce the tunica externa of
the largest veins
39. Which of the following statements are
true about the structures of veins?
■ Due to the lower pressure of blood moving through the lumen, vein walls can be
thinner than arterial walls
■ Valves are needed to prevent backflow to compensate for low pressure
■ Veins are called capacitance vessels because they can hold up to 65% of the body’s
blood supply due to their larger lumens and thin walls
■ Thick bundles of collagen fibers arranged longitudinally reinforce the tunica externa of
the largest veins
40. These bulging veins have been stretched and
weakened by pooling blood due to increased
venous pressure or poor venous return:
■ Venous valves
■ Venous sinuses
■ Varicose veins
41. These bulging veins have been stretched and
weakened by pooling blood due to increased
venous pressure or poor venous return:
■ Venous valves
■ Venous sinuses
■ Varicose veins
42. These flattened veins have very thin walls of
endothelium with no supporting tunics, and
are supported by the surrounding tissue:
■ Venous valves
■ Venous sinuses
■ Varicose veins
43. These flattened veins have very thin walls of
endothelium with no supporting tunics, and
are supported by the surrounding tissue:
■ Venous valves
■ Venous sinuses
■ Varicose veins
44. These are formed from folds of the tunica
intima, and are most abundant in the limbs:
■ Venous valves
■ Venous sinuses
■ Varicose veins
45. These are formed from folds of the tunica
intima, and are most abundant in the limbs:
■ Venous valves
■ Venous sinuses
■ Varicose veins
46. Match the terms and definitions:
■ Vascular anastomoses
■ Arterial anastomoses
■ Venous anastomoses
■ Arteriovenous anastomoses
■ Connections between arterioles and
venules
■ Connections between veins
■ Connections between arteries
■ Connections between vessels
47. Match the terms and definitions:
■ Vascular anastomoses
■ Arterial anastomoses
■ Venous anastomoses
■ Arteriovenous anastomoses
■ Connections between arterioles and
venules
■ Connections between veins
■ Connections between arteries
■ Connections between vessels
48. Which of the following contribute to
resistance to blood flow?
■ Blood viscosity
■ Vessel length
■ Vessel diameter
■ All of these
49. Which of the following contribute to
resistance to blood flow?
■ Blood viscosity
■ Vessel length
■ Vessel diameter
■ All of these
50. Which of the following makes the most
significant immediate contribution to
vascular resistance?
■ The diameter of large vessels near the heart
■ Blood viscosity
■ The total length of blood vessels in the circulatory system
■ The diameter of peripheral arterioles
51. Which of the following makes the most
significant immediate contribution to
vascular resistance?
■ The diameter of large vessels near the heart
■ Blood viscosity
■ The total length of blood vessels in the circulatory system
■ The diameter of peripheral arterioles
52. ___ is the volume of blood flowing through a
vessel, and ___ is the force the blood exerts
on the vessel wall.
■ Blood pressure, blood flow
■ Blood flow, blood pressure
53. ___ is the volume of blood flowing through a
vessel, and ___ is the force the blood exerts
on the vessel wall.
■ Blood pressure, blood flow
■ Blood flow, blood pressure
54. The pressure that propels the blood to
the tissue, diastolic + pulse pressure/3:
■ Systolic pressure
■ Diastolic pressure
■ Pulse pressure
■ Mean arterial pressure
55. The pressure that propels the blood to
the tissue, diastolic + pulse pressure/3:
■ Systolic pressure
■ Diastolic pressure
■ Pulse pressure
■ Mean arterial pressure
56. Pressure in arteries is highest when the
left ventricle contracts, expelling blood:
■ Systolic pressure
■ Diastolic pressure
■ Pulse pressure
■ Mean arterial pressure
57. Pressure in arteries is highest when the
left ventricle contracts, expelling blood:
■ Systolic pressure
■ Diastolic pressure
■ Pulse pressure
■ Mean arterial pressure
58. When the heart is refilling, and pressure is
maintained by the recoil of the aorta:
■ Systolic pressure
■ Diastolic pressure
■ Pulse pressure
■ Mean arterial pressure
59. When the heart is refilling, and pressure is
maintained by the recoil of the aorta:
■ Systolic pressure
■ Diastolic pressure
■ Pulse pressure
■ Mean arterial pressure
60. The difference between systolic and
diastolic pressure:
■ Systolic pressure
■ Diastolic pressure
■ Pulse pressure
■ Mean arterial pressure
61. The difference between systolic and
diastolic pressure:
■ Systolic pressure
■ Diastolic pressure
■ Pulse pressure
■ Mean arterial pressure
62. The ____ moves venous blood toward the heart
by contraction, and the _____ moves blood back
to the heart through changes in pressure.
■ Heart, respiratory pump
■ Muscular pump, heart
■ Muscular pump, respiratory pump
■ Respiratory pump, muscular pump
63. The ____ moves venous blood toward the heart
by contraction, and the _____ moves blood back
to the heart through changes in pressure.
■ Heart, respiratory pump
■ Muscular pump, heart
■ Muscular pump, respiratory pump
■ Respiratory pump, muscular pump
64. During inspiration, abdominal pressure ___
and thoracic pressure ______, moving blood
toward the heart.
■ Decreases, increases
■ Increases, decreases
65. During inspiration, abdominal pressure ___
and thoracic pressure ______, moving blood
toward the heart.
■ Decreases, increases
■ Increases, decreases
66. The sympathetic nervous system decreases
the amount of blood in the capacitance
vessels by:
■ Constricting the smooth muscle around veins
■ Decreasing blood flow to capillaries
■ Increasing blood pressure
■ Decreasing cardiac output
67. The sympathetic nervous system decreases
the amount of blood in the capacitance
vessels by:
■ Constricting the smooth muscle around veins
■ Decreasing blood flow to capillaries
■ Increasing blood pressure
■ Decreasing cardiac output
68. These structures in the aortic arch and the
large arteries of the neck sense rising levels
of CO2 and decreases in O2 and pH:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
69. These structures in the aortic arch and the
large arteries of the neck sense rising levels
of CO2 and decreases in O2 and pH:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
70. This neural cluster in the medulla contains
nuclei that control vessel tone and cardiac
output:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
71. This neural cluster in the medulla contains
nuclei that control vessel tone and cardiac
output:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
72. These sympathetic efferents innervate the
smooth muscle of blood vessels viaT1-L2
spinal cord sections:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
73. These sympathetic efferents innervate the
smooth muscle of blood vessels viaT1-L2
spinal cord sections:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
74. This is a state of partial constriction to
maintain blood pressure:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
75. This is a state of partial constriction to
maintain blood pressure:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
76. This nuclei in the medulla controls the
diameter of blood vessels:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
77. This nuclei in the medulla controls the
diameter of blood vessels:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
78. These structures in the carotid sinuses and
the aortic arch respond to increased stretch
from rising blood pressure:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
79. These structures in the carotid sinuses and
the aortic arch respond to increased stretch
from rising blood pressure:
■ Cardiovascular center
■ Vasomotor center
■ Vasomotor fibers
■ Vasomotor tone
■ Baroreceptors
■ Chemoreceptors
80. The _____maintains blood pressure to your
brain, and the ____ maintains blood pressure
to the rest of your body.
■ Aortic reflex, carotid sinus reflex
■ Carotid sinus reflex, aortic reflex
81. The _____maintains blood pressure to your
brain, and the ____ maintains blood pressure
to the rest of your body.
■ Aortic reflex, carotid sinus reflex
■ Carotid sinus reflex, aortic reflex
82. This brain structure mediates cardiovascular
and circulatory responses to exercise and
change in body temperature:
■ Thalamus
■ Medulla
■ Hypothalamus
■ Pons
83. This brain structure mediates cardiovascular
and circulatory responses to exercise and
change in body temperature:
■ Thalamus
■ Medulla
■ Hypothalamus
■ Pons
84. This hormone, produced in the atria, reduces
blood pressure by promoting the kidneys to
excrete sodium and water, and causing
vasodilation:
■ Adrenal medulla hormones
■ Angiotensin II
■ Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
■ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
85. This hormone, produced in the atria, reduces
blood pressure by promoting the kidneys to
excrete sodium and water, and causing
vasodilation:
■ Adrenal medulla hormones
■ Angiotensin II
■ Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
■ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
86. This hormone, which is produced when the
kidneys release renin in response to low blood
volume or pressure, causes intense
vasoconstriction:
■ Adrenal medulla hormones
■ Angiotensin II
■ Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
■ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
87. This hormone, which is produced when the
kidneys release renin in response to low blood
volume or pressure, causes intense
vasoconstriction:
■ Adrenal medulla hormones
■ Angiotensin II
■ Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
■ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
88. These hormones are released in response to
stress, and cause vasoconstriction and
increased cardiac output:
■ Adrenal medulla hormones
■ Angiotensin II
■ Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
■ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
89. These hormones are released in response to
stress, and cause vasoconstriction and
increased cardiac output:
■ Adrenal medulla hormones
■ Angiotensin II
■ Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
■ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
90. This hormone is produces by the hypothalamus in
response to dangerously low blood pressure, causing
intense vasoconstriction and prompting the kidneys
to conserve water:
■ Adrenal medulla hormones
■ Angiotensin II
■ Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
■ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
91. This hormone is produces by the hypothalamus in
response to dangerously low blood pressure, causing
intense vasoconstriction and prompting the kidneys
to conserve water:
■ Adrenal medulla hormones
■ Angiotensin II
■ Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
■ Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
92. The ______ alters blood volume
mechanically, based on the rate of blood
flow through the kidneys; the ____ alters
blood flow via hormones:
■ Indirect renal mechanism, direct renal mechanism
■ Direct renal mechanism, indirect renal mechanism
93. The ______ alters blood volume
mechanically, based on the rate of blood
flow through the kidneys; the ____ alters
blood flow via hormones:
■ Indirect renal mechanism, direct renal mechanism
■ Direct renal mechanism, indirect renal mechanism
94. When blood volume or blood pressure is
low, the kidneys filter water more _____,
and _____ water is returned to the
bloodstream:
■ Quickly, less
■ Slowly, more
95. When blood volume or blood pressure is
low, the kidneys filter water more _____,
and _____ water is returned to the
bloodstream:
■ Quickly, less
■ Slowly, more
96. When blood volume or blood pressure is
high, the kidneys filter water more
_____, and _____ water is returned to
the bloodstream:
■ Quickly, less
■ Slowly, more
97. When blood volume or blood pressure is
high, the kidneys filter water more
_____, and _____ water is returned to
the bloodstream:
■ Quickly, less
■ Slowly, more
98. Which statement puts the steps of the
indirect renal mechanism in the correct
order?
■ Arterial blood pressure declines, kidneys release renin which splits angiotensin,
angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal medulla to release aldosterone, the kidneys are
stimulated to reabsorb water and sodium
■ Arterial blood pressure declines, kidneys release renin which splits angiotensin,
angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the capillaries, angiotensin II stimulates
the adrenal medulla to release aldosterone, the kidneys are stimulated to reabsorb
water and sodium
■ Arterial blood pressure declines, angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the
capillaries, angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal medulla to release aldosterone, the
kidneys are stimulated to reabsorb water and sodium
99. Which statement puts the steps of the
indirect renal mechanism in the correct
order?
■ Arterial blood pressure declines, kidneys release renin which splits angiotensin,
angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal medulla to release aldosterone, the kidneys are
stimulated to reabsorb water and sodium
■ Arterial blood pressure declines, kidneys release renin which splits angiotensin,
angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the capillaries, angiotensin II stimulates
the adrenal medulla to release aldosterone, the kidneys are stimulated to reabsorb
water and sodium
■ Arterial blood pressure declines, angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II in the
capillaries, angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal medulla to release aldosterone, the
kidneys are stimulated to reabsorb water and sodium
100. Which of the following mechanisms occur in
response to the presence of Angiotensin II in
the bloodstream?
■ The adrenal medulla releases Aldosterone, causing the kidneys to increase absorption
of sodium and water
■ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary, leading to increased
water absorption by the kidneys
■ The hypothalamus increases the sensation of thirst
■ Peripheral resistance is increased by vasoconstriction
■ All of the above
101. Which of the following mechanisms occur in
response to the presence of Angiotensin II in
the bloodstream?
■ The adrenal medulla releases Aldosterone, causing the kidneys to increase absorption
of sodium and water
■ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary, leading to increased
water absorption by the kidneys
■ The hypothalamus increases the sensation of thirst
■ Peripheral resistance is increased by vasoconstriction
■ All of the above
102. This is defined by systolic pressure above 140
mmHg and/or diastolic above 90 mmHg:
■ Hypertension
■ Primary hypertension
■ Secondary hypertension
■ Hypotension
103. This is defined by systolic pressure above 140
mmHg and/or diastolic above 90 mmHg:
■ Hypertension
■ Primary hypertension
■ Secondary hypertension
■ Hypotension
104. This disorder may have many contributing
environmental and genetic factors, but no
clear underlying pathology:
■ Hypertension
■ Primary hypertension
■ Secondary hypertension
■ Hypotension
■ Orthostatic hypotension
105. This disorder may have many contributing
environmental and genetic factors, but no
clear underlying pathology:
■ Hypertension
■ Primary hypertension
■ Secondary hypertension
■ Hypotension
■ Orthostatic hypotension
106. This is defined as pressure below 90/60
mmHg, and may be reflective of individual
differences rather than pathology:
■ Hypertension
■ Primary hypertension
■ Secondary hypertension
■ Hypotension
■ Orthostatic hypotension
107. This is defined as pressure below 90/60
mmHg, and may be reflective of individual
differences rather than pathology:
■ Hypertension
■ Primary hypertension
■ Secondary hypertension
■ Hypotension
■ Orthostatic hypotension
108. Accounting for only 10% of cases, this is due
to an identifiable underlying pathology:
■ Hypertension
■ Primary hypertension
■ Secondary hypertension
■ Hypotension
■ Orthostatic hypotension
109. Accounting for only 10% of cases, this is due
to an identifiable underlying pathology:
■ Hypertension
■ Primary hypertension
■ Secondary hypertension
■ Hypotension
■ Orthostatic hypotension
110. This temporary drop in blood pressure
causes dizziness when sitting or standing
from a lower position:
■ Hypertension
■ Primary hypertension
■ Secondary hypertension
■ Hypotension
■ Orthostatic hypotension
111. This temporary drop in blood pressure
causes dizziness when sitting or standing
from a lower position:
■ Hypertension
■ Primary hypertension
■ Secondary hypertension
■ Hypotension
■ Orthostatic hypotension
112. This dangerous drop in blood pressure is due
to a massive release of histamine in response
to an allergen:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
113. This dangerous drop in blood pressure is due
to a massive release of histamine in response
to an allergen:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
114. This form of distributive shock is caused by
vasodilation due to a loss of sympathetic vascular
tone, resulting from injury to the CNS:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
115. This form of distributive shock is caused by
vasodilation due to a loss of sympathetic vascular
tone, resulting from injury to the CNS:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
116. This type of shock occurs when the heart is
too damaged to pump effectively enough to
perfuse body tissues:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
117. This type of shock occurs when the heart is
too damaged to pump effectively enough to
perfuse body tissues:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
118. Also known as distributive shock, this is
due to systemic vasodilation:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
119. Also known as distributive shock, this is
due to systemic vasodilation:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
120. This general term refers to a variety of
conditions in which blood cannot circulated
widely or efficiently enough to perfuse tissues:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
121. This general term refers to a variety of
conditions in which blood cannot circulated
widely or efficiently enough to perfuse tissues:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
122. This may result from hemorrhage or
severe dehydration:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
123. This may result from hemorrhage or
severe dehydration:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
124. This can result from vasodilation due to
bacterial toxins, and fluid loss due to edema
from systemic infection:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
125. This can result from vasodilation due to
bacterial toxins, and fluid loss due to edema
from systemic infection:
■ Circulatory shock
■ Hypovolemic shock
■ Vascular shock
■ Anaphylactic shock
■ Neurogenic shock
■ Septic shock
■ Cardiogenic shock
126. Bonus: Name a type of circulatory shock not
mentioned in the previous slide, and the
cause.
127. Bonus: Name a type of circulatory shock not
mentioned in the previous slide, and the
cause.
■ Obstructive shock, due to embolism, tension pneumothorax, or cardiac tamponade.
128. Which of the following are components
of tissue perfusion?
■ Exchange of gas between the lungs and bloodstream
■ Absorbing nutrients in the digestive tract
■ Transportation of blood gases
■ Removal of metabolic waste from tissues
■ Delivery of nutrients to cells
■ All of these are components of tissue perfusion
129. Which of the following are components
of tissue perfusion?
■ Exchange of gas between the lungs and bloodstream
■ Absorbing nutrients in the digestive tract
■ Transportation of blood gases
■ Removal of metabolic waste from tissues
■ Delivery of nutrients to cells
■ All of these are components of tissue perfusion
130. Low blood flow results in a buildup of waste products
which act as paracrines to induce vasodilation and
increase perfusion of local tissue:
■ Intrinsic controls
■ Extrinsic controls
■ Autoregulation
■ Metabolic controls
■ Myogenic controls
131. Low blood flow results in a buildup of waste products
which act as paracrines to induce vasodilation and
increase perfusion of local tissue:
■ Intrinsic controls
■ Extrinsic controls
■ Autoregulation
■ Metabolic controls
■ Myogenic controls
132. Also called autoregulation, this is local
control of blood flow independent of
hormones, metabolically or myogenically:
■ Intrinsic controls
■ Extrinsic controls
■ Autoregulation
■ Metabolic controls
■ Myogenic controls
133. Also called autoregulation, this is local
control of blood flow independent of
hormones, metabolically or myogenically:
■ Intrinsic controls
■ Extrinsic controls
■ Autoregulation
■ Metabolic controls
■ Myogenic controls
134. This type of autoregulation is caused by vascular
smooth muscle responding to stretch receptors
with increased or decreased tone:
■ Intrinsic controls
■ Extrinsic controls
■ Autoregulation
■ Metabolic controls
■ Myogenic controls
135. This type of autoregulation is caused by vascular
smooth muscle responding to stretch receptors
with increased or decreased tone:
■ Intrinsic controls
■ Extrinsic controls
■ Autoregulation
■ Metabolic controls
■ Myogenic controls
136. How the body maintains blood pressure and
directs blood flow where it is needed via
hormones and the ANS:
■ Intrinsic controls
■ Extrinsic controls
■ Autoregulation
■ Metabolic controls
■ Myogenic controls
137. How the body maintains blood pressure and
directs blood flow where it is needed via
hormones and the ANS:
■ Intrinsic controls
■ Extrinsic controls
■ Autoregulation
■ Metabolic controls
■ Myogenic controls
138. Also called intrinsic control, this is how
organs regulate local blood flow by
modifying arteriole diameter:
■ Intrinsic controls
■ Extrinsic controls
■ Autoregulation
■ Metabolic controls
■ Myogenic controls
139. Also called intrinsic control, this is how
organs regulate local blood flow by
modifying arteriole diameter:
■ Intrinsic controls
■ Extrinsic controls
■ Autoregulation
■ Metabolic controls
■ Myogenic controls
140. Velocity is ____ related to cross-
sectional diameter:
■ Directly
■ Indirectly
■ Inversely
■ Positively
■ Negatively
141. Velocity is ____ related to cross-
sectional diameter:
■ Directly
■ Indirectly
■ Inversely
■ Positively
■ Negatively
142. As the arterial system branches, the total
cross-sectional area ___ and the velocity of
blood flow ___:
■ Decreases, increases
■ Increases, decreases
143. As the arterial system branches, the total
cross-sectional area ___ and the velocity of
blood flow ___:
■ Decreases, increases
■ Increases, decreases
144. The intermittent movement of blood
through a capillary is due to:
■ Diffusion, fluid leaking into the tissue, drawing more blood into the capillary
■ Blood pressure forcing blood through the capillaries
■ Plasma oncotic pressure
■ Vasomotion, the opening and closing of pre-capillary sphincters
145. The intermittent movement of blood
through a capillary is due to:
■ Diffusion, fluid leaking into the tissue, drawing more blood into the capillary
■ Blood pressure forcing blood through the capillaries
■ Plasma oncotic pressure
■ Vasomotion, the opening and closing of pre-capillary sphincters
146. Which of the following is true about
molecular diffusion across capillaries:
■ Respiratory gases and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse across the plasma membranes of
endothelial cells
■ Small water soluble molecules like amino acids and sugars pass through intercellular
clefts or fenestrations
■ Proteins and large molecules are actively transported vie vesicles and caveola
■ All of these are true
147. Which of the following is true about
molecular diffusion across capillaries:
■ Respiratory gases and lipid-soluble molecules diffuse across the plasma membranes of
endothelial cells
■ Small water soluble molecules like amino acids and sugars pass through intercellular
clefts or fenestrations
■ Proteins and large molecules are actively transported vie vesicles and caveola
■ All of these are true
148. Fluid is forced out of the capillary beds at the
____ end, and returns to the capillaries at the
____ end:
■ Venous, arterial
■ Arterial, venous
149. Fluid is forced out of the capillary beds at the
____ end, and returns to the capillaries at the
____ end:
■ Venous, arterial
■ Arterial, venous
150. This force, created by large molecules that
cannot cross the capillary wall, opposes
hydrostatic pressure:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
151. This force, created by large molecules that
cannot cross the capillary wall, opposes
hydrostatic pressure:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
152. This pressure, which is higher at the arterial
end of the bed, forces fluid out of the
capillaries:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
153. This pressure, which is higher at the arterial
end of the bed, forces fluid out of the
capillaries:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
154. This force is driven by plasma proteins,
primarily albumin, and pulls water from
interstitial fluid back into the bloodstream:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
155. This force is driven by plasma proteins,
primarily albumin, and pulls water from
interstitial fluid back into the bloodstream:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
156. This force accounts for net filtration at the
arterial end of the bed, and net reabsorption
at the capillary end:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
157. This force accounts for net filtration at the
arterial end of the bed, and net reabsorption
at the capillary end:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
158. This force theoretically opposes blood
pressure, but due to drainage by the
lymphatic system, it is close to zero:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
159. This force theoretically opposes blood
pressure, but due to drainage by the
lymphatic system, it is close to zero:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
160. This is the force exerted by fluid pressing
against a wall:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
161. This is the force exerted by fluid pressing
against a wall:
■ Hydrostatic pressure
■ Capillary hydrostatic pressure
■ Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
■ Colloid osmotic pressure
■ Capillary colloid osmotic pressure
■ Net filtration pressure
162. In this condition, low levels of plasma
proteins decrease capillary colloid pressure,
leading to decreased fluid return to the
blood, and resulting in edema:
■ Edema
■ Hyperproteinemia
■ Exercise hyperemia
■ Reactive hyperemia
163. In this condition, low levels of plasma
proteins decrease capillary colloid pressure,
leading to decreased fluid return to the
blood, and resulting in edema:
■ Edema
■ Hyperproteinemia
■ Exercise hyperemia
■ Reactive hyperemia
164. This is an abnormal increase in
interstitial fluid:
■ Edema
■ Hypoproteinemia
■ Exercise hyperemia
■ Reactive hyperemia
165. This is an abnormal increase in
interstitial fluid:
■ Edema
■ Hypoproteinemia
■ Exercise hyperemia
■ Reactive hyperemia
166. This refers to the increase in blood flow
to an area when perfusion is restored
following a blockage, and is due to
myogenic and metabolic controls:
■ Edema
■ Hyperproteinemia
■ Exercise hyperemia
■ Reactive hyperemia
167. This refers to the increase in blood flow
to an area when perfusion is restored
following a blockage, and is due to
myogenic and metabolic controls:
■ Edema
■ Hyperproteinemia
■ Exercise hyperemia
■ Reactive hyperemia
168. This increase in blood flow to tissues results
from metabolic controls, and is induced by
increased oxygen usage:
■ Edema
■ Hyperproteinemia
■ Exercise hyperemia
■ Reactive hyperemia
169. This increase in blood flow to tissues results
from metabolic controls, and is induced by
increased oxygen usage:
■ Edema
■ Hyperproteinemia
■ Exercise hyperemia
■ Reactive hyperemia
170. Nitric oxide is a powerful ____ and the
endothelins produced in the endothelium are
potent ______:
■ Vasodilator, vasoconstrictors
■ Vasoconstrictor, vasodilators
171. Nitric oxide is a powerful ____ and the
endothelins produced in the endothelium are
potent ______:
■ Vasodilator, vasoconstrictors
■ Vasoconstrictor, vasodilators
