Vision & the Eye

1. VISION & THE EYE EXAM 5 PRACTICE

2. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE SPECIAL SENSES? • Taste • Hearing • Touch • Smell • Equilibrium • Vision

3. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE SPECIAL SENSES? • Taste • Hearing • Touch • Smell • Equilibrium • Vision

4. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE TRUE ABOUT SPECIAL SENSORY RECEPTORS (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY): • Special sensory receptors are distinct receptor cells • Special sensory receptors are localized in the head • Special sensory receptors are housed within complex sensory organs • Special sensory receptors are found in distinct epithelial structures

5. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE TRUE ABOUT SPECIAL SENSORY RECEPTORS (CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY): • Special sensory receptors are distinct receptor cells • Special sensory receptors are localized in the head • Special sensory receptors are housed within complex sensory organs • Special sensory receptors are found in distinct epithelial structures

6. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYE? • Eyebrows • Eyelids • Conjunctiva • Lacrimal apparatus • Extrinsic eye muscles • All of these

7. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE ACCESSORY STRUCTURES OF THE EYE? • Eyebrows • Eyelids • Conjunctiva • Lacrimal apparatus • Extrinsic eye muscles • All of these

8. THIS MUSCLE RAISES THE UPPER LID TO OPEN THE EYE: • Eyebrows • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

9. THIS MUSCLE RAISES THE UPPER LID TO OPEN THE EYE: • Eyebrows • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

10. THESE STRUCTURES SUPPORT THE EYELIDS INTERNALLY AND ANCHOR THE ORBICULARIS OCULI AND LEVATOR PALPEBRAE: • Eyebrows • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

11. THESE STRUCTURES SUPPORT THE EYELIDS INTERNALLY AND ANCHOR THE ORBICULARIS OCULI AND LEVATOR PALPEBRAE: • Eyebrows • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

12. THESE TERMS REFER TO THE CORNERS OF THE EYE: • Palpebral fissure • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

13. THESE TERMS REFER TO THE CORNERS OF THE EYE: • Palpebral fissure • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

14. THIS CONTAINS SEBACEOUS AND ECCRINE GLANDS AND PRODUCES “EYE GUNK”: • Palpebral fissure • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

15. THIS CONTAINS SEBACEOUS AND ECCRINE GLANDS AND PRODUCES “EYE GUNK”: • Palpebral fissure • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

16. THIS SLIT IS WHERE THE EYELIDS SEPARATE, OR MEET: • Palpebral fissure • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

17. THIS SLIT IS WHERE THE EYELIDS SEPARATE, OR MEET: • Palpebral fissure • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

18. THIS IS ANOTHER WORD FOR THE EYELIDS: • Palpebral fissure • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

19. THIS IS ANOTHER WORD FOR THE EYELIDS: • Palpebral fissure • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

20. THESE ARE RICHLY INNERVATED, AND STIMULATION CAUSES REFLEX BLINKING: • Palpebral fissure • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

21. THESE ARE RICHLY INNERVATED, AND STIMULATION CAUSES REFLEX BLINKING: • Palpebral fissure • Medial & lateral commissures • Palpebrae • Lacrimal carbuncle • Tarsal plates • Eyelashes • Levator palpebrae superioris

22. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT THE CONJUNCTIVA ARE TRUE? • The conjunctiva is a transparent mucous membrane • The conjunctiva lines the eyelids as the palpebral membrane • The conjunctiva overs the anterior surface of the eyeball as the bulbar conjunctiva • The bulbar conjunctiva does not cover the cornea • All of these are true

23. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT THE CONJUNCTIVA ARE TRUE? • The conjunctiva is a transparent mucous membrane • The conjunctiva lines the eyelids as the palpebral membrane • The conjunctiva overs the anterior surface of the eyeball as the bulbar conjunctiva • The bulbar conjunctiva does not cover the cornea • All of these are true

24. WHAT ARE THE TARSAL GLANDS? • The tarsal glands are the glands that make tears • The tarsal glands produce a substance that lubricates the eyelid and prevents them from sticking • The tarsal glands lubricate the conjunctiva • None of these are true

25. WHAT ARE THE TARSAL GLANDS? • The tarsal glands are the glands that make tears • The tarsal glands produce a substance that lubricates the eyelid and prevents them from sticking • The tarsal glands lubricate the conjunctiva • None of these are true

26. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE PART OF THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS? • Lacrimal gland • Lacrimal puncta • Lacrimal canaliculi • Lacrimal sac • Nasolacrimal duct • More than one but not all of these • All of these

27. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ARE PART OF THE LACRIMAL APPARATUS? • Lacrimal gland • Lacrimal puncta • Lacrimal canaliculi • Lacrimal sac • Nasolacrimal duct • More than one but not all of these • All of these

28. TRUE OR FALSE: ALL THE EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES ORIGINATE FROM THE COMMON TENDINOUS RING: • True • False

29. TRUE OR FALSE: ALL THE EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES ORIGINATE FROM THE COMMON TENDINOUS RING: • True • False • Only the four rectus muscles originate from the common tendinous, or annular, ring

30. WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS OF THE EYEBALL? • The sclera, vascular layer, and choroid • The cornea, choroid, and lens • The cornea, aqueous humor, and vitrius humor • The fibrous layer, vascular layer, and inner layer

31. WHAT ARE THE THREE LAYERS OF THE EYEBALL? • The sclera, vascular layer, and choroid • The cornea, choroid, and lens • The cornea, aqueous humor, and vitrius humor • The fibrous layer, vascular layer, and inner layer

32. THIS STRUCTURE, COMPOSED OF DENSE AVASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE FORMS THE OUTER LAYER OF THE EYE: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

33. THIS STRUCTURE, COMPOSED OF DENSE AVASCULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE FORMS THE OUTER LAYER OF THE EYE: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

34. THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE FIBROUS LAYER, PROVIDES SHAPE, PROTECTION, AND ANCHOR POINTS FOR THE EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

35. THE POSTERIOR PART OF THE FIBROUS LAYER, PROVIDES SHAPE, PROTECTION, AND ANCHOR POINTS FOR THE EXTRINSIC EYE MUSCLES: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

36. THE MOST ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE FIBROUS LAYER, WHICH FORMS A WINDOW TO LET LIGHT INTO THE EYE: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

37. THE MOST ANTERIOR PORTION OF THE FIBROUS LAYER, WHICH FORMS A WINDOW TO LET LIGHT INTO THE EYE: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

38. THIS STRUCTURE IS RICHLY INNERVATED BUT AVASCULAR, AND IS COVERED WITH SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM ON BOTH SIDES: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

39. THIS STRUCTURE IS RICHLY INNERVATED BUT AVASCULAR, AND IS COVERED WITH SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM ON BOTH SIDES: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

40. THIS IS THE MIDDLE COAT OF THE EYEBALL, WHICH HAS THREE LAYERS: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

41. THIS IS THE MIDDLE COAT OF THE EYEBALL, WHICH HAS THREE LAYERS: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

42. THE THREE LAYERS OF THE VASCULAR LAYER ARE: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

43. THE THREE LAYERS OF THE VASCULAR LAYER ARE: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

44. THE TWO PARTS OF THE FIBROUS LAYER ARE: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

45. THE TWO PARTS OF THE FIBROUS LAYER ARE: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

46. THIS RICHLY VASCULARIZED, DARK MEMBRANE HELPS TO ABSORB LIGHT TO PREVENT LIGHT SCATTERING WITHIN THE EYE: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

47. THIS RICHLY VASCULARIZED, DARK MEMBRANE HELPS TO ABSORB LIGHT TO PREVENT LIGHT SCATTERING WITHIN THE EYE: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

48. THIS STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF INTERLACING SMOOTH MUSCLE BUNDLES THAT CONTROL THE SHAPE OF THE LENS: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

49. THIS STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF INTERLACING SMOOTH MUSCLE BUNDLES THAT CONTROL THE SHAPE OF THE LENS: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

50. THIS STRUCTURE IS COMPOSED OF TWO LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE WHOSE BUNCHES OF ELASTIC FIBERS FUSE INTO A RANDOM PATTERN BEFORE BIRTH: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

51. THIS STRUCTURE IS COMPOSED OF TWO LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE WHOSE BUNCHES OF ELASTIC FIBERS FUSE INTO A RANDOM PATTERN BEFORE BIRTH: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

52. THIS LAYER OF THE EYE BALL DEVELOPS FROM AN EXTENSION OF THE BRAIN, CONTAINS NEURONS, NEUROGLIA, AND PHOTORECEPTORS: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

53. THIS LAYER OF THE EYE BALL DEVELOPS FROM AN EXTENSION OF THE BRAIN, CONTAINS NEURONS, NEUROGLIA, AND PHOTORECEPTORS: • Fibrous layer • Sclera • Cornea • Vascular layer • Choroid • Ciliary Body • Iris • Retina

54. THE _____ CONTRACTS TO CONSTRICT THE PUPIL, AND THE _____ CONTRACTS TO DILATE THE PUPIL. • Dilator pupillae, sphincter pupillae • Sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscles • Sphincter pupillae, dilator pupillae • Ciliary muscles, iris

55. THE _____ CONTRACTS TO CONSTRICT THE PUPIL, AND THE _____ CONTRACTS TO DILATE THE PUPIL. • Dilator pupillae, sphincter pupillae • Sphincter pupillae, ciliary muscles • Sphincter pupillae, dilator pupillae • Ciliary muscles, iris

56. THESE SECRETE THE FLUID THAT FILLS THE ANTERIOR SECTION OF THE EYEBALL: • Sclera • Ciliary processes • Sclera venous sinuses

57. THESE SECRETE THE FLUID THAT FILLS THE ANTERIOR SECTION OF THE EYEBALL: • Sclera • Ciliary processes • Sclera venous sinuses

58. THIS LAYER OF THE RETINA ADJACENT TO THE CHOROID PLEXUS HELPS ABSORB LIGHT AND STORES VITAMIN A FOR THE PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

59. THIS LAYER OF THE RETINA ADJACENT TO THE CHOROID PLEXUS HELPS ABSORB LIGHT AND STORES VITAMIN A FOR THE PHOTORECEPTOR CELLS: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

60. THIS TRANSPARENT INNER LAYER OF THE RETINA IS COMPOSED OF PHOTORECEPTORS, BIPOLAR CELLS, AND GANGLION CELLS: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

61. THIS TRANSPARENT INNER LAYER OF THE RETINA IS COMPOSED OF PHOTORECEPTORS, BIPOLAR CELLS, AND GANGLION CELLS: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

62. THIS “BLIND SPOT” WHERE THE OPTIC NERVE EXITS THE EYEBALL IS NOT REINFORCED BY THE SCLERA: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

63. THIS “BLIND SPOT” WHERE THE OPTIC NERVE EXITS THE EYEBALL IS NOT REINFORCED BY THE SCLERA: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

64. LIGHT PASSES DIRECTLY TO THIS “YELLOW SPOT” LATERAL TO THE OPTIC DISC CONTAINS MOSTLY CONES: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

65. LIGHT PASSES DIRECTLY TO THIS “YELLOW SPOT” LATERAL TO THE OPTIC DISC CONTAINS MOSTLY CONES: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

66. THIS TINY AREA OF THE EYE IS THE ONLY COMPONENT WITH A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF CONES TO PROVIDE DETAILED COLOR VISION: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

67. THIS TINY AREA OF THE EYE IS THE ONLY COMPONENT WITH A SUFFICIENT NUMBER OF CONES TO PROVIDE DETAILED COLOR VISION: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

68. THESE PHOTORECEPTORS ARE DIM LIGHT AND PERIPHERAL VISION RECEPTORS; THEY DO NOT PROVIDE SHARP IMAGES OR COLOR VISION: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

69. THESE PHOTORECEPTORS ARE DIM LIGHT AND PERIPHERAL VISION RECEPTORS; THEY DO NOT PROVIDE SHARP IMAGES OR COLOR VISION: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

70. THESE BRIGHT LIGHT PHOTORECEPTORS PROVIDE HIGH RESOLUTION AND COLOR IMAGES: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

71. THESE BRIGHT LIGHT PHOTORECEPTORS PROVIDE HIGH RESOLUTION AND COLOR IMAGES: • Pigmented layer • Neural layer • Ora serrata • Optic disc • Macula lutea • Fovea centralis • Rods • Cones

72. VESSELS IN THE ____ SUPPLY THE OUTER THIRD OF THE RETINA WHICH CONTAINS THE PHOTORECEPTORS; THE INNER TWO THIRDS OF THE RETINA IS SERVED BY THE ____: • Central artery, choroid plexus • Choroid plexus, pigmented layer • Choroid plexus, central artery • Pigmented layer, central artery

73. VESSELS IN THE ____ SUPPLY THE OUTER THIRD OF THE RETINA WHICH CONTAINS THE PHOTORECEPTORS; THE INNER TWO THIRDS OF THE RETINA IS SERVED BY THE ____: • Central artery, choroid plexus • Choroid plexus, pigmented layer • Choroid plexus, central artery • Pigmented layer, central artery

74. THIS PATHOLOGY OCCURS WHEN TRAUMATIC INJURY CAUSES THE RETINAL AND NEURAL LAYERS OF THE RETINA TO DETACH, ALLOWING THE VITREOUS HUMOR TO SEEP BETWEEN THE LAYERS, AND MAY LEAD TO BLINDNESS: • Macular degeneration • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Retinal detachment

75. THIS PATHOLOGY OCCURS WHEN TRAUMATIC INJURY CAUSES THE RETINAL AND NEURAL LAYERS OF THE RETINA TO DETACH, ALLOWING THE VITREOUS HUMOR TO SEEP BETWEEN THE LAYERS, AND MAY LEAD TO BLINDNESS: • Macular degeneration • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Retinal detachment

76. THIS HARDENING AND THICKENING OF THE LENS CAUSING CLOUDED VISION MAY BE DUE TO AGE OR A CONSEQUENCE OF DIABETES: • Macular degeneration • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Retinal detachment

77. THIS HARDENING AND THICKENING OF THE LENS CAUSING CLOUDED VISION MAY BE DUE TO AGE OR A CONSEQUENCE OF DIABETES: • Macular degeneration • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Retinal detachment

78. THIS PATHOLOGY OF THE EYE IS CAUSED BY AN INCREASE IN INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE DUE TO BLOCKAGES IN THE DRAINAGE PATH OF THE AQUEOUS HUMOR THAT COMPRESSES THE RETINA AND OPTIC NERVE: • Macular degeneration • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Retinal detachment

79. THIS PATHOLOGY OF THE EYE IS CAUSED BY AN INCREASE IN INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE DUE TO BLOCKAGES IN THE DRAINAGE PATH OF THE AQUEOUS HUMOR THAT COMPRESSES THE RETINA AND OPTIC NERVE: • Macular degeneration • Cataracts • Glaucoma • Retinal detachment

80. THIS BICONVEX, TRANSPARENT, FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE CHANGES SHAPE TO FOCUS LIGHT ON THE RETINA: • Lens • Lens epithelium • Lens fibers • Crystallins

81. THIS BICONVEX, TRANSPARENT, FLEXIBLE STRUCTURE CHANGES SHAPE TO FOCUS LIGHT ON THE RETINA: • Lens • Lens epithelium • Lens fibers • Crystallins

82. THIS LAYER OF CUBOIDAL CELLS COVERS THE ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE LENS: • Lens • Lens epithelium • Lens fibers • Crystallins

83. THIS LAYER OF CUBOIDAL CELLS COVERS THE ANTERIOR SURFACE OF THE LENS: • Lens • Lens epithelium • Lens fibers • Crystallins

84. THESE CELLS, WHICH COMPRISE THE BULK OF THE LENS, CONTAIN NO NUCLEI OR ORGANELLES, AND PACK TOGETHER LIKE LAYERS OF AN ONION: • Lens • Lens epithelium • Lens fibers • Crystallins

85. THESE CELLS, WHICH COMPRISE THE BULK OF THE LENS, CONTAIN NO NUCLEI OR ORGANELLES, AND PACK TOGETHER LIKE LAYERS OF AN ONION: • Lens • Lens epithelium • Lens fibers • Crystallins

86. THESE TRANSPARENT, PRECISELY FOLDED PROTEINS WITHIN CELLS FORM THE BODY OF THE LENS: • Lens • Lens epithelium • Lens fibers • Crystallins

87. THESE TRANSPARENT, PRECISELY FOLDED PROTEINS WITHIN CELLS FORM THE BODY OF THE LENS: • Lens • Lens epithelium • Lens fibers • Crystallins

88. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ORDER IN WHICH LIGHT PASSES THROUGH THE STRUCTURES OF THE EYE: • Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, outer layer of retina, inner layer of retina • Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, neural layer of retina • Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, outer layer of retina, vitreous humor, neural layer of retina • Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve

89. CHOOSE THE CORRECT ORDER IN WHICH LIGHT PASSES THROUGH THE STRUCTURES OF THE EYE: • Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, outer layer of retina, inner layer of retina • Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, neural layer of retina • Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, outer layer of retina, vitreous humor, neural layer of retina • Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, retina, optic nerve

90. THIS STRUCTURE ACCOUNTS FOR THE REFRACTORY POWER OF THE EYE: • Lens • Cornea • Retina • Aqueous humor

91. THIS STRUCTURE ACCOUNTS FOR THE REFRACTORY POWER OF THE EYE: • Lens • Cornea • Retina • Aqueous humor

92. THIS STRUCTURE GIVES THE EYE ITS ABILITY TO FOCUS: • Lens • Cornea • Retina • Aqueous humor

93. THIS STRUCTURE GIVES THE EYE ITS ABILITY TO FOCUS: • Lens • Cornea • Retina • Aqueous humor

94. THIS IS THE DISTANCE BEYOND WHICH NO CHANGE IN LENS SHAPE IS NEEDED FOR FOCUSING: • Far point of vision • Near point of vision • Focal point • Accommodation • Convergence

95. THIS IS THE DISTANCE BEYOND WHICH NO CHANGE IN LENS SHAPE IS NEEDED FOR FOCUSING: • Far point of vision • Near point of vision • Focal point • Accommodation • Convergence

96. THIS IS THE CLOSEST POINT ON WHICH WE CAN FOCUS CLEARLY: • Far point of vision • Near point of vision • Focal point • Accommodation • Convergence

97. THIS IS THE CLOSEST POINT ON WHICH WE CAN FOCUS CLEARLY: • Far point of vision • Near point of vision • Focal point • Accommodation • Convergence

98. THIS IS THE POINT AT WHICH LIGHT RAYS CONVERGE: • Far point of vision • Near point of vision • Focal point • Accommodation • Convergence

99. THIS IS THE POINT AT WHICH LIGHT RAYS CONVERGE: • Far point of vision • Near point of vision • Focal point • Accommodation • Convergence

100. THIS PROCESS, INVOLVING CONTRACTION OF THE CILIARY MUSCLES TO RELEASE TENSION IN THE CILIARY ZONULE, CAUSES THE LENS TO BULGE, SHORTENING THE FOCAL LENGTH FOR CLOSE VIEWING: • Far point of vision • Near point of vision • Focal point • Accommodation • Convergence

101. THIS PROCESS, INVOLVING CONTRACTION OF THE CILIARY MUSCLES TO RELEASE TENSION IN THE CILIARY ZONULE, CAUSES THE LENS TO BULGE, SHORTENING THE FOCAL LENGTH FOR CLOSE VIEWING: • Far point of vision • Near point of vision • Focal point • Accommodation • Convergence

102. THIS IS MEDIAL ROTATION OF THE EYEBALLS BY THE MEDIAL RECTUS MUSCLES SO THAT BOTH EYES ARE DIRECTED TOWARD AN OBJECT BEING VIEWED: • Far point of vision • Near point of vision • Focal point • Accommodation • Convergence

103. THIS IS MEDIAL ROTATION OF THE EYEBALLS BY THE MEDIAL RECTUS MUSCLES SO THAT BOTH EYES ARE DIRECTED TOWARD AN OBJECT BEING VIEWED: • Far point of vision • Near point of vision • Focal point • Accommodation • Convergence

104. THIS AGE RELATED DECLINE IN THE ABILITY TO FOCUS ON CLOSE OBJECTS IS DUE TO DECREASING LENS ELASTICITY: • Presbyopia • Myopia • Hyperopia • Astigamatism

105. THIS AGE RELATED DECLINE IN THE ABILITY TO FOCUS ON CLOSE OBJECTS IS DUE TO DECREASING LENS ELASTICITY: • Presbyopia • Myopia • Hyperopia • Astigamatism

106. THIS VISION PROBLEM, IN WHICH DISTANT IMAGES CONVERGE BEFORE REACHING THE RETINA, IS CAUSED BY AN EYE SHAPE THAT IS TOO LONG: • Presbyopia • Myopia • Hyperopia • Astigamatism

107. THIS VISION PROBLEM, IN WHICH DISTANT IMAGES CONVERGE BEFORE REACHING THE RETINA, IS CAUSED BY AN EYE SHAPE THAT IS TOO LONG: • Presbyopia • Myopia • Hyperopia • Astigamatism

108. THIS VISION PROBLEM, CAUSED BY AN EYE SHAPE THAT IS TOO SHORT, LEADS TO INABILITY TO SEE FOCUS ON CLOSE OBJECTS BECAUSE THE IMAGE CONVERGES BEHIND THE RETINA: • Presbyopia • Myopia • Hyperopia • Astigamatism

109. THIS VISION PROBLEM, CAUSED BY AN EYE SHAPE THAT IS TOO SHORT, LEADS TO INABILITY TO SEE FOCUS ON CLOSE OBJECTS BECAUSE THE IMAGE CONVERGES BEHIND THE RETINA: • Presbyopia • Myopia • Hyperopia • Astigamatism

110. THIS REFRACTORY PROBLEM, CAUSED BY UNEQUAL CURVATURES IN THE CORNEA OR LENS, RESULTS IN BLURRED VISION: • Presbyopia • Myopia • Hyperopia • Astigamatism

111. THIS REFRACTORY PROBLEM, CAUSED BY UNEQUAL CURVATURES IN THE CORNEA OR LENS, RESULTS IN BLURRED VISION: • Presbyopia • Myopia • Hyperopia • Astigamatism

112. COLOR BLINDNESS IS DUE TO A CONGENITAL LACK OF: • Cone photoreceptors • Rod photoreceptors • Some cone pigments • Some rod pigments

113. COLOR BLINDNESS IS DUE TO A CONGENITAL LACK OF: • Cone photoreceptors • Rod photoreceptors • Some cone pigments • Some rod pigments

114. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT LIGHT ADAPTATION ARE TRUE? • Light adaptation occurs when we occurs when we move from darkness into bright light • A flood of signals from strongly stimulated rods and cones leads to the glare we perceive • Transducins in the outer segment of the rods move to the inner segment, uncoupling rhodopsin from the transduction cascade • The cones rapidly adapt and take over, leading to high visual acuity and color perception in bright light

115. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT LIGHT ADAPTATION ARE TRUE? • Light adaptation occurs when we occurs when we move from darkness into bright light • A flood of signals from strongly stimulated rods and cones leads to the glare we perceive • Transducins in the outer segment of the rods move to the inner segment, uncoupling rhodopsin from the transduction cascade • The cones rapidly adapt and take over, leading to high visual acuity and color perception in bright light

116. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT DARK ADAPTATION IS TRUE? • Dark adaptation occurs when we go from a well lit area to a dark area • We can initially see only darkness because our rods are still turned off and the cones stop functioning in low intensity light • Dark adaptation occurs when rhodopsin in the rods accumulates and transducins return to the outer segment, turning the rods back on • Dark adaptation is much slower than light adaptation and takes around 20-30 minutes

117. WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ABOUT DARK ADAPTATION IS TRUE? • Dark adaptation occurs when we go from a well lit area to a dark area • We can initially see only darkness because our rods are still turned off and the cones stop functioning in low intensity light • Dark adaptation occurs when rhodopsin in the rods accumulates and transducins return to the outer segment, turning the rods back on • Dark adaptation is much slower than light adaptation and takes around 20-30 minutes

118. WHEN ACTIVATED BY LIGHT-ACTIVATED RHODOPSIN, THIS G- PROTEIN ACTIVATES THE ENZYME PDE THAT BREAKS DOWN CYCLIC GMP: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP

119. WHEN ACTIVATED BY LIGHT-ACTIVATED RHODOPSIN, THIS G- PROTEIN ACTIVATES THE ENZYME PDE THAT BREAKS DOWN CYCLIC GMP: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP

120. THIS ENERGY CARRYING MOLECULE BINDS TO & OPENS CATION CHANNELS IN THE DARK, CAUSING DEPOLARIZATION; IN THE LIGHT, ITS BREAKDOWN ALLOWS THE CHANNELS TO CLOSE, TRIGGERING HYPERPOLARIZATION: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP

121. THIS ENERGY CARRYING MOLECULE BINDS TO & OPENS CATION CHANNELS IN THE DARK, CAUSING DEPOLARIZATION; IN THE LIGHT, ITS BREAKDOWN ALLOWS THE CHANNELS TO CLOSE, TRIGGERING HYPERPOLARIZATION: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP

122. THIS DARK PURPLE VISUAL PIGMENT IS FOUND IN THE RODS: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP • Phosphodiesterase

123. THIS DARK PURPLE VISUAL PIGMENT IS FOUND IN THE RODS: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP • Phosphodiesterase

124. THIS ENZYME BREAKS DOWN CYCLIC GMP WHEN ACTIVATED BY TRANSDUCIN: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP • Phosphodiesterase

125. THIS ENZYME BREAKS DOWN CYCLIC GMP WHEN ACTIVATED BY TRANSDUCIN: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP • Phosphodiesterase

126. THIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIGHT ENERGY IS CONVERTED INTO A GRADED RECEPTOR POTENTIAL: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP • Phosphodiesterase

127. THIS IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH LIGHT ENERGY IS CONVERTED INTO A GRADED RECEPTOR POTENTIAL: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP • Phosphodiesterase

128. THIS OXIDIZED AND ISOMERIZED FORM OF VITAMIN A BINDS WITH OPSIN TO FORM RHODOPSIN: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP • Phosphodiesterase

129. THIS OXIDIZED AND ISOMERIZED FORM OF VITAMIN A BINDS WITH OPSIN TO FORM RHODOPSIN: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP • Phosphodiesterase

130. WHEN RHODOPSIN ABSORBS LIGHT, THIS CHANGES SHAPE, ALLOWING OPSIN TO RELAX AND ASSUME ITS ACTIVATED FORM, BEFORE DETACHING ALTOGETHER: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP • Phosphodiesterase

131. WHEN RHODOPSIN ABSORBS LIGHT, THIS CHANGES SHAPE, ALLOWING OPSIN TO RELAX AND ASSUME ITS ACTIVATED FORM, BEFORE DETACHING ALTOGETHER: • Phototransduction • Rhodopsin • Transducin • All-trans-retinol • 11-cis-retinol • Cyclic GMP • Phosphodiesterase

132. PLACE THE STEPS OF THE FORMATION AND BREAKDOWN OF RHODOPSIN IN THE CORRECT ORDER: • Pigment bleaching, pigment synthesis, pigment regeneration • Pigment regeneration, pigment synthesis, pigment bleaching • Pigment synthesis, pigment bleaching, pigment regeneration

133. PLACE THE STEPS OF THE FORMATION AND BREAKDOWN OF RHODOPSIN IN THE CORRECT ORDER: • Pigment bleaching, pigment synthesis, pigment regeneration • Pigment regeneration, pigment synthesis, pigment bleaching • Pigment synthesis, pigment bleaching, pigment regeneration

134. PLACE THE STEPS OF THE LIGHT TRANSDUCTION CASCADE IN THE CORRECT ORDER: • The cell hyperpolarizes to -70mV • Transducin activates Phosphodiesterase • Rhodopsin absorbs light, causing retinol to change shape and opsin to assume its light activated form • cGMP is broken down into GMP • Na+ and Ca+ channels close

135. PLACE THE STEPS OF THE LIGHT TRANSDUCTION CASCADE IN THE CORRECT ORDER: • Rhodopsin absorbs light, causing retinol to change shape and opsin to assume its light activated form • Transducin activates Phosphodiesterase • cGMP is broken down into GMP • Na+ and Ca+ channels close • The cell hyperpolarizes to -70mV

136. MATCH THE PATHOLOGY TO THE CORRECT DEFINITION: • Night blindness / nyctalopia • Retinitis pigmentosa • A degenerative disease in which pigment epithelial cells are unable to recycle the tips of rods as they skough off, resulting in night blindness • A condition in which rod function is impaired due to a lack of vitamin A, leading to a decrease in low light sensitivity

137. MATCH THE PATHOLOGY TO THE CORRECT DEFINITION: • Night blindness / nyctalopia • Retinitis pigmentosa • A degenerative disease in which pigment epithelial cells are unable to recycle the tips of rods as they skough off, resulting in night blindness • A condition in which rod function is impaired due to a lack of vitamin A, leading to a decrease in low light sensitivity

138. TRUE OR FALSE: IN THE DARK, ROD PHOTORECEPTORS CONTINUALLY RELEASE NTS, INHIBITING BIPOLAR CELLS PREVENTING ACTION POTENTIALS ALONG THE OPTIC NERVE: • True • False

139. TRUE OR FALSE: IN THE DARK, ROD PHOTORECEPTORS CONTINUALLY RELEASE NTS, INHIBITING BIPOLAR CELLS PREVENTING ACTION POTENTIALS ALONG THE OPTIC NERVE: • True • False

140. TRUE OR FALSE: THE ORDER OF NEURONS IN THE RETINA FROM DEEP (INSIDE THE EYE) TO SUPERFICIAL (OUTSIDE THE EYE) IS PHOTORECEPTOR, BIPOLAR CELL, GANGLION CELL: • True • False

141. TRUE OR FALSE: THE ORDER OF NEURONS IN THE RETINA FROM DEEP (INSIDE THE EYE) TO SUPERFICIAL (OUTSIDE THE EYE) IS PHOTORECEPTOR, BIPOLAR CELL, GANGLION CELL: • True • False

142. THESE TRACTS COMBINE FIBERS FROM THE MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE EYE ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE AND THE LATERAL ASPECT OF THE EYE ON THE SAME SIDE TO FERRY ALL THE INFORMATION FROM THE LEFT OR RIGHT VISUAL FIELD TO THE OCCIPITAL LOBE: • Optic radiation • Optic tract • Optic nerve • Optic chiasma

143. THESE TRACTS COMBINE FIBERS FROM THE MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE EYE ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE AND THE LATERAL ASPECT OF THE EYE ON THE SAME SIDE TO FERRY ALL THE INFORMATION FROM THE LEFT OR RIGHT VISUAL FIELD TO THE OCCIPITAL LOBE: • Optic radiation • Optic tract • Optic nerve • Optic chiasma

144. MOST OF THE AXONS OF THE OPTIC TRACT SYNAPSE WITH NEURONS IN THIS PART OF THE THALAMUS: • Optic chiasma • Pretectal nuclei • Suprachiasmatic nucleus • Lateral geniculate nuclei

145. MOST OF THE AXONS OF THE OPTIC TRACT SYNAPSE WITH NEURONS IN THIS PART OF THE THALAMUS: • Optic chiasma • Pretectal nuclei • Suprachiasmatic nucleus • Lateral geniculate nuclei

146. THESE ARE THE AXONS OF THALAMIC NUCLEI PROJECTING TO THE PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX: • Optic radiation • Optic tract • Optic nerve • Optic chiasma

147. THESE ARE THE AXONS OF THALAMIC NUCLEI PROJECTING TO THE PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX: • Optic radiation • Optic tract • Optic nerve • Optic chiasma

148. MELANOPSIN CONTAINING LIGHT SENSITIVE RETINAL GANGLION CELLS SYNAPSE AT THE ____, WHICH MEDIATES PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEXES, AND THE _____ OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS, WHICH SETS OUR CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS: • Lateral geniculate nuclei, superior colliculi • Pretectal nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus • Optic chiasma, hypothalamus • Superior colliculi, hypothalamus

149. MELANOPSIN CONTAINING LIGHT SENSITIVE RETINAL GANGLION CELLS SYNAPSE AT THE ____, WHICH MEDIATES PUPILLARY LIGHT REFLEXES, AND THE _____ OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS, WHICH SETS OUR CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS: • Lateral geniculate nuclei, superior colliculi • Pretectal nuclei, suprachiasmatic nucleus • Optic chiasma, hypothalamus • Superior colliculi, hypothalamus

150. LOSS OF AN EYE OR DESTRUCTION OF AN OPTIC NERVE RESULTS IN A LOSS OF _____ AND _____, WHEREAS NEURAL DESTRUCTION BEYOND THE OPTIC CHIASMA RESULTS INA LOSS OF ____: • Depth perception and peripheral vision, perception of the opposite visual field • Perception of the opposite visual field and depth perception, peripheral vision • Peripheral vision and opposite field vision, edge perception • Opposite visual field and color vision, depth perception

151. LOSS OF AN EYE OR DESTRUCTION OF AN OPTIC NERVE RESULTS IN A LOSS OF _____ AND _____, WHEREAS NEURAL DESTRUCTION BEYOND THE OPTIC CHIASMA RESULTS INA LOSS OF ____: • Depth perception and peripheral vision, perception of the opposite visual field • Perception of the opposite visual field and depth perception, peripheral vision • Peripheral vision and opposite field vision, edge perception • Opposite visual field and color vision, depth perception

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