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Lamanna Engineering Consultant Provides Tunneling and Mining Technical Services
1.
2. PROVIDES ITS PROFESSIONALIS FOR TECHNICAL SERVICES IN THE
TUNNELING, MINING INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING
For 45 years it has been offering professional consultancy and technical management in the mining
(injection resins and bolts for coal and copper mines), tunneling and building sector, both in the civil,
industrial, military, hydraulic, railway and motorway sectors on the correct use of "resins” (*) and the
related technologies and methods for correct use during the mechanized excavation of tunnels (for
underground transport and water with relative "Reports" to block the presence of gas and underground
water leaks as well as, on the possible conditioning additives to be used during the excavation phase), by
means of TBM-EPBs, which for the consolidation, repair and securing of reinforced concrete structures,
as well as of land and rock (ground consolidation, stabilization and waterstopping).
(*) TYPE OF RESINS:
- Water sealing; - Sealing and structural bonding fissure and cracks;
- Rock consolidation; - Refurbishing concrete segments;
- Cavity and void filling; - Rock and foundation engineering;
- Consolidation of mechanized excavations; - Stabilisation of roofs and faces in drifting;
- Sewage repair; - Sealing against gas and water;
- Ground consolidation; - Soil stabilization;
- Flexible sealing; - Control of over-blast;
- Strengthening and stabilization the concrete structures.
3. RAILROADS and METROPOLITAN
Repair interventions and the strengthening of reinforced concrete and masonry railway
structures
BRIDGES AND VIADUCTS
Interventions for waterproofing, repairing and consolidation
ROADS AND MOTORWAYS
Works for the repair and strengthening of road embankments and artwork
ENVIRONMENT AND WATER
Interventions for the repair and strengthening of hydraulic constructions (dams, tunnels,
landslides, embankments reinforcement, etc.)
BUILDINGS
Interventions for the repair and strengthening, in particular in seismic zones, of
reinforced concrete structures, masonry and wood
THE STRUCTURE “LAMANNA ENGINEERING CONSULTANT” SPECIALIZED IN THE DESIGN,
REHABILITATION OF STRUCTURES AND ENGINEERING SOLUTIONS, IN PARTICULAR:
“LAMANNA ENGINEERING CONSULTANT” is a multidisciplinary consulting engineering company.
The company provides a full range of consulting in the domestic and international market.
4.
5. CONSOLIDATION OF THE ROCK MASS
Typical example of as it appears the rock mass.
Many voids and discontinuous.
“LAMANNA ENGINEERING CONSULTANT” offers expertise on soil, rock
structures and construction
9. The "colloidal silica", which is the basic element of mineral mixtures for injections, is an aqueous suspension in which
microscopic silica particles are dispersed.
Injection pressure is defined as the introduction of a material into a soil or a stone structure (wall structure or concrete) in
order to consolidate and waterproof voids, cracks and porosity.
Colloidal silica is an aqueous suspension in which silica particles of infinitesimal dimensions are dispersed which do not tend to
settle and with a viscosity comparable to that of water (the gelation time is regulated with an accelerating additive).
It is an environmentally friendly substance that lasts over time, being simply composed of silicon oxide, water and salt. Having
the consistency of water (low viscosity), it easily penetrates into very fine sand and micro-fractures, drastically reducing
permeability. It has the advantage of not being evolutionary, that is to maintain the viscosity until solidification.
AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB
10. Properties Type 200 Type300
Content of SiO2 (%) 25 26
Particle size (nm) 16 4
Specific surface of silica grain (m2
/g) 160-200 300-700
Viscosity of the mixture (mPa*
s, at 25°C) 5 5
Density of the mixture (kg/l, at 25°C) 1,17 1,16
Tab.1–TechnicalcharacteristicsofusedColloidalSilica
WATER
STABILIZATION (RIGID) OF SUBSTRATE
ControlledPermeation
GroutingMethodfor
MitigationofLiquefaction
MAINTENANCE OF ROAD PAVEMENTS, CIVIL, INDUSTRIAL
AND AIRPORT
12. ROCK INJECTION BOLT IS USED WHEN THE CONVENTIONAL CONSOLIDATION (WITH PACKING
AND DIFFUSER) CAN NOT WAIT TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE STABILIZATION:
- STABILIZING INPUT THONG;
- INTERSECTION OF FAULTS;
- DEPUTY OF ROCK FALL IN THE POSTAL PACKER LONGWALL;
- STABILIZATION OF COVERS AND FACES IN DRIFT;
- COAL FACE STABILIZATION IN LONGWALL;
- CONSOLIDATION COAL AND STRATA;
- GRP STUCK DRILLING AND STEEL BOLTS AND DRIFTS RISE AND DIRECTION DIP;
- STUCK IN SUPPORT BOLT BELT ENTRY;
- FIXING THE FACE OF THE DRIFT.
THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS REQUIRES A "ORGANO-MINERAL RESINS" PROPERTIES WITH
ALMOST THIXOTROPIC.
SETTLEMENT OF BOLTS TO SUPPORT EXCAVATION CEILING
13. ADHESION
RESIN INJECTION
CEMENT
“ORGANO-MINERAL RESIN” FOR STRATA CONSOLIDATION
- CONVENIENT
- SIMPLE
- VERY HIGH STR. ANCHOR
- PERFECT FOR VERTICAL AND OVERHEAD ROUTING
ROCKBOLTS
THESE ARE REINFORCING ELEMENTS WHICH ARE TENSIONED DURING INSTALLATION. THEY CONSIST OF A ROD
AND MECHANICAL OF GROUTED ANCHORAGE (RESIN INJECTION) COUPLED WITH SOME MEANS OF APPLYING AND
RETAINING THE ROD TENSION.
MECHANICAL FIXING ARE SUITABLE FOR HARD ROCK, WHEREAS GROUTED, FIXED LENGTH BOLTS CAN BE USED
IN MOST ROCK TYPES. THE LENGTH VARIES BETWEEN 2 TO 8 M FOR RESIN INJECTION BARS, AND 3 TO 20 M FOR
AN EXPANDING SHELL FIXING ON A BAR.
YES
NO
TYPE OF ANCHORED ROCKBOLTS
TEST BY "CORE DRILLING" IN A
CONCRETE DAM 40 METERS DEEP
RESIN
15. THE ”ORGANO-MINERAL RESIN" IS ABLE TO
ABSORB THE DEFORMATIONS WITHOUT
BREAKING
THEPRODUCTHASGREAT
PENETRATIONINCRACKS(0.005
INCHES)
GROUT (RESIN) PENETRAS IN SMALLEST FLEXURES PRESENT IN SOIL / ROCK
BAR
16. ROCK INJECTION BOLT IS USED WHEN THE CONVENTIONAL CONSOLIDATION (WITH PACKING
AND DIFFUSER) CAN NOT WAIT TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE STABILIZATION:
- STABILIZING INPUT THONG;
- INTERSECTION OF FAULTS;
- DEPUTY OF ROCK FALL IN THE POSTAL PACKER LONGWALL;
- STABILIZATION OF COVERS AND FACES IN DRIFT;
- COAL FACE STABILIZATION IN LONGWALL;
- CONSOLIDATION COAL AND STRATA;
- GRP STUCK DRILLING AND STEEL BOLTS AND DRIFTS RISE AND DIRECTION DIP;
- STUCK IN SUPPORT BOLT BELT ENTRY;
- FIXING THE FACE OF THE DRIFT.
THE ADJUSTMENT PROCESS REQUIRES A ”ORGANO-MINERAL RESIN" PROPERTIES WITH
ALMOST THIXOTROPIC.
SETTLEMENT OF BOLTS TO SUPPORT EXCAVATION CEILING
17. SCHEMATIC OF A TYPICAL UNDERGROUND COAL MINE SHOWING THE ROOF
SUPPORT SYSTEM AND SEVERAL IMPORTANT FACTORS THAT RESULT IN BOLT
CORROSION
COAL
SHALE
GRAY SHAL
LIME STONE
STRATA’S CONDUCTIVITY
GROUND MOVEMENT
TEMPERATURE
PRESSURE
STRESSES
GROUND WATER
PH
SULFATES
CHLORIDES
NITRATES
CRAKS
ROOF BOLT
FLOW AMOUNT & VELOCITY
MINE ROOF
RESIN
GASES
O2
CO2
SO2
AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB.Societyfrommining,metallurgy&exploration
–Vol.338,2015transactions.
18. Figure gives a schematic of a typical underground coal mine roof, showing its
stratigraphy, its roof support system, consisting of resin-grouted roof bolt,
and important factors responsible for an uncontrollable and aggressive
corrosive environment, including groundwater pH and chemical composition,
cyclic temperatures, acid gases, internal and external stresses, strata
movement, and strata material electrical conductivity.
In addition, the material’s hardness and its microstructure also have a
significant effect on the corrosion process.
The injection of ORGANO-MINERAL RESIN prevents corrosion of the bars.
From our laboratory tests, using a climatic chamber, 50 and 100 year
corrosion tests, we have seen that the bar has not undergone any
corrosion. In addition, the ORGANO-MINERAL RESIN, did not suffer any
degradation, both chemical and mechanical.
22. Main bearing sealant (greases) and Tail sealant
ROCK TUNNELING
MACHINE
EPB TBM SLURRY TBM
23. SOIL CONDITIONING FOR EPB TUNNELLING
A wide range of materials are used as soil conditioning agents, and many commercial products based on these are
available. The most common conditioning agents are foams, polymers and bentonite slurries, although others such as
water, dispersants and oils also have applications. Each type of conditioning agent has different properties and effects on
soil properties, as discussed below.
POLYMERS
Polymers are macromolecules consisting of large numbers of repeating smaller molecules (monomers) chemically bonded
into long chains. Polymerisation of a single type of monomer produces a homopolymer, while polymerisation of two or more
different monomers produces a copolymer. The properties of polymers vary widely, depending on their chemical
composition and structure. The size of polymer molecules (characterised by the molecular weight), branches or groups
attached to the polymer chain, cross-linking between chains, and intermolecular forces all influence the physical
properties of polymers .
A range of polymers are used as soil conditioning agents in EPB tunnelling. Natural polymers such as starches and guars,
modified natural polymers including carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polyanionic cellulose (PAC), and synthetic
polymers, particularly derivatives of polyacrylamides, have been used for various functions during tunnelling with EPB
machines (Milligan, 2000).
FOAMS
Foam is a dispersion of air bubbles in a liquid phase comprising of a water based surfactant solution. The properties of
surfactants and foams, their interactions with soils, and their effects as conditioning agents are discussed by authors
including Maidl et. al. (1996), Langmaack (2000), Milligan (2000) and Leinala et. al. (2002). Surfactants are surface active
agents, which are molecules with chemical structures based on a hydrophobic chain and a hydrophilic end group which
can have anionic, cationic, non-ionic or amphoteric charge properties. The surfactant chemistry affects the surface tension
of the solution, their interactions with soils, and the
properties of the foam. Surfactants can adsorb onto charged soil particles through electrostatic attractions and chemical
bonding mechanisms, and cause steric interactions and repulsive forces to disperse fine-grained soils. The adsorption of
surfactants onto steel surfaces of a tunnelling machine is also thought to reduce the adhesion of clay soils.
24. - ANTI-CLAY POLYMER
- FOAM
- POLYMER
ADDITIVE 2
ADDITIVE 1
WATER
SOLUTION
AIRAVERAGE COMPOSITION FOR A NORMALLY USED FOAM:
- FOAM: 0.5 – 1 %
-- WATER: 5 – 10 %
-- AIR: 90 -95 %
-- POLYMER (EVENTUAL): < 0.1 %
FOAMING AGENT CAN HAVE INSIDE A SMALL AMOUNT OF POLYMER TO
STABILIZE THE FOAM BUBBLES
SOIL CONDITIONING EXAMPLES – EPB, FOAM PRODUCTION
CONDITIONING LAYOUT SHOWING INJECTION AT CUTTERFACE, WORKING CHAMBER AND SCREW CONVEYOR
25. Clay is a natural rock or soil material which is fine grained. It consist of one or more clay minerals with metal oxides and
organic matter. The property of clay changes due to its water content. The plasticity of clay increases with higher
amount of water; when it is drier, it becomes hard, brittle and non-plastic.
Excavation in clay formation has many disadvantages both for operation efficiency and tool wearing such as:
- Clogging and adhesion in cutter head
- Wearing of cutting tools
- Hard transport of excavated material
- Blocking and aggregation
- Reduction in torque efficiency
- Reduction of rate of excavation.
Generally, the creation of an EPB-suitable soil paste is also possible in clay soil. Like in porous soils, the use of foam only
will, in the majority of cases, not be successful. In order to create the soil paste properly, the use of anti-clay-additives is
necessary as seen in Figure.
EarthpressurebalanceTBM
AllphotosillustredarecopiedfromtheWEB
Anti-Clay Polymer Additives
26. EXAMPLE OF PROTECTION OF
MANUFACTURED AND STABILITY
OF 'THE LAND BEFORE DIGGING A
TUNNEL FOR UNDERGROUND
EXAMPLE OF CONSOLIDATION TYPE
“TENT" UNDER THE ROADS AND
MANUFACTURED BEFORE DIGGING A
TUNNEL FOR UNDERGROUND
COLLAPSED -
27. EXAMPLE OF CONSOLIDATION OF
MANUFACTURED WITH POLES TYPE
“JET-GROUTING" BEFORE DIGGING A
TUNNEL FOR UNDERGROUND
EXAMPLE OF A CONSOLIDATION OF
RAILWAY LINE WITH POLES TYPE
“JET-GROUTING" BEFORE DIGGING A
TUNNEL FOR UNDERGROUND
29. AQUIFER
A LANDFILL SITE (ALSO KNOWN AS A TIP, DUMP, RUBBISH DUMP, GARBAGE
DUMP OR DUMPING GROUND AND HISTORICALLY AS A MIDDEN) IS A SITE FOR THE DISPOSAL
OF WASTE MATERIALS BY BURIAL AND THE OLDEST FORM OF WASTE TREATMENT (ALTHOUGH
THE BURIAL PART IS MODERN; HISTORICALLY, REFUSE WAS JUST LEFT IN PILES OR THROWN
INTO PITS). HISTORICALLY, LANDFILLS HAVE BEEN THE MOST COMMON METHOD OF
ORGANIZED WASTE DISPOSAL AND REMAIN SO IN MANY PLACES AROUND THE WORLD.
LANDFILL SITE
Allphotosillustredare copiedfrom the WEB
32. Liquid applied pure “Polyurea” membrane
Membrana liquida de “Poliurea” pura impermeabilizacion en sito
Liquid applied “Polyurethane-Polyurea” membrane
Membrana liquida de “Poliuretano-Poliurea” impermeabilizacion en sito
PROTECTIVE COATING AND WATERPROOFING
Typical application tools
33. All photos illustred are copied from the WEB
DAMS
Uses for reservoirs – Hydroelectric power
Solutions for
34. - resin injections for the consolidation of concrete and unstable rock
(waterstopping injection resin);
- waterproofing;
- sealing of water penetration;
- rotective coating of concrete surfaces;
- chemical resistant treatments (in this case signifies resistance to corrosion and
erosione concrete).
OUR EXPERIENCE ALLOWS US TO PERFORM THE FOLLOWING OPERATIONS
Typical application tools
35. DAM RESERVOIR
OF "SIPHONING" PHENOMENON.
THE WATER WHICH FILTERS ERODES THE SOIL.
IN A FIRST STAGE THE SOIL IT LIQUIFY AND BRINGS TO
THE SURFACE THE WATER ABUNDANTLY ERODING THE
GROUND.
WHILE IN A SECOND PHASE COMES TO CREATE A
REAL CANAL WITH THE DANGER OF COLLAPSE OF
THE DAM.
PHASE 03
WATERPROOFING AND STRENGTHENING OF BY MEANS OF OF THE
”GLOBALFOAM-SP" INJECTIONS IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE
PHENOMENON OF "FILTRATION" RAINWATER
DAMS - STRUCTURAL CONSOLIDATION – FILLING AND SOLIDIFYING
AS AN EMERGENCY MEASURE – FLOOD PROTECTION
36. All photos illustred are copied from the WEB
Solutions for
UNDERWATER (IMMERSED)
CONCRETE TUNNEL
37. All photos illustred are copied from the WEB
(EXTERNAL) PROTECTIVE COATING AND WATERPROOFING
Typical application tools
39. THE SOLUTION ILLUSTRATED IN THE NEXT SLIDE ILLUSTRATES HOW TO CREATE A BARRIER THAT
ISOLATES THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT, PREVENTING THE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER AND
ANYTHING ELSE FOR MANY YEARS
THE SOLUTION ILLUSTRATED IN THE NEXT SLIDE ILLUSTRATES HOW TO CREATE A BARRIER - SEALING
OF THE ENTIRE STRUCTURE - THAT ISOLATES THE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT BY PREVENTING GASEOUS
SUBSTANCES FROM PROVOKING ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION.
"GELLING" THE RADIOACTIVE WATER THROUGH
A PARTICULAR FORMULATION OF THE ”RESINS"
LINE
INJECTIONRESIN
Protectionofstructurewith:
RESIN-MALTA
CONSOLIDATION / REHABILITATION/ANCHORING AND
MAKING SAFE A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
49. In the construction sector, both new and old, it is not always possible to use mineral-organ resins
(expansive and non-expansive).
Many times it is necessary to employ, for the consolidation and the reconstruction of structures in
reinforced concrete or masonry, only the epoxy resins.
On other occasions, where there are particular technological solutions, especially in the presence
of underground structures, both products can be used.
Rehabilitationsystemhasbeenstudied,designedandperformedalsothe
"technicaldirection"byMr.LamannaLuigiFranco
EXAMPLE OF REPAIR, USING EPOXY RESIN INJECTIONS, THE CONCRETE STRUCTURE
WHILE THE FOUNDATIONS WERE CONSOLIDATED WITH ORGANO-MINERAL RESIN
52. INDEPENDENT CONSULTANT TUNNELING , MINING AND OIL
SPECIALIZED IN MECHANIZED TUNNELING WITH HARD ROCK
TBM AND SOFT SOIL EPB SHIELDS
EXPERT AND CONSULTANT IN STRUCTURAL REINFORCEMENT
LAMANNA Luigi Franco, performs for 45 years professional consulting and technical
direction in the various sectors of civil, industrial, military, hydraulics, railway,
highway and recent years in the sector of “tunneling” and “mining” on the correct
use of special “resin” and related technologies for consolidation, repair and
maintenance of masonry, concrete, iron and wood.
Is the author of numerous scientific publications and is always engaged in the study
and development of “innovative materials” and related techniques and technologies
used.
Mr LAMANNA Luigi Franco
55. LIBERATORIA / DISCLAIMER
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