2. STRESS – any event or circumstance that
threatens the individual and requires
some form of coping reaction.
COPING – attempt by an individual to
deal with the source of stress and control
his or her reactions to it.
3. Statistical Method – defined behavior as
behavior that differs significantly from the
way most people do things.
Medical Model – approach that considers
behavior to be the result of internal
conditions or motivations.
Behavioral Model – behaviorist believe that
abnormal behaviors are caused by patterns
of conditioning and learning.
Legal Model – centers on maintaining social
norms.
4. Anxiety – nervousness or agitation, often
about something that is going to happen.
Anxiety Disorders – refer to the group of
mental disorders (panic attacks, phobias,
obsessions, and compulsions) characterized
by emotional distress caused by feelings of
vulnerability, apprehension, or fear.
Neurotic – refers to disorders that relatively
mild and do not involve losing touch with
reality.
5. 1. Generalized Anxiety – characterized by
diffuse and persistent apprehension.
People who have this disorder worry
constantly, but are unable to say why.
2. Panic Attacks – episode of acute and
overwhelming tension experienced by
those with generalized anxiety. These
people may experience difficulty in
breathing, choking sensations, chest pain,
heart palpitation, dizziness, fantasies, or
fear of dying or going crazy.
6. 3. Phobic Disorders – it is the fear of,
consequent attempt to avoid specific
objects or situations. A person who
exhibits phobia fears a specific
situation and tends to avoid it even
though he or she realizes that it
represents no real danger.
7. Acrophobia – fear of high places
Claustrophobia – fear of enclosed places
Ergasiophobia – fear of work
Gamophobia – fear of marriage
Hephephobia – fear of being touched
Hematophobia – fear of blood
Monophobia – fear of being alone
Ocholophobia – fear of crowds
Xenophobia – fear of strangers
8. Hydrophobia – fear of water
Thanatophobia – fear of death
Pharmacophobia – fear of medicines
Photophobia – fear of strong light
Zoophobia – fear of animals
Nyctophobia – fear of darkness
Necrophobia – fear of corpse or cadaver
Mysophobia – fear of contamination
Algophobia – fear of pain
9. 4. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders –
characterized by the presence of persistent
unwanted thoughts, urges, and actions.
Persons combat anxiety by carrying out
ritual behaviors that reduce tension.
5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder – state of
anxiety, depression, and psychological
“numbering” following exposure to a severe
trauma --- warfare, rape, violent death of a
loved one, or catastrophic natural disaster.
10. Somatoform disorders – involve a
neurotic pattern in which the individual
complains of bodily symptoms that
suggest the presence of a physical
problem, but for which no organic basis
can be found.
11. 1. Hypochondriasis – psychological
disorder characterized by persistent
and irrational fear of having a disease
despite reassurance from doctors that
no physical illness exists.
2. Conversion Disorder – involves a
neurotic in which symptoms of some
physical malfunction or loss of control
appear without any underlying organic
pathology.
12. Dissociative Disorders – involve a sudden
and usually temporary disruption in a
person’s memory, consciousness, or
identity. In some cases, a person
suddenly suffers a memory loss.
13. 1. Dissociative amnesia – disorder that involves a
loss of memory that has a psychological rather
than a physical cause.
2. Fugue – period of “wandering” that involves a
loss of memory so complete that the individual
cannot remember his or her identity or previous
life.
3. Multiple Personality – condition in which a
person reports having more than one identity,
each of which speaks, acts, and writes in a very
different way.
4. Depersonalization – refers to experience which
the individual feels that he or she has become
distorted or unreal , or that distortions have
occurred in one’s surroundings.
14. Affective Disorders – are disturbances of
mood.
1. Bipolar Disorder – patient’s behavior
vacillates between two extremes ---
from mania to depression.
15. It is a group of disorders characterized
by thought disturbance that may be
accompanied by delusions,
hallucinations, attention deficits, and
bizarre motor activity.
Symptoms:
-Thought disorders
-Perceptual disorders
-Disorder of affect
16. Disorganized Schizophrenia – characterized
by severely disturbed thought processes.
Patients have hallucinations and delusions
and are frequently incoherent.
Paranoid Schizophrenia – holds false beliefs
or delusions, that seriously distort reality.
Most often these are beliefs in the
exceptional importance of oneself, so called
delusions of grandeur. They trust no one
and are constantly watchful, convinced that
others are plotting against them.
17. Catatonic Schizophrenia – quite different
from others forms of schizophrenia. While
catatonics sometimes experience delusions
and hallucinations, their most obvious
abnormalities are I social interaction and
posture and body movement.
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia – includes
schizophrenics who demonstrate
disturbances of thought, perception, and
emotion, but not the features peculiar to the
other types.
18. These are psychological disorders that
are believed to result from personalities
that developed improperly during
childhood.
Common characteristics:
-All personality disorders begin early in life
-They are disturbing to the person or to
others
-They are very difficult to treat
19. 1. Schizoid Personality Disorder – individuals
have little or no desire to have friends, and
indeed are not interested in even casual
contact. They are classic “loners”.
2. Antisocial Personality Disorder – individuals
frequently violate social rules and laws, take
advantage of others, and feel little guilt
about it. These individuals often have
smooth social skills. They have low
tolerance for frustrations.
20. - Act on impulse, lose their temper
quickly, lie easily and skillfully
- The are often hardened, violent criminals
- In other cases, they assume false
identities as physicians, attorneys, and
they like faking their credentials
- In childhood, antisocial personalities are
very difficult children
