Introduction to the Nervous System and a little more extra.

1. Nervous System
Neurological Disorder: Cerebral Palsy
November 28th 2016
By: Eugene, Marcus, Kai Heng & TingTing

2. Nervous System
CNS
SNS
PNS
ANS
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
● Spinal
● Cranial
skeletal muscles Cardiac & smooth muscles
Glandular secretion
“Fight or Flight”
“Rest and Digest”

3. anaxonic
multipolar
bipolar
unipolar
Motor neuron
Motor Interneuron Sensory
dendrites nucleus
cytoplasm
axon
Myelin
sheath
Axon
hillock
Node of
Ranvier
Schwann cell
Axon
terminal
Neuroglia / Glial cells
● Support, protect & nourish
● CNS: astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, microglia & ependymal cells
● PNS: schwann cells & satellite cells

4. BRAIN
A. Brain Stem
- Consist of a two-way conduction pathway:
Sensory fibers and Motor fibers
- Components:
1. Medulla oblongata (cardiac, respiratory and
vasomotor centers)
2. Pons (connects spinal cord with the brain
and parts of the brain to each other)
3. Midbrain (relay visual and auditory
impulses)
B. Cerebellum
- Muscular coordination
- Equilibrium
- Posture
C. Diencephalon
- Components:
1. Hypothalamus (produces hormones)
2. Thalamus (produce sensations, control sleep and
wake cycles)
D. Cerebrum
- Largest part of the brain
- Divided into left and right
- Cerebral cortex (thin layer) contains gray matter
- Produce automatic movements and postures

5. SPINAL
CORDA. Gray matter
- Receive and pass sensory info from receptors
- Give motor commands to effectors
B. White matter
- Carries information from brain to spinal
cord (vice versa)
- Dorsal root allows sensory neurons to enter
spinal cord
- Ventral root allows motor neurons to exit
spinal cord

6. Cerebral
Palsy
(brain
)
(paralysis)

7. Neurological Disorder: Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy is a brain injury or malformation
that occurs while the child’s brain is under development.
The injury & damage to the brain is . It does not “heal”
like any other parts of the body.
Muscle control and coordination are affected. Even other
functions that involve (e.g. bowel control,
respiratory)
non-progressive
permanent
motor skills

8. Case Study
Every case of cerebral palsy is
unique to the individual. The type of
injury and the timing of the injury to
the developing brain may affect the
condition of each individual
http://www.fundingcaring.co.uk/caring-for-
someone-with-cerebral-palsy-case-study.html

9. Case Study
Emma’s story
-Diagnosed 2 years after she was born
-Felt like a rag doll and unusually floppy
-Parents were told about the complications which
could materialise later in life
-Dyskinetic cerebral palsy (Does not affect
intelligence)
-A team of health professionals was sent to help
-Pediatrician, health visitor, social worker,
physiotherapist, speech therapist
- No cure
-Treatments help to alleviate symptoms and to live
with her conditions

10. Mechanism
Why it occurs?
1. Disease or infection during pregnancy by the
mother
2. Brain damage that happens before or during a
baby’s birth or in the early years of childhood
What this causes...
Prenatal disturbance of brain cell migration
Prenatal poor insulation of developing nerve cell
fibres
Perinatal brain cell death
Postnatal non functional or inappropriate connection
between brain cells

11. Risk Factors:
Antenatal (~70 - 80% of causes)
Prematurity and low birth weight
Greater risk of CP with preterm deliveries
Periventricular leukomalacia(PVL) is a condition of underdeveloped white matter in the brain surrounding the ventricles.
It is the leading cause of CP in preterm infants
Intrauterine Infections
Fetoplacental & uterine infection/inflammation can cause initiation of preterm labour, which can lead to CNS injury and
CP. Underdeveloped fetal brains are more susceptible to inflammation.
Chorioamnionitis is an infection of the chorion and amnion, the two membranes surrounding the developing fetus. It is the
most frequently associated maternal infection in CP.
Pregnancy Complications
Hemorrhage and preeclampsia (placental abruption, placenta previa, and other causes of third trimester bleeding) seem to
lead to premature delivery, conferring the same risks for CP as a premature infant according to some evidence.

12. Risk Factors:
Perinatal:
Birth asphyxia (~10%) is commonly associated with CP.
Postnatal:
Non-accidental injury
Head trauma
Meningitis/encephalitis

13. Consequences
1. Cerebral Palsy can affect a person’s posture, balance and ability to move communicate, eat, sleep and
learn.
2. They may experience uncontrolled or unpredictable movements due to having weak or tight muscles or
in some cases shaky movements and tremors.
3. More severe cases would be those which experience difficulty in swallowing, breathing bladder and
urinary incontinence.
4. The parts affected, level of severity and symptoms varies for each person.
Example : One can have weakness in one hand and have difficulty in tasks like writing or tying their shoelaces.
However another can have little or no control over their movements or speech and require 24 hour assistance
for their daily needs.

14. Preventions and Cures
Cases of cerebral palsy cannot be prevented or cured but only able to lessen the risks.
Before and during Pregnancy
1. Continuous prenatal care - Regular visits to the doctor during pregnancy can help reduce health risks
such as premature birth and infections
2. Avoid Infections - Avoid exposure to infections known to affect a foetus’s health such as Zika or
German Measles
3. Avoid Harmful Substances - Avoid harmful substances such as alcohol, cigarettes and prescription
drugs
Babies or Young children
1. Vaccination - Vaccination against diseases such as rubella may prevent the chances of getting fetal brain
damage which would lead to cerebral palsy

15. Connections
Muscular System
Motor Impairment / difficulties
Digestive System
Difficulty in eating / swallowing
Excretory System
No bowel control
Respiratory System
Difficulties in breathing
Circulatory System
● Might lead to heart diseases

16. Conclusion
Ensuring safety and health care of the mother and child will greatly reduce the risk of cerebral palsy.
Have frequent prenatal checks and child vaccinated.
Someone with cerebral palsy will probably require aid for their daily needs due to their physical
disabilities.
The feelings of not getting to properly live their life would not be understood by many.
Therefore it would not hurt to spare a thought for them and be more considerate and compassionate.

17. THANKS