1. COURSE TITLE: BREEDING OF FRUIT CROPS
COURSE CREDIT: 2+1
COURSE NO. : FSC 506
OBJECTIVE: To impart comprehensive knowledge about
the principles and practices of breeding of fruit crops.
SUBMITTED BY: REETIKA SHARMA
(J-19-M-656)
SUBMITTED TO: DR. PARSHANT BAKSHI
(ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR)
DIVISION OF FRUIT SCIENCE
SKUAST JAMMU.
5. INTRODUCTION
• Sapota is a fruit crop native to Central America (South Mexico
and North west Guetmala).
• It is highly adaptable species distributed through out the tropical
areas.
• In India, it was introduced in 1898 in Gholwad village of
Maharashtra from where it has spread across the country.
• It is a fruit crop which is drought resistant but sensitive to frost
injury.
6. BOTANY
• The plant is evergreen, slow growing, grows to a height of 9m
• Leaves are leathery, elliptical and shiny.
• Based on type of leaf and tree habit and its association with fruit
quality. The sapota are identified in to four different groups.
• 1. Erect growing with deep green, broad and oval leaves with
superior quality fruit.
• 2. Drooping with light green narrow and elliptical leaves with
inferior quality fruit.
• 3. Spreading with deep green broad and oval leaves and fruit of
superior quality.
• 4. Spreading with light green narrow / elliptical leaves with
inferior quality
7. FLORALBIOLOGY
• Sapota flowers appear solitary in the terminal part / leaf axils and are
usually bears on current seasons growth.
• The flowers are small, calyx is dark brown, deeply six lobed, stamens -6,
sepels -6, petals-6. Androecium- 12, stamens arranged in two rows.
• The style is exerted from the flower is protogynous and some of them are
self incompatible. (cricket ball/ kalipatti)
• Peak anthesis : South India 4.00 am
North India 5 to 7 am
• Pollination: wind pollination
• Flowering season : Tropical condition – throughout year
Tow peak season- 1. Feb- march
2. Sept –oct
8.
9. • Kalipatti with pollen of oval 50 percent fruit set.
• Cricket ball with pollen of oval and kalipatti fruit set obtained
was 72 and 67.4 % respectively
• The recent studies revealed the existence of certain degree of
self incompatibility and shows cross varietal compatibility.
• Therefore while establishing orchard mixing of varieties is
recommended for enhanced fruit set.
10. Influence of arrangement of seed on fruit shape.
• There is a negative correlation between seed number and shape.
• The seed number varies from 1 -9 with round fruit having more
seed.
• Fruit shape is also governed by the pattern of distribution of
seed around the placenta.
• In round fruits the seed are more uniformly located around
placenta to as compared to oval.
• There was positive correlation between number of seed and
fruit weight.
11. Metaxenia effect in sapota
• It was observed that the fruit set, size, weight, No. of seeds, skin
color and maturity are greatly influenced by pollination.
• This effect on fruit due to source of pollen is called metaxinia.
12. Salient features:
• Fruit set in general was lower in self pollinated compared to
open pollination and cross pollination.
• The failure of fruit set and very low fruit set is due to self
incompatibility and inadequate pollination & due to dichogamy
and heterostyly. (protogyny and exerted stigma)
• The size and weight of fruit are also governed by the source of
pollen and degree of compatibility with the polliniser.
13. Breeding methods and achievements
• Objectives:
1. High production with attractive fruit skin, colour, shape.
2. Large fruit size with good dessert and keeping quality.
3. Dwarf stature.
4. Early maturing varieties.
5. Synchronised flowering.
6. Resistance to leaf spot, drought & salinity.
14. Methods: Selection:
1 Kalipatti-originally introduced to maharashtra
2 Chattri-similar to kallipathi, it has drooping branches resembling
umbrella
3 Cricket ball (culcutta large) , pulp is gritty, granular, shy bearer,
selected for arid region.
4 Bangalore- large oval shaped
5 Pala- selection from A.P and T N
6 kirthabharthi- stands long transport
7 Gavrayya- good variety
8 Thagarampudi- good export potential
15. • Other varieties:
• Baramasi, Jhumkia, Dhola Diwani, Guthi, Vavivalsa
• Clonal selection :
1. Co 2 from Baramasi
2 PKM 1 from Guthi.
3 PKM 4 from PKM 1
17. Hybridization
1. DHS1: Kalipatti x Cricket ball
It gives 30-40 % higher yields than parents. Good
quality, average fruit weightt 150 g. Fruit are oval shaped. Fruit
pulp soft and sweet with TSS 25o brix. Attractive skin color.
2. DHS 2 : Kalipatti x Cricket ball
Higher yield 30-35% over its parents. Fruit are round.
Average fruit weight 180g/fruit. Flesh is soft and sweet, TSS
23o brix.
18. • TNAU hybrids:
Co 1: Cricket ball x Oval
Co 3: Cricket ball x Vavivalsa
• CH & RS Periakulam:
1. PKM 2 : Guthi x kirthibharthi
2. PKM 3 : Kallipathi x Cricket ball
21. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Attempts have been made to devise protocols for micropropagation from
mesocarp, endosperm and embryo culture on modified MS medium
supplemented with various levels and cobinations of auxins and nutrients.
Incompatibility barriers in some of the intra or inter-varietal crosses can be
resolved with approaches like embryo rescue. Specially, in the cases where
fertilisation is successful, but the embryo fails to develop, immature zygotic
embryos can be excised and cultured and hybrids plants can be generated.
22. FUTURE PROSPECTIVES
• Although, several initiative have been taken in research on production and crop improvement in
sapota. However, very few works has been carried out on germplasm collection, conservation
and characterization of different varieties existing in several part of the country.
• The breeding potential of wild species is yet to be exploited and these could be the source of
our desirable genes(s). Therefore, exploration can be a new challenge for collection and
identifying the potential used of related species of sapota including M. hexandra, M. kauki and
M. elangi which occurring as wild species in Vidharba, Satpura, Aravallis, Western ghats and
other part of the country.
• Till date our cultivars are of narrow genetic base, therefore there is a need to widening our
genetic resources through introduction of already improved cultivars that contains of our
desirable traits from the centre of its diversity like Costa Rica, Cuba, Philippines and Mexico.
Inheritance pattern or linking of several traits are lacking in sapota. Intensive study in this area
may help in early and direct selection of targeting traits. There is an urgent need to search
sources of resistance gene for several disorder, diseases and pests.
• Mutation breeding have not been tried in sapota, despite a narrow genetic based we possessed,
it must be considered and incorporate into breeding programme to create variability in the
cultivar.
• In the context of climate change, there is a need to prepare for an unexpected adverse
conditions and this can be met only if the available gene pool and technology is fully utilized.
