Jackfruit

2. Submitted To:
Dr. M. M. Masu
Assistant Research Scientist,
Directorate of Research,
University Bhavan, A.A.U., Anand. 388110
Submitted By:
Aal Jigarkumar M.
M.Sc. Horticulture in
Fruit science (1St Semester)

3. Jackfruit is a tropical fruit species found in tropical, high rainfall, coastal
and humid areas of the world.
It belongs to family Moraceae.
Scientifically Artocarpus heterophyllus, it is the favourite fruit of many,
owing to its sweetness.
The name originated from its Malayalam name Chakka. It is also called
kathhal (hindi and urdu), pala (tamil), halasina hannu (kannada), panasa
pandu (telugu) and phanos (marathi and Konkani).
However, India is considered to be the native of jack fruit.
Jackfruit bearing world’s largest fruit is also known as poor man’s food.
Introduction

4. Jackfruit is a hardy fruit plant being grown across the globe. It is the only
fruit which has less value as fruit but more as vegetable.
Jackfruit is the national fruit of Bangladesh.
Almost all parts of the plant has economical value however, fruits are the
main useful parts.
The jackfruit tree is widely cultivated in tropical regions of India,
Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and
the Philippines.
In our country, the trees are found distributed in southern states like Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Goa, coastal Maharashtra and other states like,
Assam, Bihar, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and foothills of Himalayas.
The fleshy carpel which is botanically the perianth is the edible portion.

5. Apart from its use as a table fruit, jack is a popular fruit for preparation of
pickles, chips, jack leather and papad.
The fruit has got good potential for value addition into several products like
squash, jam, candy, halwa etc.
The ripe bulbs can be preserved for one year in sugar syrup or in the form of
sweetened pulp.
The unripe mature bulbs can be blanched and dehydrated for further use
through out the year.
Seed is a rich source of starch and a delicacy during season.
The timber is highly valued for its strength and sought for construction and
furniture. The dried leaves are stitched to make disposable plates.

6. Scientific classification/Growth & development Characteristics of
Jackfruit
Botanical name: Artocarpus heterophyllus
Genus: Artocarpus
Species: heterophyllus
Family: Moraceae
Order: Rosales
Basic chromosome no: 2n=56

7. Ploidy level: Auto-tetraploid
Origin: India
Flower bearing habit: Terminal bearing habit (Current season growth)
Fruit Bearing habit: Cauliflorus bearing habit
Fruit type: Sorosis
Type of Inflorescence: Catkin (Racemose)
Type of Pollination: Cross Pollination
Mode of Pollination: Anemophilous (Wind Pollination)
Edible Part: Bracts or Perianth
Type of seed: Recalcitrant seed

8. Fruit flesh contain: β Carotene (500-530 IU/100gm)
Natural protein found in jackfruit: “Lectine” (Cancer treatment)
Extract of jackfruit contain: ‘Jacaline’ (Inhibited the growth of HIV
infection)
Tree habit: Open, spreading, low spreading, sparse upright
Tree growth rate: Fast, moderate, slow
Canopy: Dense mostly dome-shaped, slightly pyramidal or flat toped.
Fruit shape: Oblong, ellipsoid , triangular, spheroid, claviform, round
Average single fruit weight (kg): 3-25
Number of fruits/tree: 50-250

9. In South India, the jackfruit is a popular food ranking next to the mango and
banana in total annual production.
There are more than 1,00,000 trees in backyards and grown for shade in
betelnut, coffee, pepper and cardamom plantations.
The total area planted to jackfruit in all India is calculated to be 1,57,580
ha. (NHB database 2014-15)
Government horticulturists promote the planting of jackfruit trees along
highways, waterways and railroads to add to the country's food supply.
There are over 11,000 acres (4,452 ha) planted to jack fruit in Ceylon,
mainly for timber, with the fruit a much-appreciated by-product.
National & International Importance of Jackfruit

10. The tree is commonly cultivated throughout Thailand for its fruit. This is
due to largely to the odour of the ripe fruit and to traditional preference for
the breadfruit.
Although jackfruit is often perceived to be an inferior fruit, there is a large
untapped market for jackfruit and its products in India and internationally.
Sri Lanka is very advanced in its jackfruit processing industry and Sri Lanka
has more than 200 processing units providing unripe and ripe jackfruit bulbs
for the local market.
While demand for jackfruit in India alone exceeds supply capacity, the fruit
is becoming increasingly popular in mainstream and ethnic markets in the
US and UK as well as in some Asian and Middle Eastern countries.

11. Area, production and productivity of jackfruit in Asia
Country Area
(‘000 ha)
Production
(‘000 t)
Productivity
(t/ha)
Bangladesh 10.00 (2006) 926.00 (II) 8.20
India 102.00 (1992) (I) 1436.00 (I) 11.40 (II)
Indonesia 50.00 (1987) (II) 340.00 9.00
Malaysia 5.00 (1987) 13.00 10.00 (III)
Nepal 1.60 (2009-10) 18.97 11.89 (I)
Sri Lanka 50.00 (2011) (II) - -
Thailand 37.00 (1987) (III) 392.00 (III) 10.00 (III)
Area, Production and Productivity of Jackfruit
Source: APAARI. 2012. Jackfruit Improvement in the Asia-Pacific Region - A Status Report.

12. 2014-15
Sr. No. State Production
(000Tonnes)
Share
(%)
1 Kerala 551.47 (I) 26.41 (I)
2 Tripura 300.00 (II) 14.37 (II)
3 Orissa 232.75 (III) 11.15 (III)
4 Karnataka 201.23 9.64
5 West Bengal 196.00 9.39
6 Assam 195.64 9.37
7 Chattisgarh 176.25 8.44
8 Madhya Pradesh 162.00 7.76
9 Tamil Nadu 46.60 2.23
10 Jharkhand 20.38 0.98
Total 2,082.32
Production and Share (%) in different jackfruit growing states of India:
Source: National Horticulture Board (NHB) Database-2014-15

13. Jackfruit is comparatively a cheap fruit.
It is a fairly good source of vitamins and minerals.
Ripe fruit flakes (bulb) contain carbohydrates (16-20%), total soluble solids
(25-29o brix), carotene (500-580 IU), thiamin (30g), pectin (1.5-6%) and
minerals like iron (500 mg), phosphorus (30-40 mg) and calcium (20-30
mg)/100gm of edible portion.
Immature fruit is used as a vegetable. Ripe ones are regarded as a good table
fruit, But many people do not like its characteristic flavour.
Apart from this, ripe fruits are canned, used for preparation of jam, nectar,
preserves, squash and candy.
Composition and Uses

14. Rind and perigones are rich source of pectin, hence suitable for preparation
of jelly.
From mature but unripe fruits, products like chips and papads can be
prepared.
Seeds are rich source of starch and are made into delicious cuisines, Tree has
got good timber value and is less attacked by white ants, Tree has certain
medicinal properties also.
It is used for curing inflammations, constipation, and wound healing and
skin diseases.
Lectine, a natural protein from fruit is used in cancer treatment.
An extract of jackfruit called ‘jacaline' inhibited the growth of HIV infection
in vitro.

15. Jack fruit is rich in several nutrients. It can act as source of complete
nutrition to the consumers.
The fruit is equivalent to Avocado and olive in terms of the healthier mix of
nutrients for human dietary needs, almost having the exact nutrient
equivalents of mother’s milk.
It is rich in vitamin B and C, potassium, calcium, iron, proteins and high
level of carbohydrates, affordable and readily available supplement to our
staple food.
Its seeds are rich in proteins and can be relished as a nutritious nut.
The fruit is also the source of chemical “Jacalin” useful in preventing colon
cancer, AIDS etc.
Nutritional and medicinal properties of jack fruit

16. Nutritive value of jackfruit (100 g)
Constituent Average value
Moisture (%) 76.20
Energy (cal) 88.00
Protein (g) 1.90
Fat (g) 0.10 0.10
Fibre (g) 1.10
Carbohydrates (g) 19.80
Potassium (mg) 107.00
Calcium (mg) 20.00
Phosporous (mg) 41.00
Iron (mg) 0.56
β Carotene (mg) 175.00
Thiamine (mg) 0.03
Riboflavin (mg) 0.13
Niacin (mg) 0.40
Vitamin C (mg) 7.00

17. Health benefit of jackfruit

18. Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Syn. A. integrifolia) belongs to family
Moraceae, is a tetraploid species with 2n=56.
It is a medium to large sized tree, 8-10 m tall, having a dense irregular
globose crown, Sap is milky white.
Irregular shaped leaves are seen in younger plants while in aged plants
petiolated leaves are ovate oblong to obovate in shape.
Even though tree puts forth vegetative growth throughout the year, there are
mainly two growth flushes, one in January-February and again in July-
October under Kerala condition.
Botany and Varieties

19. The inflorescence (catkin) is monoecious in nature
and fruit is a multiple one known as sorosis.
Based on firmness of flesh, cultivated types are
classified into two groups viz. Firm flesh (hard flesh)
- pulp is firm and crisp, taste varies from very sweet,
sweet acid to insipid, soft flesh - pulp is very juicy
and soft, taste is variable in degree of sweetness.
Most of the cultivated trees in jackfruit are of
seedling origin and cross pollination is the rule for
fruit setting.
Because of these features:
 High variability existed among cultivated types in
terms of vegetative, flowering and fruit characters.

20. Wide variability is reported in the period of maturity, size, shape and weight
of fruits, sweetness, colour and shape of flakes, density of spines, rind and
Other morphological traits in jackfruit from Gorakhpur, Dewaria, Allahabad
(UP), Kerala Wynad Plateau of Western Ghats and in West Bengal There is
wide scope for improvement of jackfruit by clonal selection from existing
germplasm.
Other related species in family Moraceae are
(i) Breadfruit - Artocarpus altilis , (ii) Fig - Ficus carica,
(iii) Mulberry - Morus spp, (iv) Monkey jack - A. lakoocha,
(v) Aini - A. hirsuta (vi) A. champeden and A. linguanensis.

21. 1) Singapore or Ceylon jack: Introduced from Ceylon, this is a highly
precocious type, produces fruits with in 2.5 to 3 years time, and sometimes
produces off-season crops also.
2) Rudrakshi: Produces small round fruits having smooth rind with fewer
wines, quality inferior.
3) Muttam varikka: Locally named variety, produces medium size fruits with
Sweet flesh.
Other types available are Gulabi (rose-scented), Champa (flavour like that
of champak) and Hazari (bearing large number of truits).
The types available in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka are Koozha,
Varikka, Thamarachakka, Navarikka (Pazham varikka).
Distinct types

22. Three types of jackfruit viz. Rasdar, Khajwa and Sugandh were Identified
through survey in the plains of Eastern Uttar- Pradesh.
Jackfruit NJT 1, NJT 2, NJT 3 and NJT 4 collections from Faizabad have
large fruits with excellent quality, low fibre content and suitable for table
purpose.
NJC 1, NJC 2, NJC 3 and NJC 4 have small to medium sized fruits with thin
rind, soft flesh and suitable for culinary purpose.
Through selection, Burliar-1, Palur-1 (PLR-1) and Pechiparai-1 (PPI-1)
were released from TNAU, Coimbatore.
PLR-1 is an off season high yielding variety suitable for high density
planting.
A hybrid jack was developed from Fruit Research Station, Kallar by
crossing Singapore Jack and Velippala.

23. Exotic varieties in jackfruit are Golden Nugget, Black Gold and Lemon
Gold (Australia), Hazari, Chala, Goal and Khaja (Bangladesh), Tabouey,
Mini and Kandel (Indonesia) NS-1, J-30 and J-31 (Malaysia) and Dang
Rasmi from Thailand.
Improved Varieties:
Palur 1 Jack or PLR 1
 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) in India developed this
improved variety in 1992.
 It is a clonal selection from Panikkankuppam local of Panruti taluk, in South
Arcot district of Tamil Nadu.
 It is high yielding with medium height, less spreading and suitable for high
density planting.

24.  In addition to regular bearing season (March-June), it produces fruits during
off season (October- December) also.
 The annual yield per tree is about 80 fruits weighing around 900 kg.
 The fruit quality is good with attractive golden yellow firm flakes.
 The seeds are also edible with high palatability, TSS is 19°brix.
Palur 1 Jack or PLR 1

25. PPI 1 Jack
 TNAU has developed this improved variety in
1996.
 It is a clonal selection from Ulagumoodu Local
near Pechiparai.
 It is a medium tall tree, yields 105 fruits per tree
per annum (each weighing 17 kg) which accounts
for 40.8% more yield than local.
 The flakes are sweet and tasty with pleasant aroma.
 The maximum bearing takes place on tree trunks.
 This variety is suitable for commercial planting and
home gardens.

26. PLR (J) 2
 TNAU developed this improved variety
during 2007.
 It is a clonal selection from Pathirakottai
Local.
 It possesses good quality and bigger size
fruits, and highly palatable and edible
flakes.
 This is having less incidence of major
insect-pests and diseases. This variety
yields 95-110 fruits/tree/year weighing
an average of 1600-1950 kg.

27. Swarna
 The University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bangalore, Karnataka (India), released a
jackfruit selection Swarna in 2010.
 Swarna is a very good yielder that bears fruits in
bunches on the trunk, primary branches and also
on the secondary branches.
 The medium sized fruits weigh 6-8 kg each.
 The fruitlets are golden brown in colour, juicy
with a TSS of 25-26 °Brix.
 Picture: (a) fruiting branch, (b) cut fruit, (c)
flakes

28. Gumless Type
 The gumless type developed at the
(IIHR), Bangalore India.
 Has medium to low latex with medium
fruits (6.4-9.0 kg) having oblong fruit
shape containing 120-140 flakes/fruit
with flakes : fruit ratio of 0.45-0.50.
 The flakes are light yellow, sweet in taste
having TSS of 26-30° Brix has been
found promising and is under the process
of release.
 Picture: a) matured fruit, b) cut fruit, c)
flakes

29. Konkan Prolific
 This variety was released in 2004 by the Regional
Fruit Research Station (RFRS), Vengurle of
(BSKKV), Dapoli, Maharashtra.
 It is a seedling selection with a potential yield of
450-550 kg/tree and average yield of 420.56 kg/tree
producing 73 fruits/tree/year with individual fruit
weight of 5.70 kg, golden yellow colour of flesh,
fruit bearing in bunches, spiny surface.
 Flowering in January-February, bearing after 6-7
years of planting.
 Fruits have TSS of 25 °Brix and seed weight of 132
gm.

30. Other exotic varieties are….
J-31 TaboueyNS-1
Golden Nugget Golden Pillow
J-30
Black Gold Cochin Cheena
Dang Rasmi

31. Jackfruit adapt well to humid tropical and subtropical climates.
Warm humid plains are very much suitable for its growth and fruiting.
Jackfruit also performs well in semi arid and warmer plains as well as
coastal climate of southern india.
It grows in the arid region and up to an elevation of 1500 m, but the quality
gets affected at higher elevations.
The tree cannot tolerate frost and cold conditions.
The fruit crop can he grown in a wide variety of soils but it performs well in
deep, rich, alluvial soils with enough drainage facilities.
Tree is grown in laterite or open textured soils also, but sufficient nutrients
should be provided.
Climate and soil

32. Seed propagation
The most common method of propagation of jackfruit
is by seed which is easy and cost effective method
and is suitable for cultivation of jackfruit trees for the
purpose of fodder, timber, and shade where the
quality of the fruit is not very important.
Seed can either be sown in situ or in polythene bags
and after germination transplanted to the main field.
Seed lose viability with in a short time hence they
should be sown immediately after extraction from
ripe fruit .
Propagation
Jackfruit Seed
sown in
Seedlings

33. Soaking seeds in NAA (25 ppm) for 24 hours enhances percentage of
germination and seedling growth.
Since seeds will not be true to type and have a long juvenile period,
vegetative propagation is preferred.
Vegetative methods:
Grafting is the most reliable method of propagation.
Grafting can be carried out throughout the year.
Grafted trees will bear fruits in 2-3 years after planting and have a more
spreading and open canopy than seedling trees.
Jackfruit grafting is now becoming a viable method of propagation.

34. Today, grafted cultivars are common in India, Indonesia, Malaysia and
Thailand and increasingly in South Florida.
The grafting method is suggested as a pronounced traditional method for
propagating the jackfruit as it maintains good characters, is easy and cheap
procedure, produces disease free plants, trees start fruiting quickly and, it
needs a few plant materials and less treatments than the other methods.
In south India, inarching of jackfruit is successful using A. hirsute or
Rudrakshi as rootstock.
Cuttings gave 90% success when shoots are etiolated and ringed for 30 days
and then treated with IBA (3000 ppm) + ferulic acid (2000 ppm)
Air layering is reported as better method under West Bengal conditions
which gave 100% rooting with IBA treatment.

35. Budding methods like patch, chip and forkert are successful in jackfruit.
Approach and epicotyl grafting are the feasible methods of grafting in
jackfruit.
Epicotyl grafting with 3 to 4 months old scion and 5-10 days old rootstocks
resulted in 80 to 90% success under mist in Kerala and 50 to 90% take was
reported under konkan region during April-May for this method.
However, veneer grafting is more successful during spring and summer
(March to May).
The availability of mature dormant scions is a prerequisite for successful
grafting.

36. System of planting adopted is the square method while hexagonal system
can be followed in less fertile soils.
A fortnight before planting, one meter cube size pits are prepared giving a
spacing of 10-12m.
Pits are filled with top soil and well rotten farm yard manure (25-30 kg).
In situ planting of 3-4 seeds/pit gave strong plants. Planting either with
seedlings or vegetative propagules is done during the onset of monsoon
period.
Soon after planting, staking has to be done.
Young plants are to be protected from stray goats and cattle.
Planting

37. For better growth and yield of tree, manures and fertilizers are to be applied.
About 50 kg of farmyard manure or compost has to be applied annually.
According to recommendation of University of Agricultural Science
Dharwad, Karnataka, for bearing trees the fertilizer schedule is 600 g N, 300
g P205 and 240 g K2o/plant/year.
Recommended doses of jackfruit in india:
Manures and fertilizers
Nutrient
g/tree
Age of tree (Years)
1-3 4-7 >7
N 200 400 600
P 120 240 300
K 60 120 240

38. Training and pruning
No regular training and pruning is given to trees.
But it is desirable to maintain a single stem upto a certain height.
In aged trees light to medium pruning can be given to remove overcrowded
branches with out affecting yield.
Irrigation
Tree does not need a regular irrigation.
Young trees can be watered during summer.
Frequency of irrigation depends on soil and climatic factors.

39. Weed management
Weed is not a serious problem for jackfruit. But, for the proper utilization of
nutrient and light, the field should be free from weeds.
Manual weeding with khurpi or mechanical weeding by hoe is the best way
to keep the field free from weed population.
Inter-space may also be kept clean to avoid the harbouring of insect-pests
and diseases.
No research has been done on this aspect but general recommendation of
weed management is being advocated.

40. Orchard Management
Jackfruit is mainly grown in homestead gardens, community lands and some
times in orchard.
Being a neglected crop, no specific orchard management practices have
been developed so far.
Attempts have been made to suggest balance nutrition, water management,
intercropping, disease and pest management in jackfruit plantations for
optimum production
Orchard Floor Management
Jackfruit is planted at 10 m spacing which provides enough space for
growing different crops such as vegetables, pulses, course cereals, oil seeds,
etc. in the interspaces at least up to 5-10 years.

41. After attaining full canopy, shade loving tuber crops like elephant foot yam,
turmeric, etc. have been recommended in soils with high organic matter
content.
The intercropping not only produces additional income but also reduces
weed population, enriches the orchard soil and help in elimination of many
pests and diseases hiding in the weeds in uncared jackfruit orchard.
In Phillippines, periodic weeding at every 3 months is practiced in jackfruit
orchard
Intercropping
Interspaces of orchard can be planted with vegetable crops like chilli,
bhindi, brinjal and pulses till trees reach bearing stage.

42. Tree starts bearing from 6-8 years after planting.
According to locality and plant type, flowering
season start from November and extends upto
March.
Very rarely, off-season flowering during
September is noticed.
Tree is monoecious and inflorescence is a spike
covered by two spathes.
Female spikes are borne on footstalks from main
trunk or from main branches while male spikes
appear both on central and peripheral regions.
Flowering and Fruitset

43. Sex of spike can be easily identified Female spikes
are large and surface gritty while male ones are small
with smooth surface.
A single male flower consists of a stamen covered by
perianth.
At the time of anthesis, stamens protrude out and
appear on surface of spike (catkin) and at peak
anthesis stage, outer surface of male spike will be
light yellow in colour due to the presence of anthers.
In a female flower, perianth encloses ovary and style.
Four to six days after opening of spike from spathe,
creamy white stigmas protrude out and surface looks
wooly or cream coloured.

44. All cultivated Artocarpus spp. are monoecious having
separate male and female flowers.
The inflorescence is called a spike.
The female inflorescence arise from the trunk and
older thick branches, either singly or in pairs, a
distance away from the male spikes.
Male spikes appear on the terminal ends of the
branchlets.
The ratio of male to female inflorescence varies from
96-4%
The stamen has 4 anthers and emits a sweet scent.
Floral biology
Spath
Leaf
Floral
bud

45. This splits to expose a mass of sticky, spherical,
yellow, pollen grains.
The peak anthesis takes place between 1 pm and
3 pm and peak dehiscence occurs between 3 pm
and 4pm.
Stigmas tend to be receptive for 28-36 hours.
Pollination by wind and insects.
Lack of pollination may lead to the dropping of
female spikes.
Pollen viability in jackfruit is affected by
different ranges of relative humidity and
temperature.
From spike appearance to fruit harvest it takes
90-110 days
Shoot with
female
inflorescence

46. Different stages from flowering to fruit set
Flower opening in initial stage
Male flowerFemale flower

47. Pollination and fertilization of spike are completed within 3-6 days after
pollination.
Axis of the inflorescence, ovaries, perianth and all aborted flowers grow
simultaneously and develop into a multiple fruit, botanically known as
sorosis.
Fleshy perianth is the edible portion, which develops to flake.
Fruit consists of four parts, viz.,
i. Bulb/flakes (37-40%),
ii. Perigones (18-20%) - unfertilised or aborted flowers,
iii. Rind (20-22%) and
iv. Seeds (20-23%).
Fruit development

48. After fruit set, it takes about 120 to 140 days for growth followed a sigmoid
pattern and soft as showed similar flowering and fruit development
characters.
Flattening of spines on the rind and thickening of latex are the maturity
indices.

49. Fruit maturity indications include hollow sounding when tapped, spines
become flattened and wider; colour of fruit becomes pale; develops a strong
aroma and matures 3 to 8 months after flowering.
Harvesting season starts from February and extends to june.
Harvesting of fruits may be done by cutting off the footstalk and lowering
the fruits carefully, without dropping on the ground which may damage
them.
Collect fruits in a basket and lower them to the ground using a rope.
The portion of the stalk attached to the fruits helps in handling.
Harvesting

50. Harvest fruits in the morning hours while temperatures are low and transfer
immediately to a well-ventilated shed.
The economic or remarkable fruit yield commences from 5th year in grafts
and 8th year in seedling trees.
In India, a good yield is 150 large fruits per tree annually, though some trees
bear as many as 250 fruits and a fully mature tree may produce 500 fruits,
these probably of medium or small size.
Individual fruit weight varies from 3 kg to 25 kg.
Yield will not be similar in every year.
On an average about 50-80 tonnes fruit/ ha could be obtained.

51. Grading:
Fruits are sorted out based generally on their
size and physical appearance.
In the case of ripe fruits, orange coloured
fruitlets are more preferred by consumers
because they command the highest price.
The suggested grades of jackfruit as per
weight are:
1. Large: At least 20 kg and above/Fruit
2. Medium: 15-20 kg/Fruit
3. Small: 8 to 15 kg/Fruit
Post Harvest management

52. Packaging:
Minimally processed products should be packed properly using a suitable
packing material and system.
The common packaging methods for jackfruit include polyethylene bags,
polystyrene trays wrapped with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film and
polypropylene containers with lids.
Sealing packages may also involve altering the concentration of respiratory
gases inside the package to create a modified atmosphere system.
Modified atmosphere packaging has also been found to be capable of
preserving freshness and extending the shelf life of jackfruit.

53. Storage
Jackfruit is climacteric in its nature of ripening.
Usually ripening takes place within 3-5 days after harvest.
This fruit is not normally stored in low temperature.
But ripe flakes (bulbs) can be stored at low temperature for 2-3 weeks by
dipping them in sugar syrup (300 brix) containing potassium metabisulphate
and packing in 100 gauge polypropylene cover without affecting the
quality.
Cryo-frozen ripe jackfruit bulbs packed in A 2½ cans containing sugar
syrup (40%) + 0.5% citric acid can be stored at -180c for six months
without affecting their colour and other sensory qualities.

54. A stable marketing chain is not in existence for jackfruit.
At the village level, collectors from outside as well as those from the village
itself purchase the fruits and sell them in external markets, mainly at village
fairs and road-side sheds.
Transactions at the farm level occur mainly on ready cash payment basis
and rarely on credit.
Middlemen decide the market prices resulting in the exploitation of the
producers. A very low percentage of total production is consumed as food
(30-35%) and 70% is lost during pre and post-harvest stages.
Marketing

55. The following avenues are important for the sale of jackfruit:
 Selling to neighbours and relatives of small farmers,
 Selling along roadsides,
 Selling to local shops who in turn sell them as pieces, or as packets of 10
arils (fruitlets) or whole fruits,
 Selling to local agricultural product markets,
 Selling to specialized fruit markets,
 Selling to super markets in the towns and cities,
 Selling to urban markets,
 Selling to women's groups for making jackfruit chips or other value-
added products,

56.  Selling to processing plants,
 Selling to middlemen who send the fruits in return to other states or cities
where there is more demand, and selling to export markets.
Jackfruit marketing involves three groups of channels, namely, producers,
traders (middlemen) including wholesalers and retailers.
At present, there is no standard marketing information system and quality
standard.
The future of jackfruit production will depend upon the development of
suitable cultivars for the consumers, proper production strategies, post-
harvest management strategies, processing and utilization systems and also
transportation and marketing and possibly export market development.

57. Farmers and collectors face several problems when marketing fruits:
Proximity of markets. Transportation is a major marketing cost. The means
of transport used are by carts or trucks to near by town or village markets for
retail sale or wholesale to visiting tradesmen from larger towns. In Nepal the
transport of jackfruits can be considered unlucky.
International export. The large, heavy and perishable fruit are not well suited
for the fresh export trade, but canned and other processed products are
exported to Australia and Europe.
Three groups are involved in marketing: producers, traders (middlemen)
including wholesalers, and retailers.
Farmers lack reliable price information, relying on buyers. With
better market intelligence farmers could take shorter routes to final
consumers, reducing marketing costs and consumer prices.

58. Transportation and Marketing

59. Jack fruit has got great potential for value addition.
More than 100 items can be prepared from jackfruit right from immature stage
to well ripened stage.
Each item has its own virtues in terms of taste, preference, keeping quality etc.
In view of its important properties, ripe jackfruit bulbs (flakes) are consumed
worldwide as a dessert fruit or processed in various forms like canned
segments (with syrup and honey), jackfruit flavours, drum-dried powder,
osmo-air dried segments, enzyme liquefied juice, candy, jam, spread, jelly,
ready to serve beverage (RTS), squash, syrup, nectar, slab or bar and
chips/papad are also prepared by frying the ripe and semi ripe flakes in
margarine, The pulp is also used to flavour icecream and beverages.
Value addition in Jackfruit

60. A glimpse of the potentiality of the fruit for processing and value addition is
as follows:
Stage of fruit Items that can be prepared Remarks
Immature Culinary preparations, Cutlets Fresh consumption
Half mature Pickle
Cutlets, Pulao/ Biryani
Can be preserved
Fresh consumption
Fullly mature Papad , Chips
Pakoda
Can be preserved
Fresh consumption
Well Ripened Pulp, Halwa, Jam, Wine, Squash.
Gulab Jamun, Kheer, Cake,
Can be preserved
Fresh consumption
Seeds Culinary preparations , Pakoda,
Starch flour
Fresh consumption
Can be preserved

61. Different processed product
Jackfruit juice
Jackfruit jam
Jackfruit papad Jackfruit chips
Jackfruit modaks Jackfruit pickles

62. Insect-pest:
Shoot and fruit borer (Diaphania caesalis )
Among insect pests, the shoot and fruit borer, is a major
pest of jackfruit. The insects lay eggs on tender shoots
and flower buds. On hatching, the reddish brown larvae
bore into shoot, flower buds and fruits, resulting in the
wetting of affected parts. Larvae make small holes and
enter the fruit.
Remedy
To protect them from egg laying, fruit may be covered
with polythene bags and the affected parts removed and
destroyed.
Plant Protection practices

63. Bark Borer (Indarbela tetraonis and Batocera
spp.)
Bark borer bore holes in the bark and feed on the
cambium layer, gummy exudation would
evidenced on the outer portion of the affected
tree.
Remedy
Remove the dead branches where it lays its eggs.
Bum affected twigs and dead branches.
Clean the bark portion, insert a cotton ball
soaked in kerosene into the hole and seal the hole
with mud.

64. Bud Weevil (Ochyromera artocarpi)
The small whitish grubs of bud weevil
bore into tender flower buds as well as
fruits and induce premature drop.
The adult weevils are greenish brown in
colour and are found to eat the leaves
Remedy:
Remove the infested shoots, flower buds
and fruits to check infestation.

65. Diseases:
Blossom rot, fruit rot or stem rot (Rhizopus
artocarpi)
It was a serious disease, which causes 15 to 32%
crop loss. The inflorescence, tips of the
flowering shoots or the stalk of the tender fruits
are infected and blackened by fungal structures
called sporangia. Flowers and fruits rot and drop
prematurely
Remedy
Spray 1 % Bordeaux mixture or Copper oxy
chloride 2.5 g/lit. Three sprays must be given at
15 days interval.

66. Leaf spot:
Produces dark brick red spots on both the surface of
leaf which upon maturity become greyish studed with
dark colour, pin headed fruiting bodies of the fungus.
Such leaves defoliate and give barren look to the
trees.
Rust
Rust generally develops late in the summer, and in
years when disease is severe, it can cause the trees to
defoliate in a matter of a few weeks. If this happens
on a regular basis, the overall growth of the trees can
be reduced and yields can be affected

67. Dieback:
The most of die-back becomes evident by
discolouration and darkening of the bark some
distance from the tip.
The dark area advances and young green twigs start
withering first at the base and then extending
outwards along the veins of leaf edges.
Infected twigs show internal discolouration
Remedy
Every care should be taken to prevent introduction of
disease in newly planted orchards.

68. Jackfruit is a naturally growing tree fruit plant of humid tropical and
subtropical region.
Due to its diverse use, the plants of jackfruit are maintained individually or
community wise in the tropics however, the systematic plantations as
commercial orchard are not available owing to one or the other region.
The systematic research planning and implementation will help increased
jackfruit production and utilization in future.
The future research needs in jackfruit have been identified.
 Development of vegetative propagation techniques which can be
commercially utilized to produce saplings for systematic plantations.
FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS

69.  Clear cut identification of varieties for vegetable and table purpose with
special emphasis on off season varieties for vegetable.
 Development of standard package of practice for commercial orchard of
jackfruit.
 Development of minimal processing techniques for vegetable purpose and
its popularization through market net work.
 Development and popularization of various value added products from raw
as well as ripe fruits and seeds.

70. T. Radha and L. Mathew by Fruit crops.
Vishal Nath, V. Pandey, D. Pandey and Dinesh kumar by Fruits for the future
Vol-2 : Lesser known tropical and subtropical fruits.
K. L. Chadha by Handbook of Horticulture.
APAARI. 2012. Jackfruit Improvement in the Asia-Pacific Region - A
Status Report.
National Horticulture Board (NHB) Database-2014-15
S. Priya Devi, Sunetra Talaulikar, M.J. Gupta, M.Thangam, N.P. Singh
(2014): A Guide on Jack Fruit - Cultivation and Value Addition. Technical
Bulletin No. 41, ICAR (RC), Goa.
References

71. Thank you