This presentation is about contraception and birth control. It contains information about the type of contraceptive methods, how they are used and how effective they are.

1. CONTRACEPTION and
BIRTH CONTROL
FACILITATOR: LASHAE HARRIS

2. WHAT IS CONTRACEPTION
 Contraception is the use of various devices, drugs, agents, sexual
practices, or surgical procedures to prevent conception or impregnation
(pregnancy). Contraception help women plan if and when they want a
baby. The condom is currently the only contraceptive device that help
protect sexual partners from sexual transmitted diseases.

3. BIRTH CONTROL
 Birth control involves one or more actions, devices, sexual practices or
medications followed to intentionally prevent or reduce the likelihood of
pregnancy or child birth.

4. PERFECT VS TYPICAL
 Perfect User: A person who uses the method perfectly and consistently.
 Typical User: A person who uses the method incorrectly or not every time.

5. TYPES OF BIRTH CONTROL
 Natural
 Barrier
 Hormonal
 Long-Term

6. NATURAL METHODS
 Abstinence
 Withdrawal
 Rhythm

7. ABSTINENCE
Sexual Abstinence can mean choosing to abstain from different levels of
sexual activity. Here are a couple of possible definitions of sexual abstinence
between two consenting people:
 avoiding vaginal intercourse (penis to vagina sex)
 avoiding vaginal, oral (mouth to penis or vagina sex) and anal intercourse
(penis to anus sex)
 avoiding genital contact (any type of direct touching of the partner’s
penis or vagina).

8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
 Minimal risk of misuse
 Freedom from the threat of STI and HIV infection, if no exchange of body fluids
occurs
 No physical side effects
 No need to visit a health care provider
 No cost, unless condoms and dams are used for oral-genital sex
Disadvantages:
There are no disadvantages of abstinence if a couple is able to maintain a fulfilling
relationship without the need for penetrative sex. When couples choose this
approach they are wise to become knowledgeable about contraceptive
alternatives and to have barrier methods available in the event that they decide
to have penetrative sexual intercourse at some later date.

9. WITHDRAWAL METHOD
 In this contraceptive method, the man withdraws his penis from a
woman’s vagina before ejaculation. Both partners must be in agreement
on this method, and must be prepared to deal with an unplanned
pregnancy, which can occur in 1 out of 5 users.

10. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 Put simply, withdrawal is better than nothing. If you rely on withdrawal as
your primary method of birth control, there is a good chance of having an
unplanned pregnancy. Unless you are prepared to deal with that
possibility, it is highly recommended that you put off intercourse until some
other form of contraception can be obtained.
Disadvantages:
 This method isn’t very effective because there may be sperm in the pre-
ejaculate, which can lead to pregnancy. It also requires a lot of self-
control and practice. Studies show a failure rate of 19% in typical users.
Withdrawal also offers no protection from STIs.

11. RHYTHM METHOD
 A woman practices the rhythm method of birth control by learning to
recognize the days she is fertile and not having sex before and during
those days. The rhythm method does not work for all couples. Women who
have regular menstrual cycles and who are very careful about when they
have sex usually find it to be effective. Women who have irregular cycles
and who are not so careful often end up becoming pregnant.
 The rhythm method is typically 75% to 87% effective.

12. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 low cost
 safety
 no need for medical devices or medications
 lack of side effects
Disadvantages:
 the fact that both members of the couple must be involved in the process
 the need to abstain from sex during your fertile days, or to use backup
contraception
 the need to consistently track your cycles for at least six months before the
method can be considered reliable
 a high failure rate compared with almost all other non-abstinence-based birth
control methods (i.e. condoms, the pill, diaphragms, etc.)

13. BARRIER METHODS
A barrier method is used during intercourse to keep sperm away from
traveling through the cervix and into the uterus.
 Male Condom
 Female Condom
 Spermicide
 Diaphragm

14. MALE CONDOM
Made of latex, plastic and sheep skin. Sheep skin condom do not provide STI
protection.
How to use:
 Store at room temperature
 No exposure to heat or direct sunlight
 Only use water based lubricants
 Allergy tests can be done
 Alternative to latex condom is polyurethane

15. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 Protects against both pregnancy and STI’s
 Is accessible and affordable
 98% effective
Disadvantages:
 May reduce sensitivity and spontaneity during intercourse
 May cause skin irritation

16. FEMALE CONDOM
Advantages:
 Offer extra STI protection
 Can be inserted up to 8 hours before intercourse
Disadvantages:
 Some women do not feel comfortable with this method
 It can be expensive

17. SPERMICIDE
 Spermicides are available in foam, jelly, suppositories and vaginal films.
 Spermicide works by creating a chemical and physical barrier inside the
vagina by doing 2 things:
• Contains nonoxyl-9 which kills sperm or make them immobile
• Forming a temporary plug around the cervix
 Foams and gels can be used immediately. Vaginal films and suppositories
require a 15 minute wait.
 85% effective
 Each application is effective up to 1 hour and needs to be reapplied for
each act of sex
 Needs to remain in the cervix for the next 6 hours

18. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 They are affordable and available at most drug stores
 They provide lubrication during sex
Disadvantages:
 They can be messy
 May cause skin irritation which can increase the risk of STI’s

19. DIAPHRAGM
A diaphragm is a flexible, latex, dome-shaped cup with a bendable rim. It is
designed to fit securely in the vagina to cover the cervix.
 Use: A diaphragm acts as a physical barrier, so it's considered to be a
barrier method. By blocking the opening of uterus, sperm are prevented
from joining an egg. The diaphragm is held in place over the cervix by the
vaginal muscles. Before being inserted, a diaphragm is coated with
spermicidal cream, jelly, or foam; if any sperm manage to get over the rim
of the diaphragm, they will be immobilized by the spermicide.

20. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 It can be put in up to 6 hours before sex so it does not affect spontaneity
 When taken care of, they can last for a long time
Disadvantages:
 It is difficult for women to insert and remove
 Some couples are allergic to the contraceptive cream

21. HORMONAL METHODS
 Only for women
 Some methods require a Doctor’s prescription
 Contains hormones similar to progesterone and estrogen and works in the
combination to do the following:
• Prevents ovulation
• Thickens cervical mucus
• Thins uterine lining to prevent ovulation

22. POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTS
Side effects vary from woman to woman. Most side effects disappear within 3
months.
Possible side effects include:
 Changes in the menstrual cycle
 Nausea
 Breast tenderness
 Mood changes
 Drug interaction with certain medication

23. BIRTH CONTROL PILL
Contains estrogen and progestin.
How to use:
 Start as directed by your physician
 Use back-up method when starting
 Pills must be taken orally everyday, at the same time
 If missed taking one pill, follow instructions on the package
 99.7% effective

24. Advantages:
 The pill regulates a woman’s period
 Periods are lighter with less cramps
 Does not interrupt sex
Disadvantages:
 Some women have a hard time remembering to take the pills
 Some women experience side effects
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVATAGES

25. BIRTH CONTROL PATCH
Also called ortho-patch.
Contains estrogen and progestin
How to use:
 Wear on body
 Use backup method when starting
 Change patch each week for three weeks. No patch for the fourth week and
woman gets her period.
 Do not wear in same spot twice
Only wear the patch on the following areas of the body
 Abdomen
 Buttocks
 Upper-outer arm
 Upper-torso (front and back except breast)

26. ADVANTAGES ADND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 Only have to remember birth control once per week
 Periods are lighter with less cramps
 99.7% effective
Disadvantages:
 Can be noticed on the body
 Some women experience side effects including skin irritation

27. BIRTH CONTROL RINGS
Also called Nuva-Ring.
Contains estrogen and progestin
How to use:
 Worn inside the vagina for 2 weeks
 Fourth week the ring is removed and the woman gets her period
 Use backup method when starting
 Ring stays in vagina even during sex

28. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 Only have to remember birth control once per month
 Periods are lighter with less cramps
 Private
 99.7% effective
Disadvantages:
 Some women do not feel comfortable inserting this method
 Some women experience side effects

29. BIRTH CONTROL SHOTS
Also called Depo-Provera.
Contains progestin only.
How to use:
 The injection is given on the arm or buttocks by a physician
 Use backup method when starting
 Each injection lasts for three months (11-13 weeks). Must return to the medical
centre for the next injection.
Important guidelines:
 Fertility may be delayed for up to 18months
 Users may experience irregular bleeding and spotting
 After one year, 50% of users stop menstrual bleeding
 It is not recommended for more than 2 continuous years

30. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 Only have to remember birth control 4 times per year
 Good method for smokers and women over 35
 Very private
 99.7% effective
Disadvantages:
 Some women don’t like changes in their menstrual cycle
 Some women experience side effects, including increase in appetite

31. LONG-TERM METHODS
There are three types:
 Implanon (for women only)
 IUD (for women only)
 Sterilization ( for both male and female)
Long term methods are for women and men who want to wait 3 years before
having children or do not want any children in the future.

32. IMPLANON
A thin match-stick size rod made of plastic. It is inserted beneath the skin of
the arm, and a very small amount of the hormone progestin goes into the
blood stream all the time.
How to use:
 Consult with a physician and have inserted at a medical centre.
 last up to 3 years, must be removed by a clinician

33. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 Good long-term method
 Very private
 99.2% effective
Disadvantages:
 May cause pain and or scar at the area of insertion
 It may cause irregular vaginal bleeding

34. IUD (COPPER-T)
Intra-uterine device (IUD): Small flexible device that is covered with copper.
The IUD is inserted in the uterus with strings outside the cervix.
How to use:
 Consult with a physician and have inserted at a medical centre by a
physician
 Must check strings regularly to ensure strings are in place
 Last up to one year, must be removed by a clinician

35. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 Good long-term method
 Very private
 99.2% effective
Disadvantages:
 Can increase a woman’s risk of StI’s
 Some women experience side effects including vaginal bleeding

36. TUBAL LIGATION
Procedure:
 Out-patient surgery performed by a medical centre
 Requires general anesthesia
 Fallopian tubes are blocked preventing eggs from entering the uterus
 Recovery time ranges from 2 days to a week
 Effective immediately
Type of procedures:
There are many type of procedures and each type carry their own
benefits and risks. Fallopian tubes are either cut, burned, or blocked with
rings bands or clips.

37. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 Permanent method of birth control
 Cost effective in the long run
 99.5% effective
Disadvantages:
 May not be reversible
 Some health risks including, abnormal bleeding and ectopic pregnancy

38. VASECTOMY
Procedure:
 Out patient surgery performed at a medical centre
 Local anesthesia used to numb area
 Vas deferens tubes are blocked, to prevent sperm from
traveling out of the body
 Recovery time ranges from 1 day to less than a week
 Effective after 10-20 post-vasectomy ejaculations and semen
analysis
Types of procedure:
In most procedures the surgeon will make small incisions in the skin
of the scrotum, cut the vas deferens and a small part may be
removed. They are either sealed or left open-ended.

39. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 Permanent method of birth control
 Simpler and less expensive than woman sterilization
 Fast recovery
 99.9% recovery
Disadvantages:
 May not be reversible
 Some health risks including swelling and early failure

40. EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTIVE
 Not a form of everyday contraception
 Taken only in the case of birth control failure, rape or incest
 Take up to five days after sexual contact
 High dose of hormones

41. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Advantages:
 Avoid abortion or pregnancy
 Can be purchased ahead of time
 Available at most pharmacies and health centres
Disadvantages:
 Can be expensive
 Some side effects including nausea and cramps