Analysis of slopes for stability and safety is a major area of concern in civil engineering. To measure the effect of grouting on stability of slope, a scaled down prototype is created and cement grouting is applied by penetration method. The major finding of this project is a comparative study is based on application of grouting and the performance of the soil slope without grouting. Objectives of the project To determine the characteristics of soil and grouting materials. To determine the physical properties and their applicability in different type of soil. The main aim of the project is to find the effect of grouting on stability of slope.

1. EFFECT OF GROUTING ON STABILITY OF SLOPE AND
UNSUPPORTED STEEP EXCAVATION
LAKSHMINARAYANAN B.
ARUNKUMAR M
BOOMINATHAN
1

2. Abstract
Analysis of slopes for stability and safety is a major area
of concern in civil engineering. To measure the effect of grouting
on stability of slope, a scaled down prototype is created and
cement grouting is applied by penetration method. The major
finding of this project is a comparative study is based on
application of grouting and the performance of the soil slope
without grouting.
Objectives of the project
To determine the characteristics of soil and grouting
materials.
To determine the physical properties and their
applicability in different type of soil.
The main aim of the project is to find the effect of
grouting on stability of slope.
2

3. Grouting
Grouting is used for the process of pressure injection of
grouting material into pores and cavities of soil. In many
difficult situations grouting has been proven to be one of the
effective methods of ground improvement.
Slope
Slopes are an exposed ground surface that stands at an
angle with the horizontal. Slope is stable- (a), if the resistance
offered is more than applied force otherwise unstable -(b).
3

4. Application and Function of Grouting
 Permeation or penetration
 Compaction or controlled displacement
 Hydro fracturing or uncontrolled displacement.
Types of Grouting
 Fine grouts
 Coarse grouts
 Combined grouts
4

5. Methodology
5

6. Literature review
6
1) Title - Developments in Design and Execution in Grouting
Practice1, Indian Geotechnical Journal, 40(1), 2010, 1 – 37
Author - A.V. Shroff
Inference - Grouting application & functions, types of grout & grout mix
design.
2) Title - Performance of a large-scale slope model subjected to rising and
lowering of water table, ELSEVIER journal, Engineering
geology 2009
Author – G.W. Jia
Inference – Understanding of physical behaviour and failure mode of
saturated – unsaturated soil slope subjected to water level
fluctuation.

7. Literature review
7
3) Title - Groutability of soil on overview, Indian geotechnical conference.
Dec 2011 IIT Madras.
Author - Dr. S. R. Gandhi.
Inference- Types of grouts & their applicability of soil, grout selection criteria.
4) Title - Slope stability analysis techniques : a review, IJEAST-2016
Author - Dr. R.K. Sharma
Inference- Slope stability analysis methods and techniques, Problems with
stabilization of slope, Risk and Reliabiliy.

8. Materials Used
8
Steel tank Loading frame
Magnetic dial gauge Plywood
Magnetic dial gauge Plywood
Syringe Weight plates
Soil sample

9. Proctor Compaction Test
9
Purpose of the test
To determine the relation between
the moisture content and dry density
of soil using proctor compaction.
Findings
(i) The maximum dry density of
sample soil from graph is
2.25g/cm3
(ii)The optimum moisture content from
the graph is 10%
Proctor compaction
mould

10. Graph for proctor compaction test
10
6, 2.173
8, 2.225
10, 2.25
12, 2.187
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.2
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Drydensity(g/cc)
Moisture content (%)

11. Direct Shear Test for Soil
11
Purpose of the test
To determine the shearing strength of the soil using the direct
shear apparatus
Direct shear test apparatus Failure of soil after testing

12. Graph for direct shear test
12
0, 0
0.5, 0.3
1, 0.6
1.5, 0.9
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Shearstress-τ
(kg/cm2)
Normal stress - σ ( kg/cm2)
31°

13. Scaled down of prototype
13
*All dimensions are in
mm

14. Sequence of experimental work
14
Creation of scaled down prototype
Filling the soil layers
Without grout With grout
Applying of load Drilling of holes
Analyzing of failure pattern Mixing & applying
of cement grout
Applying of load
Analyzing the effect of
grout

15. 1.Testing of Scaled down prototype with out
grouting
15
 The slope is created manually in the mould and is tested for
the stability without grouting. The settlement and resisting
stress is calculated.

16. 16
Testing of model without grouting
Loading & measuring settlement Failure pattern of soil slope

17. 17
Graph for slope without grouting
-25.00
-20.00
-15.00
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15
Stress- σ (N/mm2)

18. 2)Soil slope with horizontal grouting
18
Soil slope is created in the model to test the stability of
the slope with horizontal grouting. The settlement is calculated.
Applying of grouting Failure of slope after
horizontal grouting

19. Graph for slope with horizontal grouting
19
-60.00
-50.00
-40.00
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30
Stress- σ (N/mm2)

20. 3)Soil slope with inclined angle (45⁰) grout
20
Soil slope is created in the model to test the stability of
the slope with inclined angle grouting. The settlement is
calculated.
Applying of grouting Testing of inclined grouted
soil slope

21. Graph for soil slope with inclined grouting
21
Stress- σ (N/mm2)
-70.00
-60.00
-50.00
-40.00
-30.00
-20.00
-10.00
0.00
10.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50

22. 4)Steep soil slope with inclined angle (45⁰) grout
22
Steep soil slope (90⁰) is created in the model to test the
stability of the slope with inclined angle grouting. The
settlement is calculated.
Applying of grouting Failure in steep slope

23. Graph for inclined angle grout on steep excavation
23
Stress- σ (N/mm2)
-18.00
-16.00
-14.00
-12.00
-10.00
-8.00
-6.00
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
2.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

24. Comparison graph for Stress Vs Settlement of without
grouting, horizontal & inclined angle grouting
24
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.22
0.24
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
Settlement-δ(mm)
Stress - σ (N/mm2)
Horizontal
grout
Inclined
grout
Without
grout

25. Result & Conclusion
25
 The large settlement and failure occurred at the 40º slope
scaled down prototype during raising of load, the observed
failure appeared at 515 N in the condition of without grouting.
 Failure occurred at 40º soil slope at 1115 N in the condition of
grouting at horizontal angle.
 Failure occurred at 40º soil slope at 1704 N in the condition of
grouting with an angle of 45º.
 Failure occurred at Steep soil slope (90º) at 1273 N in the
condition of grouting with an angle of 45º.
Finally it concludes the positive increasing of strength is
achieved when the slope is stabilized by cement grouting.

26. References
• A.V. Shroff, Developments in Design and Execution in Grouting Practice1, Indian
Geotechnical Journal, 40(1), 2010, 1 – 37
• Dr. S.R.Gandhi, Groutabilty of Soil, Indian geotechnical conference 2011, IIT
Madras
• Dr. K. V. B. Raju, Dr. S. Sankaran. Improvement of Coarse grained soil by
permeation grouting using cement based HPMC, International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering
• Professor Kamran , Mr. M. Nemati. Excavations and Excavation Supports,
University of Washington
• Mr.Amritpal Kaur, Slope Stability Analysis Techniques: A Review , International
Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 2016 Vol. 1, Issue 4, ISSN
No. 2455-2143.
• ( IS : 2720 (Part XXXIXSec 1) – 1977 ) Indian Standard Method of Test for Soils,
Direct Shear Test for Soils containing Gravel
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