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1. PRESENTA TION ON THE
CHARACTERISTICS OF
SHAKESPEAREANT RAGEDIES
BY MS.LAILA AFRIDI
M.PH
17
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20N
23GLISH

2. ABOUT WILLIAM SHAKESPEAR
DEFINITION OF TRAGRDY
LIST OF POPULAR SHAKESPEAREAN TRAGEDIES
CHARACTERISTICS OF SHAKESPEAREAN
TRAGEDIES
POINTS TO BE DICUSSED

3. ABOUT WILLIUM
SHAKESPEAR
William Shakespeare (bapt. 26 April 1564 – 23 April
1616)[a] was an English playwright, poet and actor.
He is widely regarded as the greatest writer in the
English language and the world's greatest dramatist.
[2][3][4] He is often called England's national poet
and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard").[5][b]
His extant works, including collaborations, consist of
some 39 plays,[c] 154 sonnets, three long narrative
poems, and a few other verses, some of uncertain
authorship. His plays have been translated into every
major living language and are performed more often
than those of any other playwright.[7] He remains
arguably the most influential writer in the English
language, and his works continue to be studied and
reinterpreted.( Wikipedia)

4. WHAT IS TRAGEDY?
“Tragedy,” says Aristotle, “is an imitation [mimēsis]
of an action that is serious, complete, and of a
certain magnitude…through pity and fear effec ting
the proper purgation [catharsis] of these emotions.”
Ambiguous means may be employed, Aristotle
maintains in contrast to Plato, to a virtuous and
purifying end.

5. Shakespeare’s popular
tragedies include:
1. Hamlet
2. Othello
3. King Lear
4. Macbeth
5. Romeo and Juliet
6. Titus Andronicus

6. Tragic Hero
Hamartia
Good vs. Evil
Tragic Waste
Supernatural Elements
Conflict (External &I
nternal)
Absence of Poetic Justice
Catharsis
Role Of Fate Or Destiny
What is the most important feature of
Shakespearean tragedies
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

7. 1) TRAGI
C HERO
The tragic hero describes a male or female
royal of virtuous character, who must face
adversity, either caused by their flawed
persona or sealed by fate. Ultimately, they
pay the price with their lives, but after
recognizing their mistake. This role is a
preserve of princes, military generals, and
even kings, whose lives have a significant
bearing on their subjects. I
n the classic Romeo
and Juliet, Romeo Montague is the tragic hero,
whose undoing is his obsession with Juliet
Capulet. Juliet’s fake death triggers his
emotions, leading him to take poison and die
right beside his sleeping love.

8. 2) GOOD AGAI
NST EVI
L
Good and evil was as real as it is today in the
times of Shakespeare. One reason why the good
vs evil theme features so often in tragedy is the
ability of the duo to stir the imagination of the
audience as these elements existed in society.
They could identify with both evil and good
characters. Hamlet is an excellent illustration of
good and evil forces. He changes from an
honorable character to a callous villain when he
avenges his father’s death by murdering
Polonius. Although he believes this to be an act
of justice, it results in the insanity of Ophelia.

9. 3) HI
MARTI
A OR TRAGI
C FLAW
Hamartia, also called tragic flaw, (hamartia from Greek
hamartanein, “to err”), inherent defect or shortcoming in
the hero of a tragedy, who is in other the pects a
superior being favoured by fortune."
The protagonists in these tragedies all carry a flaw, also known as hamartia,
that leaves them vulnerable and eventually leads to a disastrous end. Once
again, Hamlet comes into focus as a perfect illustration of hamartia and its
role in tragedy. His indecisiveness and overthinking lead him to overreact,
killing Polonius thinking that he was Claudius, his father’s murderer. His
obsession with vengeance leads to the senseless murder of the innocent man
stirring up tragedy after tragedy. He could have killed Claudius when he was
praying at the church but could not act due to his overthinking.

10. 4) TRAGI
C WASTE
Looking at Shakespeare’s plays, the hero and villain
ultimately die. It is this disturbing demise of good
characters along with the evil ones that is known as
tragic waste. King Lear’s daughter, Cordelia, embodies
courage and empathy by refusing to celebrate her
father’s division of the kingdom. His other two
daughters, Goneril and Regan, with whom he shares
the kingdom, refuse to care for him, leading to his
insanity. The two daughters fight each other and
cause the death of many civilians in the process. When
Cordelia hears of her father’s plight, she returns to
save him but is defeated and killed in the end. Goneril
slays her sister and later dies by suicide. Their father
dies from immense sadness occasioned by the death of
his daughters.

11. 5)Conflict
In Shakespearean tragedies, two types of conflict
take place:
External conflict – The hero faces conflict from his
antagonists.
Internal Conflict – The hero faces conflict in their
mind.
Macbeth struggles internally, wondering whether
to take power by force. He has to choose to either
remain loyal to Duncan or heed his wife’s advice.
He faces an external conflict when Banquo and
Macduff rise to challenge his illegitimate rule

12. 6. The Supernatural
Superstitious beliefs come to play in some of
Shakespeare’s tragic plays. Ghosts form part of the
plot in Julius Caesar, Hamlet, and Macbeth.
Macbeth, in particular, strongly feeds on society’s
superstition at the time by including the three
witches and Banquo’s ghost. The witches’ prophecy
about Macbeth and Banquo; two characters with
totally opposing attributes. Macbeth acts fast to
murder Banquo and his sons and prevents the
prophecy of his sons ascending to the throne from
taking place. However, Banquo’s ghost appears
after his murder, compelling him to reveal his sins
to his guests.

13. 7) CATHARSIS
Catharsis is a remarkable feature of a Shakespearean
tragedy. Itrefers to the cleansing of the audience's pent-
up emotions. Inother words, Shakespearean tragedies
help the audience to feel and release emotions through
the aid of tragedy. When we watch a tragedy, we identify
with the characters and take their losses personally. A
Shakespearean tragedy gives us an opportunity to feel
pity for a certain character and fear for another, almost
as if we are playing the roles ourselves. The hero's
hardships compel us to empathize with him. The villain's
cruel deeds cause us to feel wrath toward him. Tears flow
freely when a hero like Hamlet dies. At the same time we
feel both sorry for Hamlet and happy that Claudius has
received his proper punishment.

14. 8) Lack of Poetic Justice
Shakespeare’s tragedies share a strikingly similar trait; the
lack of poetic justice. Poetic justice occurs when both good
and evil characters experience justice. Inthe real world, good
deeds do not always beget rewards, and evil may go
unpunished. King Lear’s benevolent daughter, Cordella, dies
while trying to rescue her father. Her tragic end depicts the
unfairness of life, which is relatively common and relatable
to most people.

15. 9)THE ROLE OF FATE OR DESTIN
Othello is a tragedy that depicts the powerlessness
of man when it comes to destiny. His love for
Desdemona elicits disapproval from her father due
to his black skin. He never chose to be born black
and cannot change his appearance. His black skin
feeds his insecurities, and the fact that he is
commonly referred to as the Moor makes it worse.
His insecurities eventually lead him to kill
Desdemona and stab himself.

16. THANK YOU ALL