TEST BANK For Huether and McCance's Understanding Pathophysiology, Canadian 2...
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2. Drug Administration.pptx
1.
2.
3. Drugs have to be absorbed
into the bloodstream in order
for them to reach the site
where the effects are needed.
4. Routes of Administration
ī ROUTE â how and where a
drug is given to a patient.
ī Depending on the route of
administration the drug will
have either a Local or
Systemic effect.
5. Routes of Administration
ī LOCAL EFFECT â produced at
the site that the preparation is
applied.
ī SYSTEMIC EFFECT â drug will
have a generalized effect on
the body, causing physical or
chemical changes to tissues in
the body.
7. 1. Aural
īPertaining to the ear
ī Administering drug into the ear
ī Most common products are ear drops
ī Gives a local effect
DO NOT CONFUSE IT WITH
ORAL!
8. 2. Inhaled
ī Breathing in a drug through nose and/or the mouth
ī Can be used for drugs that need to act directly on
the respiratory tract i.e. having a local effect
ī May also be used to produce a systemic effect by
being absorbed into the bloodstream via lungs e.g.
inhaler for asthma, oxygen for patients with
breathing problems, gases for local anaesthesia
ī Sometimes abbreviated to âinhâ when written on
prescription
9. 3. Nasal
ī Pertaining to the nose
īAdministering drug into the nose
īProducts used
īNose drops, Nose sprays, Inhalations,
creams (topical)
īMay produce a local or systemic effect
10. 4. Ophthalmic
īPertaining to the eye
īAdministering drug into the eye
īCommon preparations used are Eye
drops and Eye ointments
īProduce a local effect
11. 5. Oral
īPertaining to the mouth
īAdministering drug into the mouth
īSimplest and the easiest way for patient,
so itâs the most common route of
administration
īUsually it has a systemic effect i.e. the
drug is absorbed into the blood stream
12. 6. Parenteral
īAn injection into the body through
the skin to generally produce a
systemic effect.
īProducts are called Injections or
Injectables
īThere are several different types of
injections
14. ī Administered into the vein
ī Drug is distributed around the body very quickly
ī Small volume is being administered
Intravenous (IV)
Intramuscular (IM)
âĸ Administered into the muscle
âĸ Long acting than IV injections
âĸ Most vaccines are given IM
15. ī Administered into the skin (subcutaneous layer)
e.g. insulin
ī Small volume is being administered
Subcutaneous (SC)
Intravenous Infusion (IVI)
âĸ Administered into the veins
âĸ Large volume of fluid is being administered
âĸ Often given when lots of fluid needs to be given to
a patient (dehydrated pt) or for drugs that need to
be given over a long period of time
16. ī Administered into the skin (dermis)
ī A rare way of giving injections (skin allergy)
Intradermal (ID)
Intrathecal (IT)
âĸ Administered into the spine
âĸ Administered into the fluid of the spinal cord
âĸ Its also a rare way of giving injection but
sometimes used for the drugs that need to act
in the spinal fluid. (Anesthesia)
17. Injections are administered if:
ī The drug is not available in another
form (e.g. insulin broken down
when given orally and can only be
given by injection, at the moment)
ī A patient is unconscious or
vomiting
ī A rapid response is needed
18.
19. Disadvantages of using injections:
ī They break through the bodyâs natural
defense system, the skin.
ī They can be painful
ī If injection and equipment are not sterile
they can cause infection
ī If not administered correctly then they can
cause abscess formation at the site of
injection
ī They are expensive
20. 7. Rectal
ī Drugs given into the Rectum
ī Products are mostly administered to patients
who cannot take drugs orally e.g. if they are
vomiting (being sick)
ī Better to use this route before using injection
ī E.g. Suppositories, Enemas, Rectal Ointment
ī Abbreviated to âPRâ â Per Rectal
ī Gives both local and systemic effect
21. 8. Sublingual
ī Means beneath / under the tongue
ī It is a type of oral preparation
ī Drugs given in this way are absorbed very quickly
through the mucous membrane of the mouth
ī A useful route for drugs that need to act fast e.g.
Glyceryl trinitrate for Angina
ī Gives a systemic effect
ī Abbreviated to âSLâ or S/L
22. 9. Topical
ī Administration of a drug to a definite area, usually
skin. Its applied âon topâ
ī Products that can be applied topically:
ī Creams
ī Ointments
ī Liniments
ī Lotions
ī Gels
ī Some other route are described as topical, for e.g.
ophthalmic, nasal
ī Gives a Local effect
ī Abbreviated to âTopâ
23. 10.Transdermal
īMeans through / across the dermis of
the skin
īApplied to the surface of the skin and
are absorbed across the skin into the
blood stream. E.g. patches that release
a drug over a period of time (12 or
24hrs)
īGives a systemic effect
24. 11.Vaginal
īDrugs that are administered into the
vagina
īProducts used include Pessaries and
Creams
īGives a Local effect
DO NOT CONFUSE PESSARIES AND
SUPPOSITORIESâĻthe two can look very
similar but are for very different routes!