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DERMATOMES AND MYOTOMES
Dermatomes:- the sensory distribution of each nerve root is called the dermatomes.
The area of the skin supplied by a single nerve root
1. brachial plexus & its applied anatomy[1]
The brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 nerves. It originates in the neck, passes laterally over the first rib and enters the axilla. It has roots, trunks, divisions and cords that provide motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. Injuries can occur from trauma, tumors or idiopathic causes. Presentations depend on the site of injury but can include weakness, sensory loss and pain. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, electrodiagnostics and imaging. Treatment focuses on pain management and rehabilitation to prevent complications. Prognosis is generally good with many patients recovering over 1-3 years.
Brachial Plexus Injury - An Introduction to the Physiotherapists
The document provides details about the brachial plexus, which is formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. It innervates the upper limb and pectoral girdle. The brachial plexus consists of roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. The trunks are the upper, middle, and lower trunks formed from C5/C6, C7, and C8/T1 respectively. The cords are the lateral, medial, and posterior cords. The major nerves include the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median nerves. Injuries to different parts of the brachial plexus can result
16 Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves
The document provides detailed information about the anatomy and function of the spinal cord. It can be summarized as follows:
The spinal cord is a cylindrical column of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem and provides motor and sensory innervation to the body below the head. It is surrounded by protective meninges and terminates around the L1 vertebra in adults. The spinal cord is divided into regions that each give rise to pairs of spinal nerves which innervate different parts of the body. Injuries to the spinal cord can cause paralysis or other functional impairments depending on the level and severity of the injury.
Neck truma
Hard signs:
- Arterial hemorrhage
- Expanding hematoma
- Decreased level of consciousness
- Neurological deficit
- Respiratory distress or failure
- Pneumothorax or hemothorax
Soft signs:
- Pain with swallowing or neck motion
- Ecchymosis of the neck
- Crepitus
- Subcutaneous emphysema
Thoracic outlet syndrome
thoracic outlet syndrome; one of the disorder affecting shoulder joint and neck movements due to limitation and pain. this slideshow describes about; the definition, types, causes and physiotherapy management for the same.
spinal nerves and roots
The document describes the anatomy and clinical presentations of spinal nerve and root lesions. It discusses:
- The anatomy of spinal nerves, with dorsal roots carrying sensory fibers and ventral roots carrying motor fibers.
- Common causes of spinal nerve and root lesions include disc herniations and diseases like Guillain-Barré syndrome.
- Signs and symptoms of lesions vary by level, and may include pain, weakness, or sensory changes in myotomal or dermatomal distributions, as well as depressed reflexes.
- Cervical lesions from C1-C7 are described, noting their sensory and motor involvement. Lumbar lesions from L1-L5 are also outlined.
Anatomy of brachial plexus
The document discusses the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves that supplies sensation and motor function to the upper extremity. It is formed from the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves. The document details the anatomy of the brachial plexus including its roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches. It also discusses clinical conditions involving brachial plexus injury and techniques for brachial plexus nerve blocks such as interscalene and supraclavicular blocks.
Recommended
DERMATOMES AND MYOTOMES
Dermatomes:- the sensory distribution of each nerve root is called the dermatomes.
The area of the skin supplied by a single nerve root
1. brachial plexus & its applied anatomy[1]
The brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 nerves. It originates in the neck, passes laterally over the first rib and enters the axilla. It has roots, trunks, divisions and cords that provide motor and sensory innervation to the upper limb. Injuries can occur from trauma, tumors or idiopathic causes. Presentations depend on the site of injury but can include weakness, sensory loss and pain. Diagnosis involves clinical exam, electrodiagnostics and imaging. Treatment focuses on pain management and rehabilitation to prevent complications. Prognosis is generally good with many patients recovering over 1-3 years.
Brachial Plexus Injury - An Introduction to the Physiotherapists
The document provides details about the brachial plexus, which is formed by the ventral rami of spinal nerves C5-T1. It innervates the upper limb and pectoral girdle. The brachial plexus consists of roots, trunks, divisions, cords, and branches. The trunks are the upper, middle, and lower trunks formed from C5/C6, C7, and C8/T1 respectively. The cords are the lateral, medial, and posterior cords. The major nerves include the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median nerves. Injuries to different parts of the brachial plexus can result
16 Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves
The document provides detailed information about the anatomy and function of the spinal cord. It can be summarized as follows:
The spinal cord is a cylindrical column of nervous tissue that extends from the brainstem and provides motor and sensory innervation to the body below the head. It is surrounded by protective meninges and terminates around the L1 vertebra in adults. The spinal cord is divided into regions that each give rise to pairs of spinal nerves which innervate different parts of the body. Injuries to the spinal cord can cause paralysis or other functional impairments depending on the level and severity of the injury.
Neck truma
Hard signs:
- Arterial hemorrhage
- Expanding hematoma
- Decreased level of consciousness
- Neurological deficit
- Respiratory distress or failure
- Pneumothorax or hemothorax
Soft signs:
- Pain with swallowing or neck motion
- Ecchymosis of the neck
- Crepitus
- Subcutaneous emphysema
Thoracic outlet syndrome
thoracic outlet syndrome; one of the disorder affecting shoulder joint and neck movements due to limitation and pain. this slideshow describes about; the definition, types, causes and physiotherapy management for the same.
spinal nerves and roots
The document describes the anatomy and clinical presentations of spinal nerve and root lesions. It discusses:
- The anatomy of spinal nerves, with dorsal roots carrying sensory fibers and ventral roots carrying motor fibers.
- Common causes of spinal nerve and root lesions include disc herniations and diseases like Guillain-Barré syndrome.
- Signs and symptoms of lesions vary by level, and may include pain, weakness, or sensory changes in myotomal or dermatomal distributions, as well as depressed reflexes.
- Cervical lesions from C1-C7 are described, noting their sensory and motor involvement. Lumbar lesions from L1-L5 are also outlined.
Anatomy of brachial plexus
The document discusses the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves that supplies sensation and motor function to the upper extremity. It is formed from the lower cervical and upper thoracic spinal nerves. The document details the anatomy of the brachial plexus including its roots, trunks, divisions, cords and branches. It also discusses clinical conditions involving brachial plexus injury and techniques for brachial plexus nerve blocks such as interscalene and supraclavicular blocks.
thoracic outlet syndrome .pdf
Thoracic outlet syndrome is a condition that involves compression of the nerves or blood vessels that pass through the base of the neck. This can lead to disabling pain in the neck and shoulder, as well as pain, numbness, tingling and weakness in the hands and fingers.Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a term used to describe a group of disorders that occur when there is compression, injury, or irritation of the nerves and/or blood vessels (arteries and veins) in the lower neck and upper chest area. Thoracic outlet syndrome is named for the space (the thoracic outlet) between your lower neck and upper chest where this grouping of nerves and blood vessels is found.
Who is affected by thoracic outlet syndrome?
Thoracic outlet syndrome affects people of all ages and gender. The condition is common among athletes who participate in sports that require repetitive motions of the arm and shoulder, such as baseball, swimming, volleyball, and other sports.
Neurogenic TOS is the most common form of the disorder (95 percent of people with TOS have this form of the disorder) and generally affects middle-aged women.
Recent studies have shown that, in general, TOS is more common in women than men, particularly among those with poor muscular development, poor posture or both.
What are the symptoms?
Download a Free Guide on Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
The signs and symptoms of TOS include neck, shoulder, and arm pain, numbness or impaired circulation to the affected areas.
The pain of TOS is sometimes confused with the pain of angina (chest pain due to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle), but the two conditions can be distinguished because the pain of thoracic outlet syndrome does not occur or increase when walking, while the pain of angina usually does. Additionally, the pain of TOS typically increases when raising the affected arm, which does not occur with angina.
Signs and symptoms of TOS help determine the type of disorder a patient has. Thoracic outlet syndrome disorders differ, depending on the part(s) of the body they affect. Thoracic outlet syndrome most commonly affects the nerves, but the condition can also affect the veins and arteries (least common type). In all types of TOS, the thoracic outlet space is narrowed, and there is scar formation around the structures.
Types of thoracic outlet syndrome disorders and related symptoms
Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: This condition is related to abnormalities of bony and soft tissue in the lower neck region (which may include the cervical rib area) that compress and irritate the nerves of the brachial plexus, the complex of nerves that supply motor (movement) and sensory (feeling) function to the arm and hand. Symptoms include weakness or numbness of the hand; decreased size of hand muscles, which usually occurs on one side of the body; and/or pain, tingling, prickling, numbness and weakness of the neck, chest, and arms.
Venous thoracic outlet syndrome
THE NECK anatomy, detailed notes on neck anatomy including osteology of neck,...
Best learning notes for anatomy
Dermatomes (2)
Somites are embryonic structures that form segments along the neural tube and give rise to important tissues. They segment the embryo and are responsible for metamerism. Somites differentiate into sclerotome (axial skeleton), myotome (skeletal muscles), dermatome (skin and muscles), and syndotome (tendons). Dermatomes are dorsal portions of somites that form skin dermis and remain segmentally supplied by spinal nerves. Myotomes are ventral somite portions that form specific muscle groups. Dermatomes and myotomes have clinical significance as their patterns help locate spinal nerve involvement in conditions like shingles, sciatica, cervical radiculopathy, and cauda equina syndrome
Surgical anatomy of the neck
This document provides an overview of the surgical anatomy of the neck, including:
1. The developmental anatomy of the neck structures derived from the pharyngeal arches.
2. The surface anatomy landmarks of the neck that can be palpated, including bones, muscles, vessels and glands.
3. The fascial layers of the neck, including the superficial cervical fascia, and three layers of the deep cervical fascia - the superficial investing layer, carotid sheath, and deep prevertebral layer.
4. The triangles used to compartmentalize the neck structures, including the anterior, posterior, and other subdivisions.
Thyroidectomy
retract the muscles laterally
Thyroidectomy steps 4 – Delineating the gland
- After splitting the strap muscles, the thyroid gland comes into view.
- The gland is delineated from surrounding tissues by blunt dissection.
- The isthmus is identified and separated from trachea.
- The lateral lobes are separated from carotid sheath medially and strap muscles laterally.
- The upper pole is separated from cricothyroid membrane and lower pole from trachea.
Technique:
- Blunt dissection with artery forceps or fingers
- Always dissect in avascular plane between thyroid and surrounding structures
- Identify and preserve the external branch of SLN running over upper pole
TRIANGLES OF THE NECK
The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
The anterior triangle contains the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which attaches to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process. Contracting one side tilts the head to that side and rotates it opposite, while contracting both flexes the neck and extends the head.
The posterior triangle is bounded anteriorly by the sternocleidomastoid, posteriorly by the trapezius muscle, and contains nerves like the brachial plexus and arteries like the subclavian. It is an important area for identifying structures during procedures like carotid endarterectomy.
Thyroid cancer approach
surgical anatomy, FNAC report bethesda system, Ultrasound TIRADS, surgery for thyroid cancer, staging, prognosis, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy
Peripheral Nerves of Upper Limb
This lecture give us an understanding about the pathway of the peripheral nerves that emerges from the brachial and cervical plexus. I also discuss about the motor and cutaneous innervation from these nerves and also some condition relate to peripheral nerve injury.
Localizaiton of level of lesion in paraplegia
This document discusses spinal cord lesions and their effects. It describes how lesions can cause different types of paralysis or loss of function depending on the level and completeness of the lesion. It also discusses how lesions at different spinal levels correspond to specific vertebral levels and dermatomes. The document examines various ways to localize the level of a spinal cord lesion, including sensory loss, reflex changes, muscle weakness, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
Surgical anatomy of upper limb nerves and plexus
The document discusses the surgical anatomy of the upper limb nerves and brachial plexus. It begins by outlining the brachial plexus and its main branches, including the axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median, and ulnar nerves. It then provides details on specific nerves, describing their motor and sensory innervation, clinical presentations of injuries, and dermatome patterns. Common nerve entrapment syndromes like carpal tunnel syndrome are also summarized.
Dermatomes & Myotomes By Firdous Hussain
This document discusses dermatomes and myotomes, which relate to the sensory and motor innervation of the body by spinal nerve roots. It provides detailed information on:
- The anatomy and distribution of dermatomes for each spinal nerve from C1 to S5.
- Clinical tests for dermatomes using pinprick and light touch at key points on the body.
- The muscles (myotomes) innervated by each spinal nerve root from C1 to S1.
- Clinical tests of myotomes through resisted movement exercises to evaluate motor function.
Anatomy of spine for spinal anaesthesia
The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae that provide structural support, protect the spinal cord, and allow mobility. Each vertebra is composed of a vertebral body, processes, and joints that connect to adjacent vertebrae. The spinal cord runs through the vertebral column and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. Surrounding structures include the ligaments, discs, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, epidural space, and subarachnoid space. Knowledge of the vertebral column's anatomy is essential for performing spinal and epidural procedures safely and effectively.
Presentation2, radiological imaging of brachial plexus pathology.
The document provides details on radiological imaging of brachial plexus pathology. It begins with an overview of brachial plexus anatomy including its origin, course, branches and functions. It then discusses various pathologies that can affect the brachial plexus including traumatic injuries, infections, inflammation, benign and malignant neoplasms, radiation plexopathy, compression and vascular abnormalities. For each pathology, it describes relevant imaging findings such as edema, enhancement patterns, masses, pseudomeningoceles and atrophy that help in diagnosis. Example images demonstrate various brachial plexus injuries and conditions.
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dermatome.pptx sjsjjsjjsjjjsjjsjsjjsjejjsjjsjejje
This document discusses dermatomes and myotomes. It defines dermatomes as the sensory distribution of each nerve root, and myotomes as groups of muscles supplied by a single nerve root. It lists the dermatome levels from C1 to S4 and describes their sensory regions. The clinical significance of understanding dermatomes and myotomes is that they can help localize neurological levels in conditions like radiculopathy. Viral infections like herpes zoster also present in dermatomal patterns corresponding to the infected nerve root. Myotomes from C1 to S1 are listed along with the muscles each supplies and how weakness can indicate a spinal lesion level.
1 nerves of upper extremity
The median nerve innervates many of the flexor muscles of the forearm and hand. It passes through the cubital tunnel at the elbow and the carpal tunnel at the wrist. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common entrapment of the median nerve in the wrist that causes pain, tingling, and numbness in the radial 3.5 fingers. The ulnar nerve supplies the small muscles of the hand and passes through the cubital tunnel at the elbow. It innervates muscles important for fine motor skills.
PARAPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS.pptx
The parapharyngeal space is pyramidal in shape, located between the base of skull and hyoid bone. It has medial, posterior and lateral relations. Infection can occur from the pharynx, teeth, ear or other head and neck spaces. Clinical features depend on the involved compartment and include tonsillar prolapse, trismus, swelling and pain. Diagnosis is by CT or MRI. Abscesses are drained surgically under general anesthesia via an incision below the mandible. Complications include airway obstruction, thrombophlebitis, infection spread and carotid injury. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics and surgical drainage.
brachialplexusinjuries1-180415071649.pdf
The document discusses brachial plexus injuries, including anatomy, etiology, classification, clinical features, and investigations. The brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of C5-T1 nerves and provides sensation and motor function to the upper limb. Common causes of injury include motorcycle accidents, falls, and obstetric injuries. Injuries are classified based on the level and mechanism. Clinical features depend on the location and severity of injury. Investigations include imaging, EMG, and nerve conduction studies to evaluate the nature and extent of injury.
Brachial plexus injuries
brachial plexus anatomy, etiology, mechanism of injury, classifications, clinical features, diagnosis and management.
surgical management of brachial plexus
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thoracic outlet syndrome .pdf
Thoracic outlet syndrome is a condition that involves compression of the nerves or blood vessels that pass through the base of the neck. This can lead to disabling pain in the neck and shoulder, as well as pain, numbness, tingling and weakness in the hands and fingers.Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a term used to describe a group of disorders that occur when there is compression, injury, or irritation of the nerves and/or blood vessels (arteries and veins) in the lower neck and upper chest area. Thoracic outlet syndrome is named for the space (the thoracic outlet) between your lower neck and upper chest where this grouping of nerves and blood vessels is found.
Who is affected by thoracic outlet syndrome?
Thoracic outlet syndrome affects people of all ages and gender. The condition is common among athletes who participate in sports that require repetitive motions of the arm and shoulder, such as baseball, swimming, volleyball, and other sports.
Neurogenic TOS is the most common form of the disorder (95 percent of people with TOS have this form of the disorder) and generally affects middle-aged women.
Recent studies have shown that, in general, TOS is more common in women than men, particularly among those with poor muscular development, poor posture or both.
What are the symptoms?
Download a Free Guide on Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
The signs and symptoms of TOS include neck, shoulder, and arm pain, numbness or impaired circulation to the affected areas.
The pain of TOS is sometimes confused with the pain of angina (chest pain due to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle), but the two conditions can be distinguished because the pain of thoracic outlet syndrome does not occur or increase when walking, while the pain of angina usually does. Additionally, the pain of TOS typically increases when raising the affected arm, which does not occur with angina.
Signs and symptoms of TOS help determine the type of disorder a patient has. Thoracic outlet syndrome disorders differ, depending on the part(s) of the body they affect. Thoracic outlet syndrome most commonly affects the nerves, but the condition can also affect the veins and arteries (least common type). In all types of TOS, the thoracic outlet space is narrowed, and there is scar formation around the structures.
Types of thoracic outlet syndrome disorders and related symptoms
Neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome: This condition is related to abnormalities of bony and soft tissue in the lower neck region (which may include the cervical rib area) that compress and irritate the nerves of the brachial plexus, the complex of nerves that supply motor (movement) and sensory (feeling) function to the arm and hand. Symptoms include weakness or numbness of the hand; decreased size of hand muscles, which usually occurs on one side of the body; and/or pain, tingling, prickling, numbness and weakness of the neck, chest, and arms.
Venous thoracic outlet syndrome
THE NECK anatomy, detailed notes on neck anatomy including osteology of neck,...
Best learning notes for anatomy
Dermatomes (2)
Somites are embryonic structures that form segments along the neural tube and give rise to important tissues. They segment the embryo and are responsible for metamerism. Somites differentiate into sclerotome (axial skeleton), myotome (skeletal muscles), dermatome (skin and muscles), and syndotome (tendons). Dermatomes are dorsal portions of somites that form skin dermis and remain segmentally supplied by spinal nerves. Myotomes are ventral somite portions that form specific muscle groups. Dermatomes and myotomes have clinical significance as their patterns help locate spinal nerve involvement in conditions like shingles, sciatica, cervical radiculopathy, and cauda equina syndrome
Surgical anatomy of the neck
This document provides an overview of the surgical anatomy of the neck, including:
1. The developmental anatomy of the neck structures derived from the pharyngeal arches.
2. The surface anatomy landmarks of the neck that can be palpated, including bones, muscles, vessels and glands.
3. The fascial layers of the neck, including the superficial cervical fascia, and three layers of the deep cervical fascia - the superficial investing layer, carotid sheath, and deep prevertebral layer.
4. The triangles used to compartmentalize the neck structures, including the anterior, posterior, and other subdivisions.
Thyroidectomy
retract the muscles laterally
Thyroidectomy steps 4 – Delineating the gland
- After splitting the strap muscles, the thyroid gland comes into view.
- The gland is delineated from surrounding tissues by blunt dissection.
- The isthmus is identified and separated from trachea.
- The lateral lobes are separated from carotid sheath medially and strap muscles laterally.
- The upper pole is separated from cricothyroid membrane and lower pole from trachea.
Technique:
- Blunt dissection with artery forceps or fingers
- Always dissect in avascular plane between thyroid and surrounding structures
- Identify and preserve the external branch of SLN running over upper pole
TRIANGLES OF THE NECK
The neck is divided into anterior and posterior triangles by the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
The anterior triangle contains the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which attaches to the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process. Contracting one side tilts the head to that side and rotates it opposite, while contracting both flexes the neck and extends the head.
The posterior triangle is bounded anteriorly by the sternocleidomastoid, posteriorly by the trapezius muscle, and contains nerves like the brachial plexus and arteries like the subclavian. It is an important area for identifying structures during procedures like carotid endarterectomy.
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Peripheral Nerves of Upper Limb
This lecture give us an understanding about the pathway of the peripheral nerves that emerges from the brachial and cervical plexus. I also discuss about the motor and cutaneous innervation from these nerves and also some condition relate to peripheral nerve injury.
Localizaiton of level of lesion in paraplegia
This document discusses spinal cord lesions and their effects. It describes how lesions can cause different types of paralysis or loss of function depending on the level and completeness of the lesion. It also discusses how lesions at different spinal levels correspond to specific vertebral levels and dermatomes. The document examines various ways to localize the level of a spinal cord lesion, including sensory loss, reflex changes, muscle weakness, and bladder/bowel dysfunction.
Surgical anatomy of upper limb nerves and plexus
The document discusses the surgical anatomy of the upper limb nerves and brachial plexus. It begins by outlining the brachial plexus and its main branches, including the axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median, and ulnar nerves. It then provides details on specific nerves, describing their motor and sensory innervation, clinical presentations of injuries, and dermatome patterns. Common nerve entrapment syndromes like carpal tunnel syndrome are also summarized.
Dermatomes & Myotomes By Firdous Hussain
This document discusses dermatomes and myotomes, which relate to the sensory and motor innervation of the body by spinal nerve roots. It provides detailed information on:
- The anatomy and distribution of dermatomes for each spinal nerve from C1 to S5.
- Clinical tests for dermatomes using pinprick and light touch at key points on the body.
- The muscles (myotomes) innervated by each spinal nerve root from C1 to S1.
- Clinical tests of myotomes through resisted movement exercises to evaluate motor function.
Anatomy of spine for spinal anaesthesia
The vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae that provide structural support, protect the spinal cord, and allow mobility. Each vertebra is composed of a vertebral body, processes, and joints that connect to adjacent vertebrae. The spinal cord runs through the vertebral column and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions. Surrounding structures include the ligaments, discs, dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater, epidural space, and subarachnoid space. Knowledge of the vertebral column's anatomy is essential for performing spinal and epidural procedures safely and effectively.
Presentation2, radiological imaging of brachial plexus pathology.
The document provides details on radiological imaging of brachial plexus pathology. It begins with an overview of brachial plexus anatomy including its origin, course, branches and functions. It then discusses various pathologies that can affect the brachial plexus including traumatic injuries, infections, inflammation, benign and malignant neoplasms, radiation plexopathy, compression and vascular abnormalities. For each pathology, it describes relevant imaging findings such as edema, enhancement patterns, masses, pseudomeningoceles and atrophy that help in diagnosis. Example images demonstrate various brachial plexus injuries and conditions.
Musculoskeletal Anatomy: Lesson 3. Neck.pptx
Different musculoskeletal structures of the Neck that includes the bones, muscles, ligamanents, nerves, and blood vessels present in the neck area
dermatome.pptx sjsjjsjjsjjjsjjsjsjjsjejjsjjsjejje
This document discusses dermatomes and myotomes. It defines dermatomes as the sensory distribution of each nerve root, and myotomes as groups of muscles supplied by a single nerve root. It lists the dermatome levels from C1 to S4 and describes their sensory regions. The clinical significance of understanding dermatomes and myotomes is that they can help localize neurological levels in conditions like radiculopathy. Viral infections like herpes zoster also present in dermatomal patterns corresponding to the infected nerve root. Myotomes from C1 to S1 are listed along with the muscles each supplies and how weakness can indicate a spinal lesion level.
1 nerves of upper extremity
The median nerve innervates many of the flexor muscles of the forearm and hand. It passes through the cubital tunnel at the elbow and the carpal tunnel at the wrist. Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common entrapment of the median nerve in the wrist that causes pain, tingling, and numbness in the radial 3.5 fingers. The ulnar nerve supplies the small muscles of the hand and passes through the cubital tunnel at the elbow. It innervates muscles important for fine motor skills.
PARAPHARYNGEAL ABSCESS.pptx
The parapharyngeal space is pyramidal in shape, located between the base of skull and hyoid bone. It has medial, posterior and lateral relations. Infection can occur from the pharynx, teeth, ear or other head and neck spaces. Clinical features depend on the involved compartment and include tonsillar prolapse, trismus, swelling and pain. Diagnosis is by CT or MRI. Abscesses are drained surgically under general anesthesia via an incision below the mandible. Complications include airway obstruction, thrombophlebitis, infection spread and carotid injury. Treatment involves intravenous antibiotics and surgical drainage.
brachialplexusinjuries1-180415071649.pdf
The document discusses brachial plexus injuries, including anatomy, etiology, classification, clinical features, and investigations. The brachial plexus is formed by the anterior rami of C5-T1 nerves and provides sensation and motor function to the upper limb. Common causes of injury include motorcycle accidents, falls, and obstetric injuries. Injuries are classified based on the level and mechanism. Clinical features depend on the location and severity of injury. Investigations include imaging, EMG, and nerve conduction studies to evaluate the nature and extent of injury.
Brachial plexus injuries
brachial plexus anatomy, etiology, mechanism of injury, classifications, clinical features, diagnosis and management.
surgical management of brachial plexus
719_Pectoral_Region.pptx
This document provides information about the muscles of the pectoral region, including the pectoralis major, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, and subclavius. It describes the origin, insertion, innervation, and actions of each muscle. It also discusses the blood and nerve supply to the pectoral region, as well as the clinical relevance of structures like the clavipectoral fascia. Understanding the muscles of the pectoral region is important for identifying and describing them, and knowing their actions and clinical applications.
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- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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How to choose the best dermatologists in Indore.
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It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
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Time-lapse embryo monitoring is an advanced imaging technique used in IVF to continuously observe embryo development. It captures high-resolution images at regular intervals, allowing embryologists to select the most viable embryos for transfer based on detailed growth patterns. This technology enhances embryo selection, potentially increasing pregnancy success rates.
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Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
Top Travel Vaccinations in Manchester
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
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- 1. DERMATUMES DERMATUMES MYOTOMES MYOTOMES VS Niloofar barzegari Medical sudent Significance of dermatome & myotome
- 2. Background Area of skin innervated by specific nerve root 30 total Pathologies Radiculopaties Shingles Commonly due to disc From advanced age or trauma Reactivation of varicella zoster virus Assessment Neurological exam Pinprick test 1. Light touch test 2. Dermatome This pattern?!
- 3. Levels of principal dermatomes: Dermatomes Map T4 T7 T10 S2, S3,S4 Nipple Xiphoid process Umbilicus Perineom The anal region of the body liesin the dermatome of the most distal cord segment. (S5) In the embryo, this is the tail region and the most distal portion of the body. The legs originate embryologically from the lumbar and upper sacral segments (L2 to S3). Emberyology
- 4. C2 and C3 dermatomes supply the crown and posterior scalp, anterior neck, the base of the skull, and the ear lobes. C4 spinal nerve supplies the skin over parts of the neck, the tips of the shoulders, and upper arms. C5 covers the lateral upper arm to the elbow. C6 covers the thumb of the hand and lateral forearm. C7 covers the shoulders, posterior arms, and the middle finger. C8 covers the pinky of the hand and the medial forearm. The L1 innervates the groin, upper trochanter (or outer hips), and lower back. L2 innervates the back, hips, and anterior thighs. L3 innervates the back, upper buttock, and the medial thigh and legs to the knees. L4 innervates the back, the anterior thigh and calf, posterior knees, medial ankle, and the heels. L5 innervates the back; anterior and lateral calf; and the feet, including the first four toes Thoracic Cervical Sacral Lumbar T1 supplies the upper chest and back, axilla, and medial aspect of the upper arm. T2 and T3 cover the upper chest and back. T4 innervates the area approximately at the level of the nipples and the back. The rest of the thoracic dermatomes cover the abdomen and mid-back, traveling inferiorly/caudally with T10 notably innervating the area of the umbilicus S1 mainly supplies the buttocks and posterolateral aspect of the leg. S2 supplies the buttock and posteromedial aspect of the leg. S3 supplies the buttock and genitals. Lastly, S4 and S5 supply the perineal area, which include the genitals.
- 5. Myotome Info about level in the spine where the lesion maybe present a group of muscles which is innervated by single spinal nerve root Muscle weakness IV disc herniation Clinical significance
- 6. Myotome Wich spinal root? Which mucle?
- 7. Upper cervical flexion Upper cervical extension/neck rotation cervical lateral flexion Shoulder shrung(upper terapezios) Shoulder abbduction and external rotation(infraspinatus) Elbow flexion and wrist extension Elbow extension and wrist flexion Thumb extension and ulnar deviation Finger adduction and abduction Myotome and diffrentiating nerve lesion C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1
- 8. Myotome and diffrentiating nerve lesion Hip flexion Hip flexion(and also adduction and medial rotasion) Leg and knee extension Dorsiflexion Great/big toe extension Ankle plantar flexion and eversion/knee flexion Ankle plantar flexion and knee flexion None Bladder and rectome L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 S1 S2 S3 S4
- 9. UPPER EXTIMITY NERVE ROUTS LOWER EXTRIMITY NERVE TOUTS C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 T1 L1_L2 L3 L4 l5 S1_s2 Tested with resisted shoulder shrung/elevation Tested with resisted shoulder abduction Tested with resisted elbow flexion/wrist extension Tested with resisted wrist flexion Tested with resisted thumb extension fingers abbduction and adduction Tested with resisted hip flexion Tested with resisted knee extesion Tested with resisted foot dorsi flexion Tested with resisted great toe extension Tested with plantar flexion The quik test for lower extermity to rule out a nerve root injury is to have the athlete do a squat