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A Review Paper On Electricity Generation From Solar Energy
1.
5 IX September
2017
2.
International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue IX, September 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com 1884 © IJRASET (UGCApproved Journal): All Rights are Reserved A Review Paper on Electricity Generation from Solar Energy Mohd Rizwan Sirajuddin Shaikh 1 , Santosh B. Waghmare2 , Suvarna Shankar Labade3 , Pooja Vittal Fuke4 , Anil Tekale5 1, 2,3,4,5 Students, Department of Electrical Engineering, Savitribai Phule Pune University Abstract: the Solar Energy is produced by the Sunlight is a non-vanishing renewable source of energy which is free from eco- friendly. Every hour enough sunlight energy reaches the earth to meet the worldâs energy demand for a whole year. In todayâs generation we needed Electricity every hour. This Solar Energy is generated by as per applications like industrial, commercial, and residential. It cans easily energy drawn from direct sunlight. So it is very efficiency & free environment pollution for surrounding. In this article, we have reviewed about the Solar Energy from Sunlight and discussed about their future trends and aspects. The article also tries to discussed working, solar panel types; emphasize the various applications and methods to promote the benefits of solar energy. Keywords: Renewable energy, Solar panel, Photovoltaic cell, Modelling of PV Panel, Solar Concrete Collector I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays, due to the decreasing amount of renewable energy resources, the last ten years become more important for per watt cost of solar energy device. It is definitely set to become economical in the coming years and growing as better technology in terms of both cost and applications. Everyday earth receives sunlight above (1366W approx.) This is an unlimited source of energy which is available at no cost. The major benefit of solar energy over other conventional power generators is that the sunlight can be directly converted into solar energy with the use of smallest photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. There have been a large amount of research activities to combine the Sunâs energy process by developing solar cells/panels/module with high converting form. the most advantages of solar energy is that it is free reachable to common people and available in large quantities of supply compared to that of the price of various fossil fuels and oils in the past ten years. Moreover, solar energy requires considerably lower manpower expenses over conventional energy production technology. II. SOLAR ENERGY Amount of energy in the form of heat and radiations called solar energy. Shown in Fig.1. It is radiant light and heat from sun that is natural source of energy using a range of ever changing and developing of technology such as solar thermal energy, solar architecture, solar heating, molten salt power plant and artificial photosynthesis. The large magnitude of solar power available makes highly appealing source of electricity. 30% (approx.) solar radiation is back to space while the rest is absorbed by ocean, clouds and land masses. Figure 1 Internal of Reaction of Solar energy
3.
International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue IX, September 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com 1885 © IJRASET (UGCApproved Journal): All Rights are Reserved III.WORKING OF SOLAR ENERGY PV cells Convert Sunlight to Direct Current (DC) electricity. Charge Controller work as control the power from solar panel which reverse back to solar panel get cause of panel damage. Battery System act as storage of electric power is used when sunlight not available (i.e. night).From this system connected to inverter for convert Direct Current (DC) into Alternating Current (AC). Figure 2 Working of solar energy IV.MODELING OF PV PANEL A. Solar Cell (Photovoltaic Cell) The cells converted solar radiation directly into electricity. It consist various kinds of semiconductor materials. It has two types: positive charge and negative charge shown on fig.1.This cell technology are used to design solar cells with low cost as well as high conversion efficiency. When the cell absorbed photons from sunlight, electrons are knocked free from silicon atoms and are drawn off by a grid of metal conductors, pressure a flow of electric direct current. Solar cell PV made up of many chemicals. Figure 3 Photovoltaic Cell (4 cell) B. Photovoltaic Module A PV module consists of solar cell circuits sealed in an environmentally protective laminate and are the fundament building blocks of PV system. Generally sizes from 60W to 170W. Usually a number of PV modules are arranged in series and parallel to meet the energy requirement.
4.
International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue IX, September 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com 1886 © IJRASET (UGCApproved Journal): All Rights are Reserved Figure 4 Photovoltaic Module (Multiple cell) C. Photovoltaic Panel It includes one or more PV modules assembled as a pre-wind, field instable unit. In this panel PV cell is series connections. Solar panels are made up of individual PV cells connected together. Figure 5 Photovoltaic Panel D. Photovoltaic Array It is contain of several amount of PV cells in series and parallel connections. Series connections are responsible for increasing the voltage of the module whereas the parallel connection is responsible for increasing the current in the array. It generates maximum 180W in full sunshine. Large the total surface area of the area of the array, more solar electricity it will produce.
5.
International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue IX, September 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com 1887 © IJRASET (UGCApproved Journal): All Rights are Reserved Figure 6 Photovoltaic Arrays (Multiple Modules) V. SOLAR CONCRETE COLLECTOR A. PARABOLIC TROUGH REFLECTORS It contain of linear parabolic reflector concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflectorâs focal line. It consists of receiver is a tube positioned directly above the middle of the parabolic mirror and fluid with a working fluid. A working fluid is heated 150-350 0 Cas it flows though the receiver is then used as heat source for a power generation system. Figure 7 Parabolic Trough Reflectors B. Fresnel In a Fresnel lens, the refraction happens to produce in the surface, while the large material between the two surfaces doesnât have any problems in the refraction. It will use raise more temperature than conventional one and also used in furnace heating. It installation has been used for surface modifications of metallic materials. This equipment is applying solar energy in the field of high and very high temperatures. These temperatures are achieved in a few seconds. Fresnel concentrator performed 34.3% reduction in reflective area compared to a parabolic of the same diameter, the 20 minutes series of action performance needed for manual adjustment in order to track the sun proved to be a major disadvantage with this device.
6.
International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue IX, September 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com 1888 © IJRASET (UGCApproved Journal): All Rights are Reserved Figure 8 Fresnel Reflector C. Parabolic Dish It similar in appearance to a large satellite dishes, but has mirror like reflectors and absorber the focal point. It used a dual axial sun tracking. It is efficiency of 30% achieved. By this dish it produces in MW level in solar plant. This is highest conversion performance of the concentrating solar power technology. Figure 9 Parabolic Dish D. Central Receiver It mostly used in large scale plants that are usually making the more amount power. It also called as âPower Towerâ. It operates by focusing a field of thousands of mirrors on to a receiver located at the top of a centrally located Tower. The receiver collects the sunâs heat transfer fluid, which is used to generate stream turbine located at the foot of the tower for production of Electricity. Figure 10 Central Receiver
7.
International Journal for
Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET) ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887 Volume 5 Issue IX, September 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com 1889 © IJRASET (UGCApproved Journal): All Rights are Reserved VI. MERITS OF SOLAR ENERGY It is save up to 20% of energy costs. It can use in Remote Locations. Easy Installation (i.e. does not required any wires, cords etc.).Rooftop which means no new space is needed & every domestic or commercials user can generate their own electricity. It is widely available of sunlight with free of cost, eco-friendly, renewable resource. It has no moving parts and not required any additional fuel, other than sunlight, to produce power. No need of water and fuel. VII. DEMITS OF SOLAR ENERGY No generation of energy, when the sun is not shining. Initial cost is high. More area needed for large amount power. For alternating Current (AC) application required of inverter and also storage at night. Production PV systems single silicon crystals is technically challenging, energy, time consuming. VIII. APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR ENERGY It is used in many applications including electricity, evaporation, heating water, Heating and cooling of buildings, cooking of food, water pumping etc. Figure 11 Application for heating water Figure 12 Application for Water pumping Fig.13.Application for cooking food IX.CONCLUSION Most of the people are aware about non-renewable energy resources. Solar energy has become increase more popular due to their economic benefits. By on Battery Backup, Solar Energy can even provide Electricity 24x7, even on cloudy days and at night. This also used with inter-grid System with Continuously Power supply. It has more benefits compared to other forms of energy like fossils fuels and petroleum deposits. It is an alternative which is promise and consistent to meet the high energy demand. Research on solar cell and solar energy is promise has a future worldwide. X. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We donât want to miss that opportunity to thank our guide Mr. Anil Tekale who guided us regarding this paper also we would like to thank Dr. Ashwini Kumar and Dr. Vipul Kaushik who spend their valuable time for us which was very helpful for us. We are also thankful to Asst. Prof. Bedre Balaji who encourages us to do such things and last but least we are thanking our parents and friends who were played invisible role in this paper REFERENCES [1] Shruti Sharma, Kamlesh Kumar Jain, Ashutosh Sharma a review on âSolar Cells: In Research and Applicationsâ,Materials Sciences and Applications, 2015, 6, 1145-1155 Published December 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2015.612113 [2] Askari Mohammad Bagher, Mirzaei Mahmoud Abadi Vahid, Mirhabibi Mohsen. âTypes of Solar Cells and Applicationâ. American Journal of Optics and Photonics.Vol. 3, No. 5, 2015, pp. 94-113. doi: 10.11648/j.ajop.20150305.17 [3] Book of âWind and Solar Power Plantsâ by Mukund Patel, CRC Press [4] N. Gupta, G. F. Alapatt, R. Podila, R. Singh, K.F. Poole, (2009). "Prospects of Nanostructure-Based Solar Cells for Manufacturing Future Generations of Photovoltaic Modules". International Journal of Photo energy 2009: 1. doi:10.1155/2009/154059. [5] Book of âSolar Energyâ by Dr. S. P. Sukhatme. Tata McGraw Hill Publication. [6] Gaurav A. Madhugiri, S. R. Karale, âHigh solar energy concentration with a Fresnel lens: A ReviewâVol.2, Issue.3, May-June 2012 pp-1381-1385 ISSN: 2249- 6645.
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