Sachpazis Costas: Geotechnical Engineering: A student's Perspective Introduction
Final solar agro sprayer
1. 1
CONTENTS
Chapter No. Particulars Page No.
1 SOLAR ENERGY- INTROUDCTION 07
1.1 NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY 09
1.2 SOLAR ENERGY OPTION 11
1.3 SOLAR PHOTO VOLTAIC CONVERSION 13
1.4 SOLAR POWER SPRAYER 14
2 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING 16
2.1 PRINCIPLE AND WORKING 16
2.2 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF
PHOTO VOLTAIC CELL 17
2.3 CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF
SPRAYER UNIT 19
2.4 OTHER COMPONENTS 20
3 DESIGN 37
3.1 PHOTO VOLTALIC CELL 37
3.2 TILTING AND TURNING MECHANISM 37
3. 3
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION OF SOLAR ENERGY
Solar radiation is format among the promising new source of energy. India
receives annually over 60 x 1000 MWH of solar insulation with a span of 3000 –
3200 hrs in Rajasthan, Gujarat, West of Madhya Pradesh and North of Maharashtra;
and 2600 – 2800 hours in the rest of the country excepting Kerals, Assam and
Kashmir.
Energy from the sun can be utilized in multivarious ways. It can be tapped
directly from solar radiation in the form of thermal, thermodynamic and photovoltaic
energy and indirectly through the production of phytoman and other related energy
4. 4
sources such as wind, hydropower and ocean energy all of which are the result of
solar adiation on the planet Earth. The contribution of these sources in the total
consumption of energy in the world is about 15%.
Traditionally, the utilisation of solar energy has been confined to drying of
agricultural products such as grain, maize, pady, grinder, cashew, pepper, tobacco
curing, fish and food drying. Its commercial application has been limited to
production of common salt and other marine chemicals like patash, cromide and
magnesium salts.
The scope for the application of solar energy now stands greatly enhanced
through intensive research and development carried out all over world. The major
areas that manifest great potential out all over world. The major areas that manifest
great potential for immediate applications are:
a) Solar radiation can directly be utilised for purpose of heating and drying. By the
same taken, it can also be used for cooling and refrigeration.
b) Solar energy can be converted into electricity by exploiting the thermodynamic
nature of direct radiation for fuelling convention electricity generation plants.
c) Energy from the sun can also be captured by increasing the production of
phytomass through extensive energy plantations.
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d) Architecture can build in both passive and active systems of solar energy
utilisation. In the passive and active systems of solar energy utilisation. In the
passive system design of buildings – domestic and industrial is optimized to make the
best use of solar radiation to protect the interior from extremes of weather that
necessitate cooling and heating. Architectural design can also incorporate the use of
sunlight to avoid artificial lighting. An active system of design can be developed by
incorporating solar devices for cropping solar radiation for heating, cooling,
generating power for lighting and other uses.
1.1. NEED FOR NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY
Fuel deposit in the will soon deplete by the end of 2020. Fuel scarcity will be
maximum. Country like India may not have the chance to use petroleum products.
Keeping this dangerous situation in mind we tried to make use of non-pollutant
natural resource of petrol energy.
The creation of new source of perennial environmentally acceptable, low cost
electrical energy as a replacement for energy from rapidly depleting resources of
fossil fuels is the fundamental need for the survival of mankind. We have only about
25 years of oil reserves and 75 – 100 years of coal reserves.
6. 6
Resort to measure beginning of coal in thermal electric stations to serve the
population would result in global elemental change in leading to worldwide drought
and decertification. The buzzards of nuclear electric-stations are only to will. Now
electric power beamed directly by micro-wave for orbiting satellite. Solar power
stations (s.p.s) provide a cost-effective solution even though work on solar photo
voltaic and solar thermo electric energy sources has been extensively pursued by
many countries. Earth based solar stations suffer certain basic limitations. It is not
possible to consider such systems and meeting continuous uninterrupted concentrated
base load electric power requirements.
THE CONCEPT
In 1968 Dr. Peter Glaser in the U.S.published an idea that centered on the fact
that in orbit close to earth, 1.43 kw of solar energy illuminates any one square meter
which is considerably greater and one more continuous than on anyone square meter
on the Earth which, even when perpendicular to the Sun can receive only a maximum
of 1 kw. His idea was, converting Sunlight to electricity to convert to a radio
frequency signal and beamed down to the Earth carrying significant levels of energy.
This electricity is by establishing a very large array of solar cells in geo
stationery orbit. A receiving antenna station on the Earth would convert this radio
frequency back into an alternate current which would be fed into a local grid.
7. 7
1.2. SOLAR ENERGY OPTION:
Solar energy is very large, inexhaustible sources of energy. The power from
the sun intercepted by the Earth approximately 1.8 X 10 mw, which is many
thousands of times larger than the present consumption rate on the Earth of all
commercial energy sources. Though in principle, solar energy could supply all the
present and future energy needs of the world on a connecting basis. This makes it one
of the most promising of the unconventional energy sources.
8. 8
The problem associated with the use of solar energy is that its availability varies
widely with time. The variations in availability occur daily, because of the day-night
cycle and also seasonally because of Earth’s orbit around the sun. In addition
variations occur at a specific location because of local weather conditions.
Consequently the energy collected with the sun is shining must be stored for use
during periods when it is not available.
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SOLAR ENERGY UTILISATION
A] DIRECT METHOD
1. THERMAL
2. PHOTO VOLTIAC
B] INDIRECT METHOD
1. WATER POWER
2. WIND POWER
3. BIOMASS
4. OCEAN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCIES
1.3 SOLAR PHOTO VOLTAIC CONVERSION:
In photo-voltaic conversion the solar radiation falls on devices called solar
cells which convert the sunlight directly into electricity. The principle advantages
associated with solar cells are that have no moving parts, require little maintenance
and work quickly satisfactory with beam or diffused radiation. In the future as costs
of production are reduced. It is possible that they may become one of the principle
sources of electrical power for localized use.
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1.4 SOLAR POWER SPRAYER:
The existing sprayers are made to spray by rotating the blower by the engine
crank movement. This type of sprayers consumes the petrol as the fuel. By operating
this engine for a period of one hour we consume one liter of petrol.
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For overcoming this we set the rotation of the blower fan by the motor. The
battery is provided for supply of current. The solar photo voltaic cells are grouped in
panel board for collecting the required current. The panel board is made to set on the
mechanism we provide. For our convenience, for all directions the rotary of the panel
board is made possible. The ordinary same hose which is used in present sprayers is
made use for the spraying of the chemicals.
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Chapter-2
CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING
2.1 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING:
The blower fan is made to rotate by using a 12 V DC motor. The supply of the
current is been given from the 12 V battery provided. The chemical liquid provided
in the tank may reach the nose for spray by the gravitational force. The air produced
in the blower unit is supplied one part to the chemical tank through a filter tube.
The panel board is fixed by providing the M.S. flots. The board can be
adjusted to any angle by a tilting mechanism. The board is made to rotate by
providing a bearing. During the sunshine the panel board absorbs the heat energy
from the sun and it converts it to the electrical energy and sends the current to the
battery for the storage provision. The stored energy from battery is supplied to the
motor for operating the blower fan. The discharge of the electrical energy from the
battery will be equal to the charging of the battery by the solar photo voltaic cell.
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2.2. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF PHOTO-VOLTAIC CELL:
Electromagnetic energy can be converted directly to electrical energy in the
photo voltaic cell, commonly called the solar cell. Like the fuel cell the maximum
conversion efficiency of the system is not limited. By the efficiency of an externally
reversible heat engine cycle. Despite this, however the conversion of solar energy
into electrical energy is limited to relatively low conversion efficiencies.
The principle of operation of the photo voltaic cell was discovered by Adams
and day in 1876, using selenium in 1919, Cob Lenz discovered that a voltage is
induced between the illuminated and dark regions of semi conductivity crystals.
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However, photo electric conversion was essentially a laboratory phenomenon until
1941. The owl discovered the photo voltaic effect at the P-N junction of 2 semi-
conductors.
Primary interest in these systems concerns the possible conversion of the
electromagnetic energy from the sun directly into electricity. Using the solar constant
of 1395 w/sq. m it can be shown that the effective radiating temperature at the surface
of the sun is around 6000 k (10800 R), according to the wines displacement law for
thermal radiation, the most probable energy of the solar radiation is about 2.8 EV,
while this value is very small compared to the energies encounters is nuclear
reactions, it is more than sufficient to strip the valence electrons from many materials.
The successful operation of a solar cell release on the action of the P-N
junction. When a P-N junction is first formed, there is a transient charging process
that establishes an electric field in the vicinity of junction. Although both the N type
and P type semiconductors are naturally charged by themselves. The electron
concentration in the N type material is so high that when it is combined with P type
semiconductor some of electrons from the N material “spill over” into the holes of p
material. This essentially makes the N material positively charged and the P material
negatively charged in the vicinity of the junction. This charging process is continuous
until the electric field or junction potential inhibits further net flow and the electron
and hole flow is the same in both directions as indicated.
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The photons react with the valence electrons near p-n junctions to produce an
effect similar to that produced by the forward bias voltage. In this case V1 is the
external voltage that is generated by the photons
2.3. CONSTRUCTION AND WORKING OF SPRAYER UNIT:
Before filling the chemical in chemical tank, please ascertain that the throttle
control valve is closed. The capacity of chemical tank even though it is more than 10
liters. Liquid chemical should be placed into it only 10 liters.
Remove the cup from the filler hole. A strainer cup is placed in the filler hole.
A PVC tube connected with the bottom of the tank is attached to the filter cup from
under it, which brings in a jet of air from the blower for correcting air cushion over
the liquid chemical for creating air cushion. The liquid chemical for ensuring free
flow of the liquid to the nozzle. One end of the PVC tube is fitted with a socket
which should be inserted tight into the cavity at the bottom of the chemical tank.
In case of adjust the dosage scale for required type of spraying.
Load the tank with previously well strained liquid through the strainer
provided in the filler hole of tank. It is advisable not load the tank to its full capacity.
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It recommended allowing about 0.5 liter space for air cushion. For efficient
performance, replace the cup tight.
Before mounting the machine on your back, start the motor.
Engage the left hand shoulder strap in the hook at the base of the frame. Insert
your left arm in the sling keeping the padding on your shoulder.
2.4. OTHER COMPONENTS:
2.4.1. CHEMICAL TANK:
The capacity of chemical tank even though it is more than 10 liters. Liquid
chemical should be placed into it only 13 liters. Remove the cup from the filler hole.
A strainer cup is placed in the filler hole. A PVC tube connected with the bottom of
the tank is attached to the filter cup from under it, which brings in a jet of air from the
17. 17
blower for correcting air cushion over the liquid chemical for creating air cushion.
The liquid chemical for ensuring free flow of the liquid to the nozzle. One end of the
PVC tube is fitted with a socket which should be inserted tight into the cavity at the
bottom of the chemical tank.
2.4.2. BLOWER UNIT:
It is made up of sheet metal. The fan (impeller) rotates inside the shell. The
shell is so designed that the air is rushed out forcely. The pesticide enters the front
portion of the blower. The blower is fixed with the stand. At the one end of the
blower the hose is fitted. The air forces the pesticides to the outer side.
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2.4.3. IMPELLER (FAN):
Impeller is the most important component of the unit. It is made up of plastic.
The vaine are readily constructed. The air is made to flow forward.
2.4. 4. DC MOTOR:
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION:
The basic principle of motor action lies in a simple sketch. The working
principle tells that, when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field, a
force is produced to move the conductor away from the magnetic field.
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Movement of Conductor
Magnetic flux Current carrying
Conductor
The force given by the equation,
F = B I L Newtons
Where,
B = Flux density in WB/sq.m
I = Current through the conductor
L = Length of the conductor
Let us consider a single turn coil. The coil side A will be forced to move
downward, where as the coil side “B” will be forced to move upward. Due to this
movement now the coil is made to rotate. Since the coil is arranged into rotate. Since
the coil is arranged in the armature when it rotates in emf is induced in the coil and
that emf which is induced in the coil is in opposite to supply emf. Therefore we can
call the emf induced as back emf (B-emf). Hence when motor runs normally the
supply emf (V) is equal to B-emf.
N S
20. 20
Therefore V = Vb + Va (or) V = Vb + Ia Ra (Since V= IR)
Multiplying both sides by Ia,
Therefore Via = Vb Ia + (Ia x Ia) Ra
Where Via is the electrical equivalent of the mechanical power developed in
the motor and (Ia x Ia) Ra is armature drop.
This process that motor converts electrical energy mechanical energy where (Ia
x Ia) Ra is the copper loss which is to be neglected.
2. 4. 5. BATTERY:
1) LEAD ACID BATTERY:
21. 21
The positive and negative electrodes of a lead acid battery are immersed in
dilute sulphuric acid. When the battery is fully charged, there is lead peroxide an the
positive plate and spongy lead on the negative plate as the active materials. During
the process of discharge, the chemical reactions from lead sulphate on both the plates
thereby, liberating water. The specific gravity of the electrolyte is lowered during
charging, there is reversal of the chemical reaction and the specific gravity of the
electrolyte rises. The specific gravity is a good indication of the state of charge of a
battery. The chemical reactions that take place during charging and discharging are as
follows.
Charged Discharged
Positive Electrolyte Negative Positive Electrolyte Negative
Plate Plate Plate Plate
Pbo + 2H SO + pb ==== pbso + 2H O + pbso
(Lead (Sulphuric (Spongy (Lead (Water) (Lead
Peroxide) acid) lead) sulphate)
sulphate)
From the above equation, it is evident that the discharge is carried to the last
point. However, in practice, the battery is never charged beyond a certain point
because of two reasons. First, lead sulphate occupies a greater volume that lead
22. 22
peroxide and hence excessive sulphation is liable to setup mechanical stresses in the
positive plates, thereby causing shedding of active material and tracking of the plates.
Secondly, the excessive sulphation does not permit the sulphate to get reconverted
fully back to the active material during charging
2) CHEMICAL REACTION:
Sulfuric acid is a combination of hydrogen and sulfate ions. When the cell
discharges, lead peroxide from the positive electrode combines with hydrogen ions to
form water and with sulfate ions to form lead sulfate.
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Combining lead on the negative plate with sulfate ions also produces he
sulfate. There fore, the net result of discharge is to produce more water, which dilutes
the electrolyte, and to form lead sulfate on the plates.
As the discharge continues, the sulfate fills the pores of the grids, retarding
circulation of acid in the active material. Lead sulfate is the powder often seen on the
outside terminals of old batteries. When the combination of weak electrolyte and
sulfating on the plate lowers the output of the battery, charging is necessary.
On charge, the external D.C. source reverses the current in the battery. The
reversed direction of ions flows in the electrolyte result in a reversal of the chemical
reactions. Now the lead sulfates on the positive plate reactive with the water and
sulfate ions to produce lead peroxide and sulfuric acid. This action re-forms the
positive plates and makes the electrolyte stronger by adding sulfuric acid. At the
same time, charging enables the lead sulfate on the negative plate to react with
hydrogen ions; this also forms sulfuric acid while reforming lead on the negative plate
to react with hydrogen ions; this also forms currents can restore the cell to full output,
with lead peroxide on the positive plates, spongy lead on the negative plate, and the
required concentration of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte.
24. 24
The chemical equation for the lead-acid cell is
Charge
Pb + PbO₂ + 2H₂SO₄ 2PbSO₄ + 2H₂O
Discharge
On discharge, the Pb and PbO₂ combine with the SO₄ ions at the left side of
the equation to form lead sulfate (PbSO₄) and water (H₂O) at the right side of the
equation.
One battery consists of 6 cells, each have an output voltage of 2.1V, which are
connected in series to get a voltage of 12V and the same 12V battery is connected in
series, to get a 24 V battery. They are placed in the water proof iron casing box.
3) CARRYING FOR LEAD-ACID BATTERIES:
Always use extreme caution when handling batteries and electrolyte. Wear
gloves, goggles and old clothes. “Battery acid” will burn skin and eyes and destroy
cotton and wool clothing.
25. 25
The quickest way of ruin lead-acid batteries is to discharge them deeply and
leave them stand “dead” for an extended period of time. When they discharge, there
is a chemical change in the positive plates of the battery. They change from lead
oxide when charge out lead sulfate when discharged. If they remain in the lead
Sulfate State for a few days, some part of the plate dose not returns to lead oxide
when the battery is recharged. If the battery remains discharge longer, a greater
amount of the positive plate will remain lead sulfate. The parts of the plates that
become “sulfate” no longer store energy. Batteries that are deeply discharged, and
then charged partially on a regular basis can fail in less then one year.
Check your batteries on a regular basis to be sure they are getting charged.
Use a hydrometer to check the specific gravity of your lead acid batteries. If batteries
are cycled very deeply and then recharged quickly, the specific gravity reading will be
lower than it should because the electrolyte at the top of the battery may not have
mixed with the “charged” electrolyte. Check the electrolyte level in the wet-cell
batteries at the least four times a year and top each cell of with distilled water. Do not
add water to discharged batteries. Electrolyte is absorbed when batteries are very
discharged. If you add water at this time, and then recharge the battery, electrolyte
will overflow and make a mess.
26. 26
Keep the top of your batteries clean and check that cables are tight. Do not
tighten or remove cables while charging or discharging. Any spark around batteries
can cause a hydrogen explosion inside, and ruin one of the cells, and you.
On charge, with reverse current through the electrolyte, the chemical action is
reversed. Then the pb ions from the lead sulfate on the right side of the equation re-
form the lead and lead peroxide electrodes. Also the SO₄ ions combine with H₂ ions
from the water to produce more sulfuric acid at the left side of the equation.
4) CURRENT RATINGS:
Lead-acid batteries are generally rated in terms of how much discharge
currents they can supply for a specified period of time; the output voltage must be
maintained above a minimum level, which is 1.5 to 1.8V per cell. A common rating
is ampere-hours (A-h.) based on a specific discharge time, which is often 8h. Typical
values for automobile batteries are 100 to 300 A-h.
As an example, a 200 A-h battery can supply a load current of 200/8 or 25A,
used on 8h discharge. The battery can supply less current for a longer time or more
current for a shorter time.
27. 27
Automobile batteries may be rated for “cold cranking power”, which is related
to the job of starting the engine. A typical rating is 450A for 30s at a temperature of 0
degree F.
Note that the ampere-hour unit specifies coulombs of charge. For instance,
200 A-h. corresponds to 200A*3600s (1h=3600s). the equals 720,000 A.S, or
coulombs. One ampere-second is equal to one coulomb. Then the charge equals
720,000 or 7.2*10^5ºC. To put this much charge back into the battery would require
20 hours with a charging current of 10A.
The ratings for lead-acid batteries are given for a temperature range of 77 to
80ºF. Higher temperature increase the chemical reaction, but operation above 110ºF
shortens the battery life.
Low temperatures reduce the current capacity and voltage output. The ampere-
hour capacity is reduced approximately 0.75% for each decreases of 1º F below
normal temperature rating. At 0ºF the available output is only 60 % of the ampere-
hour battery rating. In cold weather, therefore, it is very important to have an
automobile battery unto full charge. In addition, the electrolyte freezes more easily
when diluted by water in the discharged condition.
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5) SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
Measuring the specific gravity of the electrolyte generally checks the state of
discharge for a lead-acid cell. Specific gravity is a ratio comparing the weight of a
substance with the weight of a substance with the weight of water. For instance,
concentrated sulfuric acid is 1.835 times as heavy as water for the same volume.
Therefore, its specific gravity equals 1.835. The specific gravity of water is 1, since it
is the reference.
In a fully charged automotive cell, mixture of sulfuric acid and water results in
a specific gravity of 1.280 at room temperatures of 70 to 80ºF. as the cell discharges,
more water is formed, lowering the specific gravity. When it is down to about 1.150,
the cell is completely discharged.
Specific-gravity readings are taken with a battery hydrometer, such as one in
figure (7). Note that the calibrated float with the specific gravity marks will rest
higher in an electrolyte of higher specific gravity. The decimal point is often omitted
for convenience. For example, the value of 1.220 in figure (7) is simply read “twelve
twenty”. A hydrometer reading of 1260 to 1280 indicates full charge, approximately
12.50 are half charge, and 1150 to 1200 indicates complete discharge.
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The importance of the specific gravity can be seen from the fact that the open-
circuit voltage of the lead-acid cell is approximately equal to
V = Specific gravity + 0.84
For the specific gravity of 1.280, the voltage is 1.280 = 0.84 = 2.12V, as an
example. These values are for a fully charged battery.
6) CHARGING THE LEAD-ACID BATTERY:
The requirements are illustrated in figure. An external D.C. voltage source is
necessary to produce current in one direction. Also, the charging voltage must be
more than the battery e.m.f. Approximately 2.5 per cell are enough to over the cell
e.m.f. so that the charging voltage can produce current opposite to the direction of
discharge current.
Note that the reversal of current is obtained just by connecting the battery VB
and charging source VG with + to + and –to-, as shown in figure. The charging
current is reversed because the battery effectively becomes a load resistance for VG
when it higher than VB. In this example, the net voltage available to produce
charging currents is 15-12=3V.
30. 30
A commercial charger for automobile batteries is essentially a D.C. power
supply, rectifying input from the AC power line to provide D.C. output for charging
batteries.
Float charging refers to a method in which the charger and the battery are
always connected to each other for supplying current to the load. In figure the charger
provides current for the load and the current necessary to keep the battery fully
charged. The battery here is an auxiliary source for D.C. power.
It may be of interest to note that an automobile battery is in a floating-charge
circuit. The battery charger is an AC generator or alternator with rectifier diodes,
driver by a belt from the engine. When you start the car, the battery supplies the
cranking power. Once the engine is running, the alternator charges he battery. It is
not necessary for the car to be moving. A voltage regulator is used in this system to
maintain the output at approximately 13 to 15 V.
The constant voltage of 24V comes from the solar panel controlled by the
charge controller so for storing this energy we need a 24V battery so two 12V battery
are connected in series.
It is a good idea to do an equalizing charge when some cells show a variation
of 0.05 specific gravity from each other. This is a long steady overcharge, bringing
the battery to a gassing or bubbling state. Do not equalize sealed or gel type batteries.
31. 31
With proper care, lead-acid batteries will have a long service life and work
very well in almost any power system. Unfortunately, with poor treatment lead-acid
battery life will be very short.
7) BATTERY VOLTAGE:
A 6V battery consists of 3 cells of 2V each. A 12V battery consists of 6 cells
of 2V each. The cells are all similar in internal construction and operation.
2.4. 6. HOSE:
Hose are provided for smooth running of the pesticide from tank with the air enters
the blower unit and it is forced out. The pesticides come out of the nozzle with the
help of hoses from the tank.
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2. 4. 7. NOZZLE:
Nozzles split the pesticides into atomized particles and sprays out. Nozzles may be in
different diameters to make the air mixture more pressurized.
33. 33
Chapter-3
DESIGN
3. 1. DESIGN OF PHOTO VOLTALIC CELL:
Power of the photo voltaic cell = 1 W
Voltage of photo voltaic cell = 2.5 V
Current produced of cell = 44.5 milli amps.
(i.e,) In our panel board no. of photo
voltaic cells is 9 Therefore, power of
photo voltaic cells produced = 9 W
Voltage of photo voltaic cells = 19.5 Volts
Current produced in these cells = 400 mA.
3. 2. DESIGN OF TURNING MECHANISM:
The turning mechanism in the system is purely meant for keeping the solar cell
(panel board) directly towards sunlight. This mechanism helps to tilt the solar cells
(panel board) around 60 either side, at the same time it can be turned about 360. Thus
the solar energy is completely converted by solar cells (panel boards).
34. 34
To achieve the above said movement steel structure is designed using empirical
rule for selection of material size.
For tilting mechanism:
1. M.S. Sleeve of diameter = 15 mm
2. Height of M.S. rod = 300 mm
3. Diameter of M.S. Rod = 12 mm
4. M.S. flat = 350 mm x 15 mm x 5mm
5. Clamping bolt = M.S.
For turning mechanism:
1. Ball bearing =
2. Supporting arms M.S. flat = 250 mm x 15 mm x 5 mm
3. Square supporting plate = 750 mm
4. Screws = M5 = 4 Nos.
5. Hook Nuts = M5 = 4 Nos.
6. Clamping bolt = M8 = 1 No.
3. 3. DESIGN OF BATTERY:
Current carrying capacity of 12 V battery= 7.5 AH
For batteries the current = 12 V / 7.5 AH
The battery discharges at a rate of 0.75.
It will withstand for 20 hours.
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Chapter-4
LIST OF MATERIALS
Sl. No. PARTICULARS MATERIAL
1. Solar Cell Silicon
2. Stand Sheet metal (18 Gauge)
3. Chemical tank (12 Liter) Plastic
4. Nozzle Plastic
5. Blower Sheet metal (18 G)
6. Impeller Plastic
7. Battery (12 V- 2 Nos.) Lead Acid Battery
8. M. S. Rod & flat plates M.S.
9. DC Motor 12 V
10. Bearing Steel
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Chapter-5
COST ESTIMATION
MATERIAL COST
Sl. No. PARTICULARS MATERIAL COST (RS.)
1. Solar Cell Silicon 1500
2. Stand Sheet metal (18 Gauge) 100
3. Chemical tank (12 Liter) Plastic 450
4. Nozzle Plastic 130
5. Blower Sheet metal (18 G) 500
6. Impeller Plastic --
7. Battery (12 V- 2 Nos.) Lead Acid Battery 450
8. M. S. Rod & flat plates M.S. 200
9. DC Motor 12 V 130
10. Bearing Steel 30
Total 3490/-
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MACHINING COST:
Sl. No. PARTICULARS MACHING TIME LABOUR COST COST
Per Hour (Rs)
1. Battery holder 3 hrs. 80.00 240.00
2. Turning 5 hrs. 90.00 450.00
3. Design & manufacture
of panel boards 10 hrs. 15.00 150.00
Total 18 hrs. 740.00
Other Expenses RS. 400.00
TOTAL COST:
(1) Material Cost = RS. 3490
(2) Machining Cost = RS. 830.00
(3) Other expenses = RS. 400.00
__________
Total RS.
4720/-
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COST OF SOLAR PANEL:
The cost elements of silicon panel are listed as follows:
Sl. No. ELEMENTS PERCENTAGE OF COST
1. Purified silicon compound 11%
2. Pure silicon 11%
3. Single crystal growth 24%
4. Cell manufacture 30%
5. Array assembly 24%
Total 100%
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Chapter-6
ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES:
The advantages of solar agro sprayer are:
It is good alternative for engine sprayer.
1. The energy alternative for engine sprayer.
Maintenance cost is less.
2. The use will be most welcomed when the fuel resources are over.
3. It is noiseless.
4. It does not create any pollution.
5. There is no vibration comparing with petrol operated sprayers.
6. The construction is simple and not so difficult as other sprayers.
7. Simple to use and easy to manufacture.
8. Long durability and reliability.
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CHAPTER-7
APPLICATION
The solar Agro sprayer is mainly used for spraying liquefied pesticides and
with some arrangements we can spray the powdered (dust) pesticides.
41. 41
Chapter-8
FUTURE SCOPE
FUTURE SCOPE:
Our solar powered sprayer operating cost is almost negligible when compared
to existing method of using a petrol engine. Though the initial cost of the project is
high, both central and state government assistance in the form of subsidies for the
solar aided projects make job easy.
Instead of doing modification on existing sprayer body, a separate structure
with less weight and separate motor may be successfully designed for three system to
have further more efficient and more economical and reduce the weight further.
42. 42
CHAPTER-9
CONCLUSION
Solar sprayer have been designed successfully for the village former who
cannot afford money for fuel and he can make importance of non-conventional energy
resources utilization and quickly depleting petroleum products deposit. We took an
effort in this regent and succeeded in our effort.
43. 43
CHAPTER-10
REFERENCES
1. SOLAR ENERGY - AGARWAL
2. SOLAR ENERGY - S.K.BOSE
3. PRINCIPLES OF CONVERSION
OF ENERGY - SUPPLEMENTRY
4. AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT - KOHLI
