The Etruscans were an ancient civilization that inhabited central Italy from around 800 BC to 400 BC. They greatly influenced early Roman culture and civilization. The Etruscans originated in Asia Minor and were the first civilized people to settle in Italy. They introduced advanced technologies like arches, sewers and hydraulic engineering to the region. The Etruscans also contributed significantly to art, architecture, religion and trade in Italy. Though the Romans eventually conquered the Etruscans, they adopted many aspects of Etruscan culture and credited them with founding the city of Rome.
The document summarizes key architectural structures from Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. It outlines the three main Greek architectural orders of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, as well as two Roman orders of Tuscan and Composite. It then provides details on major Greek temples including the Parthenon in Athens and Temple of Hephaestus, and Roman structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and Trajan's Column. The document serves as an overview of prominent architectural styles and buildings that exemplified Ancient Greek and Roman design.
The document provides an overview of the Etruscan civilization including:
- Their geographical location in central Italy between the Arno and Tiber rivers.
- They flourished between 700-300 BCE and had a prosperous culture producing metals.
- Etruscan art and architecture was influenced by Greek styles but had more animation and movement. Their temples had a nearly square design with wooden columns.
- Etruscans built large underground tombs to house ashes and treasures for the afterlife, reflecting their wealth and trade. Paintings in tombs depicted celebrations of life.
1. The document describes important periods and developments in ancient Egyptian history including the building of mastabas and pyramids during different dynasties.
2. It highlights several significant sites from these periods such as the Step Pyramid complex of Zoser and temples like Karnak which was expanded over centuries.
3. Queen Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Der el-Bahari is mentioned for its terraced design and statues of Osiris located there.
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
The document provides information on important artistic periods in ancient Egypt from 3000 BCE to 30 BCE. It discusses the Old Kingdom from 2575-2134 BCE, which was the age of pyramid building, including the Step Pyramid of Djoser and the iconic Great Pyramids of Giza. Key artworks from this period included reliefs like the Palette of Narmer and sculptures of rulers such as Khafre that followed strict artistic conventions.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of Egyptian architecture from ancient to modern times. It describes early burial structures like mastabas and step pyramids from the Old Kingdom. It discusses the Great Pyramids built in the Middle Kingdom, including Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza. It outlines the two types of temples constructed in the New Kingdom for worship and royalty. It provides details on structures like the Sphinx and the introduction of Islamic architectural influences. In modern times, Egyptian architecture aims to preserve ancient designs while accommodating population growth.
Catal Huyuk in Turkey was a large Neolithic town dating between 7000-5000 BCE that has provided insight into early urban living. It had no streets, with houses built adjacent to one another and accessed through openings below the roof. Trade, especially in obsidian, supported the town's wealth. Numerous shrines decorated with paintings, reliefs, and skulls have also been found intermingled with houses, suggesting the religious importance. Wall paintings depicted human figures and groups in a variety of poses, showing early advances in representational human art.
The document summarizes key architectural structures from Ancient Greek and Roman civilizations. It outlines the three main Greek architectural orders of Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, as well as two Roman orders of Tuscan and Composite. It then provides details on major Greek temples including the Parthenon in Athens and Temple of Hephaestus, and Roman structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and Trajan's Column. The document serves as an overview of prominent architectural styles and buildings that exemplified Ancient Greek and Roman design.
The document provides an overview of the Etruscan civilization including:
- Their geographical location in central Italy between the Arno and Tiber rivers.
- They flourished between 700-300 BCE and had a prosperous culture producing metals.
- Etruscan art and architecture was influenced by Greek styles but had more animation and movement. Their temples had a nearly square design with wooden columns.
- Etruscans built large underground tombs to house ashes and treasures for the afterlife, reflecting their wealth and trade. Paintings in tombs depicted celebrations of life.
1. The document describes important periods and developments in ancient Egyptian history including the building of mastabas and pyramids during different dynasties.
2. It highlights several significant sites from these periods such as the Step Pyramid complex of Zoser and temples like Karnak which was expanded over centuries.
3. Queen Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Der el-Bahari is mentioned for its terraced design and statues of Osiris located there.
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
The document provides information on important artistic periods in ancient Egypt from 3000 BCE to 30 BCE. It discusses the Old Kingdom from 2575-2134 BCE, which was the age of pyramid building, including the Step Pyramid of Djoser and the iconic Great Pyramids of Giza. Key artworks from this period included reliefs like the Palette of Narmer and sculptures of rulers such as Khafre that followed strict artistic conventions.
The document summarizes the history and evolution of Egyptian architecture from ancient to modern times. It describes early burial structures like mastabas and step pyramids from the Old Kingdom. It discusses the Great Pyramids built in the Middle Kingdom, including Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza. It outlines the two types of temples constructed in the New Kingdom for worship and royalty. It provides details on structures like the Sphinx and the introduction of Islamic architectural influences. In modern times, Egyptian architecture aims to preserve ancient designs while accommodating population growth.
Catal Huyuk in Turkey was a large Neolithic town dating between 7000-5000 BCE that has provided insight into early urban living. It had no streets, with houses built adjacent to one another and accessed through openings below the roof. Trade, especially in obsidian, supported the town's wealth. Numerous shrines decorated with paintings, reliefs, and skulls have also been found intermingled with houses, suggesting the religious importance. Wall paintings depicted human figures and groups in a variety of poses, showing early advances in representational human art.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers analyzed data from dozens of countries and found that lockdowns led to an average decline of nearly 30% in nitrogen dioxide levels over cities. However, they also observed that this improvement was temporary and air pollution rebounded once lockdowns were lifted as vehicle traffic increased again. Overall, the study highlights how human activities are a major contributor to air pollution but also that systemic changes are needed for long-term air quality improvements.
A slideshow connected to a lecture of Roman and Etruscan Art available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Christina McCollum.
The Roman Pantheon was built in 118-125 CE and brought Roman concrete vaulted architecture to its highest level of refinement. The circular building has a traditional temple façade but behind is a drum-shaped interior topped by a hemispherical dome, the largest ever built in antiquity. The interior space is vast and spectacular, with a coffered dome and central oculus flooding light. The Pantheon exemplified differences between Greek and Roman architecture, with Romans emphasizing grand interior spaces using vaults and concrete rather than Greek stone construction and exterior harmony.
Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and most influential civilizations. The document provides background information on Ancient Egypt, including that the name 'Egypt' comes from the Greek name for the country. It discusses some of Egypt's major river valley civilizations and highlights the importance of the predictable flooding of the Nile River in the development of Egyptian settlements and agriculture. Key sites from Ancient Egypt are described, such as the pyramids at Giza and structures built during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Ancient Egyptian cities, tomb types (such as mastabas and rock-cut tombs), and religious sites (like Karnak and Luxor Temple) are also outlined.
The Precinct of Amun-Re is located within the massive Karnak Temple Complex near Luxor, Egypt. It is dedicated to the principal god Amun and covers an area of around 250,000 square meters, containing many structures from different eras. The main temple structures are laid out along an east-west axis and include pylons, courtyards, obelisks, and halls from the New Kingdom period when the site was expanded. The complex is still undergoing excavation and restoration work today.
The document provides information about Roman architecture and some key structures from ancient Rome. It discusses the typical layout of Roman cities, with two main streets intersecting at the central forum. It then focuses on the famous Pantheon building, describing its dome structure and how it was one of the most preserved and influential buildings from ancient Rome. The summary concludes by noting that the Pantheon's dome structure was an engineering marvel for its time.
The document provides information on Egyptian civilization and its architecture. It discusses the geography of Egypt along the Nile River which determined the character of Egyptian civilization. It then outlines the different dynasties of ancient Egypt and describes the predominant materials used in architecture such as sun-baked bricks, stone, and limestone. Some key architectural features are discussed such as the use of symbolic motifs, hieroglyphics, and alignment with astronomical events. Different structures are summarized such as pyramids, which served as tombs for pharaohs; sphinxes which guarded tombs; and obelisks which symbolized the sun god. The document also covers the Valley of Kings and different types of tombs including mastabas
Ancient Babylonia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th-17th centuries BC and was a powerful civilization for about 100 years under King Hammurabi's rule. Babylonia had many major cities with populations between 10,000-50,000 people. The Babylonians made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, and architecture. They built ziggurats and temples to their polytheistic gods like Marduk, Ishtar, and Tiamat.
The Neolithic Revolution refers to the transition from hunting and gathering to farming and domestication of animals that occurred in different regions around 10,000 years ago. This facilitated more permanent settlements like Jericho and Çatalhöyük, which featured plastered walls, shrines, and figurines. Monumental megalithic structures like Stonehenge also emerged during this period, demonstrating advanced astronomical knowledge as they were precisely aligned with solstices and equinoxes. The Neolithic Revolution marked a major shift in human societies toward agricultural lifestyles and more complex social organization.
Mesopotamian architecture was characterized by massive monumental structures like ziggurats and palaces. Ziggurats were large stepped towers built out of mudbricks that served both practical and religious purposes. They dominated cities and symbolized the rule of gods. Some notable ziggurats included those at Uruk, Borsippa, and Ur. Palaces were also grand architectural feats, such as Sargon's palace at Dur-Sharrukin in Assyria and the structures built by Persian kings at Pasargadae and Persepolis, including the Apadana palace and Hall of 100 Columns.
Jewish and early christian art aneta, arAmy Raffel
Jewish and early Christian art from the 3rd to 5th centuries featured simple symbols like fish and anchors that represented Christianity. Early images depicted stories from the Old Testament and miracles of Christ. Between the 4th and 5th centuries, as Christianity became legalized, images of Christ's life and the Virgin Mary proliferated. Artistic styles remained largely Roman during this period. Important early sites that featured Christian art included the catacombs of Rome and the synagogue at Dura Europos in Syria.
Egyptian architecture was heavily influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, historical, social, and religious factors. The Nile river provided resources and trade routes, and abundant stone like limestone was used for construction. Egypt's hot climate led to simple designs with massive unbroken walls. Egyptian architectural styles included temples, pyramids, mastabas, and rock-cut tombs. Columns resembled bundles of plant stems and capitals took forms like lotus buds. Temples had imposing gateways and courtyards, while pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. Hieroglyphics, columns, obelisks, and symbols like the scarab beetle and lotus plant decorated Egyptian
The document provides an overview of the geographical, geological, climatic, religious, historical and architectural influences on ancient Egyptian civilization from 5000 BC to the 1st century AD. It describes how the Nile River shaped Egypt and allowed agriculture. It outlines the common building materials used, Egyptian religious beliefs and pantheon of gods, and the historical periods and some notable figures. Examples of structures like mastabas, pyramids, temples and their features are also summarized.
Early Greek architecture originated from wood construction but transitioned to stone by the 6th century BC while retaining wooden design elements. The three classical orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - are defined by their column capitals and other distinguishing features. Greek temples generally followed set forms and served as homes for the community's gods, with outdoor ceremonies, and included a naos, pronaos, columns, entablature, and pediment. The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis was the pinnacle of classical Greek architecture, known for its refined proportions and sculptural details. Greek architectural forms had a lasting influence adopted by later cultures like the Romans and remain integral to architecture worldwide.
The Ajanta Caves in India contain ancient Buddhist rock-cut cave monuments and paintings dating between 2nd century BCE to 650 CE. The caves were constructed in two phases, with the earliest caves built between 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE containing worship halls. A second phase from the 5th-6th century featured more elaborate caves built under the patronage of the Vataka dynasty, containing paintings depicting Buddhist stories and figures. Cave paintings are considered some of the finest surviving examples of ancient Indian art.
The document discusses various styles of Islamic architecture found in palaces across India and other regions. It provides details on the distinctive Mughal style seen in buildings like the Taj Mahal and Fatehpur Sikri. Key elements of Mughal palaces are described, such as arched entrances, balconies, domes, and elaborate carvings/decorations featuring geometric and floral patterns. Specific historic palaces from India demonstrating these styles are also outlined.
The Etruscans originated in what is now Tuscany, Italy, though their ancestors may have come from Asia Minor. During the Iron Age between 1000-1 BC, they established major city-states like Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, and Veii. The Etruscans built fortified cities with temples, aqueducts, bridges, and underground family tombs. Their art was produced mostly for religious purposes and funerary customs, including painted frescoes and terra cotta sculptures that emphasized the afterlife. The Etruscans were also skilled metalworkers known for bronzework, mirrors, jewelry of gold and silver, and black pottery with incised designs.
History of architecture (second semester)Smita Kasat
The document provides an overview of the history of architecture in India from ancient to medieval periods. It discusses architectural styles and structures from the Indus Valley Civilization through various dynasties including the Mauryans, Buddhists, Chalukyans, Pallavas, Cholas, and Hoysalas. Key architectural elements covered include stupas, pillars, cave temples, chaitya halls, viharas, and the evolution of Hindu temple architecture from early shrines through later structural temples in the Deccan. The document shares images and details of architectural sites throughout India from this time period.
The document provides an overview of Egyptian architecture spanning over 10,000 years. It describes some key characteristics including the predominant building materials of mud bricks and stone. It highlights some of Egypt's most famous structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. The document also provides details about Egyptian temples, sarcophagi, and other architectural elements like obelisks and reliefs.
The document summarizes Etruscan art and culture from 1000-100 BCE in Italy. The Etruscans occupied Tuscany between Florence and Rome, living in independent city-states. They excelled at metalworking and introduced urban planning concepts to the Romans. Etruscan tombs and sarcophagi provide insight into their beliefs about the afterlife, often depicting the deceased at banquets. Their art was influenced by Greece but had distinct styles like the use of terracotta sculpture. By the 1st century BCE, Roman domination caused a decline in Etruscan civilization and artistic production.
The document summarizes Etruscan art and architecture from 650 BCE to the 1st century BCE. It describes how the Etruscans inhabited central Italy and were skilled seafarers and traders who produced ornate metalwork, sculptures, and tomb paintings. It highlights examples such as the Regolini-Galassi tomb's gold fibula with lions, the wooden and terracotta structures of Etruscan temples resembling Greek designs, and painted sarcophagi and tomb reliefs that depicted Etruscan life and the afterlife.
The document discusses the results of a study on the impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on air pollution. Researchers analyzed data from dozens of countries and found that lockdowns led to an average decline of nearly 30% in nitrogen dioxide levels over cities. However, they also observed that this improvement was temporary and air pollution rebounded once lockdowns were lifted as vehicle traffic increased again. Overall, the study highlights how human activities are a major contributor to air pollution but also that systemic changes are needed for long-term air quality improvements.
A slideshow connected to a lecture of Roman and Etruscan Art available at Art History Teaching Resources (http://arthistoryteachingresources.org/), written by Christina McCollum.
The Roman Pantheon was built in 118-125 CE and brought Roman concrete vaulted architecture to its highest level of refinement. The circular building has a traditional temple façade but behind is a drum-shaped interior topped by a hemispherical dome, the largest ever built in antiquity. The interior space is vast and spectacular, with a coffered dome and central oculus flooding light. The Pantheon exemplified differences between Greek and Roman architecture, with Romans emphasizing grand interior spaces using vaults and concrete rather than Greek stone construction and exterior harmony.
Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and most influential civilizations. The document provides background information on Ancient Egypt, including that the name 'Egypt' comes from the Greek name for the country. It discusses some of Egypt's major river valley civilizations and highlights the importance of the predictable flooding of the Nile River in the development of Egyptian settlements and agriculture. Key sites from Ancient Egypt are described, such as the pyramids at Giza and structures built during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Ancient Egyptian cities, tomb types (such as mastabas and rock-cut tombs), and religious sites (like Karnak and Luxor Temple) are also outlined.
The Precinct of Amun-Re is located within the massive Karnak Temple Complex near Luxor, Egypt. It is dedicated to the principal god Amun and covers an area of around 250,000 square meters, containing many structures from different eras. The main temple structures are laid out along an east-west axis and include pylons, courtyards, obelisks, and halls from the New Kingdom period when the site was expanded. The complex is still undergoing excavation and restoration work today.
The document provides information about Roman architecture and some key structures from ancient Rome. It discusses the typical layout of Roman cities, with two main streets intersecting at the central forum. It then focuses on the famous Pantheon building, describing its dome structure and how it was one of the most preserved and influential buildings from ancient Rome. The summary concludes by noting that the Pantheon's dome structure was an engineering marvel for its time.
The document provides information on Egyptian civilization and its architecture. It discusses the geography of Egypt along the Nile River which determined the character of Egyptian civilization. It then outlines the different dynasties of ancient Egypt and describes the predominant materials used in architecture such as sun-baked bricks, stone, and limestone. Some key architectural features are discussed such as the use of symbolic motifs, hieroglyphics, and alignment with astronomical events. Different structures are summarized such as pyramids, which served as tombs for pharaohs; sphinxes which guarded tombs; and obelisks which symbolized the sun god. The document also covers the Valley of Kings and different types of tombs including mastabas
Ancient Babylonia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Babylonian Empire lasted from the 18th-17th centuries BC and was a powerful civilization for about 100 years under King Hammurabi's rule. Babylonia had many major cities with populations between 10,000-50,000 people. The Babylonians made important contributions to mathematics, astronomy, law, and architecture. They built ziggurats and temples to their polytheistic gods like Marduk, Ishtar, and Tiamat.
The Neolithic Revolution refers to the transition from hunting and gathering to farming and domestication of animals that occurred in different regions around 10,000 years ago. This facilitated more permanent settlements like Jericho and Çatalhöyük, which featured plastered walls, shrines, and figurines. Monumental megalithic structures like Stonehenge also emerged during this period, demonstrating advanced astronomical knowledge as they were precisely aligned with solstices and equinoxes. The Neolithic Revolution marked a major shift in human societies toward agricultural lifestyles and more complex social organization.
Mesopotamian architecture was characterized by massive monumental structures like ziggurats and palaces. Ziggurats were large stepped towers built out of mudbricks that served both practical and religious purposes. They dominated cities and symbolized the rule of gods. Some notable ziggurats included those at Uruk, Borsippa, and Ur. Palaces were also grand architectural feats, such as Sargon's palace at Dur-Sharrukin in Assyria and the structures built by Persian kings at Pasargadae and Persepolis, including the Apadana palace and Hall of 100 Columns.
Jewish and early christian art aneta, arAmy Raffel
Jewish and early Christian art from the 3rd to 5th centuries featured simple symbols like fish and anchors that represented Christianity. Early images depicted stories from the Old Testament and miracles of Christ. Between the 4th and 5th centuries, as Christianity became legalized, images of Christ's life and the Virgin Mary proliferated. Artistic styles remained largely Roman during this period. Important early sites that featured Christian art included the catacombs of Rome and the synagogue at Dura Europos in Syria.
Egyptian architecture was heavily influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, historical, social, and religious factors. The Nile river provided resources and trade routes, and abundant stone like limestone was used for construction. Egypt's hot climate led to simple designs with massive unbroken walls. Egyptian architectural styles included temples, pyramids, mastabas, and rock-cut tombs. Columns resembled bundles of plant stems and capitals took forms like lotus buds. Temples had imposing gateways and courtyards, while pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. Hieroglyphics, columns, obelisks, and symbols like the scarab beetle and lotus plant decorated Egyptian
The document provides an overview of the geographical, geological, climatic, religious, historical and architectural influences on ancient Egyptian civilization from 5000 BC to the 1st century AD. It describes how the Nile River shaped Egypt and allowed agriculture. It outlines the common building materials used, Egyptian religious beliefs and pantheon of gods, and the historical periods and some notable figures. Examples of structures like mastabas, pyramids, temples and their features are also summarized.
Early Greek architecture originated from wood construction but transitioned to stone by the 6th century BC while retaining wooden design elements. The three classical orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - are defined by their column capitals and other distinguishing features. Greek temples generally followed set forms and served as homes for the community's gods, with outdoor ceremonies, and included a naos, pronaos, columns, entablature, and pediment. The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis was the pinnacle of classical Greek architecture, known for its refined proportions and sculptural details. Greek architectural forms had a lasting influence adopted by later cultures like the Romans and remain integral to architecture worldwide.
The Ajanta Caves in India contain ancient Buddhist rock-cut cave monuments and paintings dating between 2nd century BCE to 650 CE. The caves were constructed in two phases, with the earliest caves built between 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE containing worship halls. A second phase from the 5th-6th century featured more elaborate caves built under the patronage of the Vataka dynasty, containing paintings depicting Buddhist stories and figures. Cave paintings are considered some of the finest surviving examples of ancient Indian art.
The document discusses various styles of Islamic architecture found in palaces across India and other regions. It provides details on the distinctive Mughal style seen in buildings like the Taj Mahal and Fatehpur Sikri. Key elements of Mughal palaces are described, such as arched entrances, balconies, domes, and elaborate carvings/decorations featuring geometric and floral patterns. Specific historic palaces from India demonstrating these styles are also outlined.
The Etruscans originated in what is now Tuscany, Italy, though their ancestors may have come from Asia Minor. During the Iron Age between 1000-1 BC, they established major city-states like Tarquinia, Caere, Vulci, and Veii. The Etruscans built fortified cities with temples, aqueducts, bridges, and underground family tombs. Their art was produced mostly for religious purposes and funerary customs, including painted frescoes and terra cotta sculptures that emphasized the afterlife. The Etruscans were also skilled metalworkers known for bronzework, mirrors, jewelry of gold and silver, and black pottery with incised designs.
History of architecture (second semester)Smita Kasat
The document provides an overview of the history of architecture in India from ancient to medieval periods. It discusses architectural styles and structures from the Indus Valley Civilization through various dynasties including the Mauryans, Buddhists, Chalukyans, Pallavas, Cholas, and Hoysalas. Key architectural elements covered include stupas, pillars, cave temples, chaitya halls, viharas, and the evolution of Hindu temple architecture from early shrines through later structural temples in the Deccan. The document shares images and details of architectural sites throughout India from this time period.
The document provides an overview of Egyptian architecture spanning over 10,000 years. It describes some key characteristics including the predominant building materials of mud bricks and stone. It highlights some of Egypt's most famous structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. The document also provides details about Egyptian temples, sarcophagi, and other architectural elements like obelisks and reliefs.
The document summarizes Etruscan art and culture from 1000-100 BCE in Italy. The Etruscans occupied Tuscany between Florence and Rome, living in independent city-states. They excelled at metalworking and introduced urban planning concepts to the Romans. Etruscan tombs and sarcophagi provide insight into their beliefs about the afterlife, often depicting the deceased at banquets. Their art was influenced by Greece but had distinct styles like the use of terracotta sculpture. By the 1st century BCE, Roman domination caused a decline in Etruscan civilization and artistic production.
The document summarizes Etruscan art and architecture from 650 BCE to the 1st century BCE. It describes how the Etruscans inhabited central Italy and were skilled seafarers and traders who produced ornate metalwork, sculptures, and tomb paintings. It highlights examples such as the Regolini-Galassi tomb's gold fibula with lions, the wooden and terracotta structures of Etruscan temples resembling Greek designs, and painted sarcophagi and tomb reliefs that depicted Etruscan life and the afterlife.
The document provides background information on the rise of ancient Rome. It describes geographic factors that contributed to Rome's growth as a trade center located in the central Mediterranean. It then discusses Rome's origins as a city founded by Romulus in 753 BCE and ruled by Etruscan kings. The Etruscans conquered Rome around 600 BCE and had significant influence on early Roman culture, contributing artistic styles, religious practices, and technologies like the alphabet, arch, and drainage systems. Their rule ended with a rebellion in 509 BCE, paving the way for Rome to become a republic.
This document discusses how Generation Y is driving changes in workplace attitudes and behaviors that are impacting how companies attract, engage, and retain talent. Key shifts Gen Y workers are bringing include a preference for high-intensity work, an ability to focus intensely on tasks while also multitasking, and an expectation of flexible work arrangements and an employer that shares their values. To be successful, companies need to adapt their workplaces and cultures to these new attitudes by providing spaces and policies that support collaboration, focus, and a work-life balance.
The document provides information on various topics related to ancient Greece. It discusses Greek clothing, which was typically homemade from colorful fabrics decorated with detailed designs. It also describes the origins of Greek theater, mentioning how plays initially had one actor and later expanded to three, and the different theatrical forms of tragedy, comedy, and satyr plays. The document also notes that the ancient Greeks held music in high regard and believed various musical instruments were invented by gods. It provides a brief overview of Greek mythology and descriptions of the goddesses Aphrodite, Artemis, and Athena. Finally, it mentions the origins of the Olympic Games in ancient Greece in honor of Zeus beginning in 776 BC.
1. Rome consolidated the achievements of ancient civilizations and became the peak of development, though it also exacerbated problems like slavery, inequality, and violence.
2. Sources for early Roman history are unreliable as they were written centuries later and used fragmentary sources, though Rome developed from Latin villages on the hills overlooking the Tiber River.
3. Etruscan dominance over the early Romans introduced many cultural and political innovations to Rome before being expelled, allowing the patricians to establish the Roman Republic.
Ancient Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Mesopotamians had distinct styles of clothing and personal adornment. Egyptians made linen clothing from harvested flax along the Nile. Greeks typically wore tunics and cloaks, while women styled their hair in braids or ponytails and sometimes lightened it with bleaching. Romans primarily wore tunics and togas, and men kept their hair short. Makeup was commonly worn by various ancient cultures, made from materials like kohl, berries, minerals and dyes.
Heena Soni B.Sc Fashion Technology+ 2 years Diplomadezyneecole
This document provides a timeline of fashion history from prehistoric times to the present. It divides fashion history into different periods such as the Ancient World, Medieval Romance and Trade, Renaissance Splendor, Baroque and Rococo, from Revolution to Frivolity, and more modern periods like the Designer Decades. Each period is characterized by the prevailing styles of clothing worn at that time in history based on societal and cultural influences. The timeline traces the evolution of fashion over millennia from basic protective clothing to the rise of high fashion designers today.
The document summarizes Etruscan art from 10th century BCE to 270 BCE. It describes how Etruscans built elaborate tombs resembling houses to bury family members together. Etruscan architecture was influenced by Greek styles, using columns and pediments in wood and terra cotta temples. Their sculptures emphasized movement and expression over archaic Greek rigidity. Etruscans excelled in bronze and terra cotta works, like the Chimera of Arezzo and the Apollo from Veii statue. Etruscan tomb paintings featured lively celebrations of the deceased.
The civilization of Ancient Greece flourished between 800BCE and 146BCE near the Mediterranean Sea. Society was stratified, with men participating in politics and warfare while women remained at home. Education differed by city, with Spartan boys and girls trained militarily while Athenian girls did not attend school. Clothing indicated wealth and status. Ancient Greek contributions like democracy, mathematics, and the Olympics remain influential today.
Ancient Greek fashion consisted of simple tunics for both men and women made from wool or linen. Women's dresses called peplos and chitons fell to the ankle while men's chitons went to the knee. Both genders wore decorative jewelry of precious gems and metals. Clothing in ancient Egypt was made from lightweight fabrics for the desert climate and included knee-length skirts for men and ankle-length dresses for women. Cosmetics like eye makeup were popular among Egyptians. In Mesopotamia, early Sumerians wore loincloths while later cultures had wrap-around skirts for men and shawls for women. Viking clothing featured wool tunics and cloaks held with bro
Fashion and clothing in ancient civilisationsmswilsonri
The document discusses clothing, hairstyles, and makeup in several ancient civilizations including Egypt, Rome, Greece, Mesopotamia, and modern Canada. In ancient Egypt, most clothing was made from linen and people wore elaborate wigs. In ancient Rome, common clothing included tunics, togas, and silk for wealthy individuals. Ancient Greeks often wore little clothing and used pins and folding to create styles. Mesopotamians developed weaving and wore loincloths or dresses. Makeup and hairstyles varied between cultures and social classes. Modern Canadian clothing and hairstyles show more variety between individuals.
The Greeks and Etruscans were the two main civilizations in pre-Roman Italy. The Greeks inhabited Magna Graecia in the south while the Etruscans lived in modern-day Tuscany. According to legend, Rome was founded by Romulus, who killed his brother Remus during an argument. Rome transitioned from a kingdom to a republic in 509 BC after overthrowing the last Etruscan king, Tarquin the Proud. The republic expanded Rome's power throughout Italy and the Mediterranean region, defeating rivals like Carthage in the Punic Wars. Political instability led to the rise of Julius Caesar as dictator, but his assassination sparked a civil war won by his adopted heir Oct
There were three main types of clothing worn in ancient Greece. The chiton was a tunic worn by both men and women. The himation was a cloak or outer garment often made from wool. The peplos was a tubular garment typically worn by women, folded from the inside and gathered at the waist. Clothing was loosely fitted and colors varied based on occasion or status. Makeup, jewelry, and hairstyles also played a role in Greek fashion and varied over time and between social classes.
Fashion in ancient Greece and Rome featured simple, versatile clothing made from wool and linen.
In ancient Greece, men and women both commonly wore a basic tunic called a chiton. Women also wore a longer dress called a peplos. Clothing was often decorated with bright colors and patterns that symbolized different meanings. Hairstyles and jewelry indicated social status.
Similarly, in ancient Rome clothing like tunics and togas were made from wool or imported silk and cotton. Women typically wore a stola dress with a shawl-like palla. Both genders wore sandals or boots and used accessories like brooches. Hairstyles, cosmetics, and limited jewelry differentiated gender roles
In general, clothing from the ancient Greek and Roman times was based more on function rather than style. Clothing was loose and flowing, never tight fitting. Tunics covered with layers of draped cloth were common for both men and women.
The document discusses the Etruscan civilization of ancient Italy. It examines the origins, geography, art, architecture, and funerary practices of the Etruscans. Key points include that the Etruscans inhabited central Italy north of Rome, their origins are unknown but they were influenced by eastern Mediterranean cultures, and they are known for elaborate tombs decorated with wall paintings that depict daily life and the afterlife.
Women's fashion from 1910 to 2010 went through many trends and silhouettes that reflected the historical events of each decade. Hemlines rose and fell, silhouettes shifted from cinched waists to straight lines, and fabrics changed based on availability. Designers innovated new styles that captured the spirit of the times.
Mehtab's Fashion portfolio documents various themes for a clothing collection including Indian Traditional, Western, Summer, Flower Power, Winter, Black and White, True Blue, Animal Prints, and Miscellaneous. It includes mood boards, collections, sketches, flats, and swatches of fabrics like cotton, silk, polyester, viscose, linen, nylon, rayon, taffeta, chiffon, georgette, velvet, corduroy, fur, and different weaves. The portfolio provides visual research and inspiration for a diverse line of clothing.
The document summarizes aspects of ancient Greek art and culture from 700 BCE to 30 BCE. It describes the Etruscans who lived in northern Italy from 950 to 300 BCE and influenced early Rome. It then covers the classical style in Greece which emphasized harmony, balance, humanism, and idealism. Finally, it discusses various genres of Greek art including pottery, sculpture, and architecture during the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic periods.
The document provides an overview of Etruscan art and civilization from 1000 BCE to 100 BCE. It discusses the Etruscan cities and origins, as well as art from different periods. Key points include:
1) The Etruscans flourished in modern Tuscany, Italy for around 900 years and greatly influenced Roman art and architecture.
2) Early Etruscan art was influenced by Greek styles and featured luxurious objects incorporating Eastern motifs made from local minerals.
3) Temple architecture consisted of wood structures on stone platforms decorated with terracotta statues. Rock cut tombs resembled houses and were decorated with paintings.
4) Late Etruscan art
The Etruscans were an ancient civilization that inhabited parts of central Italy from the 8th to 3rd centuries BC. They developed a thriving culture with advanced art and religious practices, though their language remains largely unknown. Etruscan art flourished especially in tomb painting, sculpture used to decorate temples, and ornate objects buried with the dead. Their art showed influences from Greece but maintained a distinctive style, providing insights into Etruscan life and beliefs through depictions of daily activities and religious ceremonies.
Art1204 the art & culture of ancient etruriaProfWillAdams
The document provides an overview of Etruscan art and culture from 750 BCE to 100 BCE. It discusses that the Etruscans were one of the earliest civilizations in Italy and influenced Roman art. Etruscan art focused heavily on bronze and terracotta sculptures and was often related to funerals and the afterlife. Their elaborate tombs and necropolises resembled cities and homes and featured frescoes depicting scenes of daily life. Two of the most famous and masterful examples of Etruscan art discussed are the Chimera of Arezzo bronze sculpture and the Capitoline She-Wolf bronze sculpture.
They Who Would Be Rome: The Art & Culture of Ancient EtruriaProfWillAdams
The document provides an overview of Etruscan art and culture from the 9th to 1st centuries BCE in Italy. It describes the Etruscans as the first historic people in Italy with an undeciphered written language who were heavily influenced by Egyptian and Greek religions. Etruscan art is characterized by the use of bronze and terracotta sculptures that often depicted mythological themes and funereal scenes. Examples discussed include the terracotta Apollo of Veii sculpture and frescoed tombs from the large Etruscan necropolis at Cerveteri showing scenes of daily life.
The Etruscans flourished in central Italy from the 9th to 2nd centuries BC. They decorated their tombs with vibrant frescoes depicting everyday life, mythology, and funerals to provide for the afterlife. As the Etruscan civilization declined and Rome expanded, Etruscan art became more somber and reflective of their diminishing power and influence in the region.
This slideshow covers ancient art and cultural mythology from the Upper Paleolithic through the Hellenistic period in 3 parts: The Ancients (Upper Paleolithic through Minoan), Egyptian art, and Greek art (Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic). It features over 30 works including Venus of Willendorf, Great Pyramid of Giza, Parthenon, Riace Warriors, and the Altar of Zeus to summarize the major cultures and artistic developments during these time periods.
This document provides information on the Etruscan civilization including their origins, culture, art, and decline. It notes that the Etruscans called themselves Rasenna and discusses their expansion in Italy due to mining. Key aspects of Etruscan culture discussed include living in hilltop settlements, influence on early Rome including rituals, theocratic city-states ruled by families similar to the Roman gens, and advanced status of women. The document outlines the timeline of the Etruscan civilization and notes they excelled at portraiture. Examples of Etruscan artworks described include the Veii Apollo statue and the Tomb of the Leopards wall paintings.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek art from the 9th century BCE to the Hellenistic period. It discusses the major periods and styles of Greek art including Geometric, Orientalizing, Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic. The forms of art discussed include architecture, sculpture, painting, pottery, and jewelry. Key works and developments are described for each period.
The document provides an overview of prehistoric, non-European, Egyptian, Greek, and Roman art from 30,000 BC to 476 AD. It summarizes key pieces like the Venus of Willendorf, cave paintings at Lascaux, Stonehenge, Terracotta Army, Great Sphinx of Giza, and Parthenon. The document also briefly outlines the periods and styles of Greek pottery and introduces some famous sculptures like the Venus de Milo.
The document provides an overview of Etruscan culture and burial practices. The Etruscans inhabited what is now central Italy and buried their dead in elaborate terra cotta sarcophagi placed in beehive-shaped tombs. The tombs were decorated with sculptures and paintings depicting banquets and sexual acts. The Etruscans held social gatherings in the tombs to honor their deceased ancestors. Their culture was eventually assimilated by the expanding Roman Empire.
Chapter 1 cave paintings to egyptians(final)Karen Owens
This document provides an overview of prehistoric cultures from the Paleolithic era through ancient civilizations. It describes the major developments in tools, art, architecture, religion, and systems of writing that occurred from approximately 6 million BCE through 1500 BCE across Africa, Asia, Europe, and Mesoamerica. Key events mentioned include the earliest cave paintings from France dated to 15,000-10,000 BCE, the emergence of agriculture in the Neolithic era, structures like Stonehenge and Ziggurats, early legal codes like Hammurabi's, and the rise of ancient empires in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India, and China.
Fourth module for GNED 1201 (Aesthetic Experience and Ideas). This one covers Greek art and culture during the archaic and classical time periods (roughly 700 - 400 BCE).
This course is a required general education course for all first-year students at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Canada. My version of the course is structured as a kind of Art History and Culture course. Some of the content overlaps with my other Gen Ed course.
The document provides an overview of ancient Greek history from the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization in the 11th century BCE through the Peloponnesian Wars in the 5th century BCE. It describes the transition from the Mycenaean and Minoan periods to the Greek Dark Ages. Key periods discussed include the Geometric, Orientalizing, and Archaic periods. Major city-states like Athens and Sparta are mentioned. Important sites, artworks, and structures on the Acropolis like the Parthenon are summarized. The document also outlines philosophical thinkers and developments in science during this time period in Greece. It concludes with details about the Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta.
ARH2050 Perfection To Pathos - Classical Greek & Hellenistic Sculpture.pdfProfWillAdams
The document summarizes the major periods of ancient Greek art from the Early Classical period to the Hellenistic period. It provides examples of key works produced during each period and notes important developments, such as the increased use of contrapposto poses and anatomical accuracy in bronze sculptures during the Early Classical period. It also discusses changes in subject matter, such as the growing interest in depicting a variety of ethnic groups and individuals from different social classes during the Hellenistic period.
The document summarizes the evolution of classical Greek art and architecture from 700 BCE to 30 BCE. It describes the key periods and styles including the Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic eras. Major works discussed include the Parthenon, sculptures like the Doryphorus, and artists such as Phidias who decorated Greek temples and captured ideal human forms.
Ancient Greek sculpture began around 4000 years ago with simple white marble figures on the Greek islands. Over time, sculpture evolved from stiff, stylized works to highly naturalistic pieces that captured accurate proportions and movement in media like marble and bronze. Early Minoan and Mycenaean works were few, while Archaic sculptures from 700-500 BCE depicted gods and people in stiff poses. The Classical period from 480-336 BCE saw further realism and lifelike details. Finally, Hellenistic sculpture from 336-146 BCE was highly expressive and exaggerated emotions, showing the pinnacle of ancient Greek artistic achievement.
This Powerpoint slideshow presentation briefly sketches the development of sculpture in ancient Greece, from its humble beginning in the Greek islands to its zenith in the Hellenistic age. It maps out the milestones and advances made in stages, with the help of images of Greek masterpieces, like the Sulky Kore, the Kritios Boy, the Artemision Bronze, the Riace Bronzes etc. The Ancient Greece is unique amongst the ancient civilizations to develop such very level high of naturalism, with its expressive and life-like sculptures. According to some art historians they were driven largely by the spirit rooted in the belief that man is a free, indeed an exalted, being or simply their idea and love of beauty.
"Future ages will wonder at us, as the present age wonders at us now“
The document summarizes the major periods of ancient Greek art from 900 BCE to 31 BCE. It provides examples of artworks characteristic of each defined period including the Geometric, Orientalizing, and Archaic periods. The examples show the evolution of Greek art from simple geometric designs to more naturalistic human and animal forms that incorporated new techniques, materials, and subject matter over time.
The document discusses Etruscan art from 650 BC to the 1st century BC, including examples of fibulae, temple models, statues of gods, sarcophagi, tomb interiors and exteriors from sites like Cerveteri and Tarquinia. It also features the Porta Marzia gate from Perugia and the Aule Metele bronze statue from Cortona.
Sgraffito is a ceramic decorating technique where colored slips or underglazes are applied to leather hard pottery and designs are incised through the layers, revealing different colors underneath. Originating in Italy during the Renaissance, it involves scratching designs on pottery after applying colored underglazes. The artist traces a design, applies underglazes, and carves away layers to reveal the pattern, firing the piece twice to set the glazes.
Chapter 15 globalism 20 and 21st centuryKaren Owens
Globalism evolved due to satellite television, the internet, and colonialism. Key figures that shaped globalism included Mohandas Gandhi, who led peaceful protests against colonial oppression in India, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., an American civil rights activist who was assassinated in 1968. Art movements also reflected global cultural changes, with Pop Art appropriating everyday commercial images and Abstract Expressionism exemplified by Jackson Pollock's dripped, splattered paintings.
Satellite television, the internet, and colonialism helped drive the evolution of globalism. Several key figures and events influenced changes in racial equality, gender equality, and other social movements in the latter half of the 20th century, including Martin Luther King Jr., the women's movement, and the gay rights movement. Abstract Expressionism emerged as the dominant art movement in the 1940s-1960s in New York, pioneered by artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, and Franz Kline who experimented with action painting and color field techniques.
This document provides an overview of major artistic movements and developments throughout the 20th century. It begins with early modernist movements like Expressionism, Cubism, and Fauvism that rejected realism and embraced abstraction. It then covers Futurism, Dada, Surrealism, De Stijl, the Bauhaus, and other avant-garde styles that emerged after World War I. The document concludes with a brief discussion of major postwar developments like Abstract Expressionism and highlights influential artists throughout the century.
The document discusses the rise of realism and impressionism in art after 1850, reflecting social and economic realities of the Industrial Era. It covers major artistic movements and artists like Courbet, Millet, Daumier, Manet, Monet, Degas, Van Gogh, Cezanne, and Gauguin who painted scenes of everyday life and embraced new techniques like pointillism. It also discusses advances in architecture, photography, and literature that documented social issues and modernization during this period.
Romanticism emerged in the late 18th century as a reaction against the ideals of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution. It valued emotion, nature, and the individual. Key figures included the English poets William Wordsworth and Lord Byron, the painters J.M.W. Turner and Caspar David Friedrich who depicted nature romantically, and composers such as Beethoven, Berlioz, and Wagner who incorporated programmatic elements into their music. The movement also saw a rise in nationalism across Europe and expressions of political liberty.
The document discusses the major developments and ideas of the Enlightenment period in the 18th century. It began with revolutions in France and America as well as the Industrial Revolution in England. Thinkers began applying reason and science to critically examine traditions and religion. Figures like Voltaire and philosophers known as "Philosophes" promoted ideas of freedom of religion, free trade, and separation of church and state. Scientists like Newton and discoveries in astronomy shifted to a heliocentric model of the solar system. These changes challenged traditional authorities and had widespread impacts on politics, society, and culture.
The document provides an overview of the Baroque period from 1650-1750. It describes the Baroque style as extravagant, emotional, and theatrical. The Baroque period is divided into the Italian, Northern, and Aristocratic styles. Key artistic developments included the Counter-Reformation in the Catholic church, the development of opera and oratorio genres in music, and influential artists like Bernini, Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Velázquez.
Chapter 9 euroean outreach and expansionKaren Owens
This document summarizes European expansion and exploration as well as pre-Columbian civilizations in Africa and the Americas. It discusses notable explorers like Marco Polo, Christopher Columbus, and their voyages of discovery. It also provides an overview of some of the major indigenous cultures that existed prior to European contact, including the Olmecs, Maya, Inca, and Aztec empires as well as African kingdoms like Mali. The artistic and architectural achievements of these societies are highlighted.
This document provides an overview of key figures and developments in the Northern Renaissance. It discusses influential humanists like Erasmus who produced critical editions of the New Testament and criticized the Catholic Church. The Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther is also covered. Important Northern Renaissance artists discussed include Jan van Eyck, known for pioneering oil painting techniques, Hieronymus Bosch whose works addressed human folly, and Albrecht Durer, a renowned printmaker. William Shakespeare, Miguel de Cervantes, and developments in Northern art and theater are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of key figures and developments in Northern Renaissance art and literature between the 15th and 17th centuries. It discusses influential humanists like Erasmus and Sir Thomas More. The Protestant Reformation led by Martin Luther is examined. Significant artists of the time such as Holbein, Bosch, Bruegel, Cranach, and Durer are described along with their major works. Developments in literature during this period include the works of Shakespeare and Cervantes.
This document provides information on numerous artists and artworks from the late 14th to early 16th centuries in Europe. It discusses Italian Renaissance painters like Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian. It also mentions architects like Brunelleschi and Donatello. Key artworks highlighted include da Vinci's Mona Lisa and Last Supper, Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling and David, and Raphael's School of Athens. The document additionally references writers such as Boccaccio and developments in music during this period.
Gothic art developed in Northern Europe between the 12th-15th centuries and was typically rooted in religious devotion. It is known for the arched design of churches, stained glass windows, and illuminated manuscripts. During this period, people moved from rural areas into towns and cities.
The document provides information on Germanic and early medieval literature and culture. It discusses how the Germanic tribes differed from Rome in being nomadic peoples where fighting was a way of life. It then summarizes some of the key literary works that emerged from the Anglo-Saxons, Burgundian tribes, Franks, and others. It also outlines the rise of feudalism and knighthood after Charlemagne's empire declined and the role of monasteries in preserving knowledge through illuminated manuscripts.
Chapter 4 5 world religions, germanic tribesKaren Owens
This document provides information on several world religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. It discusses their origins, key figures, beliefs, and practices. For Judaism, it highlights Abraham, the Ten Commandments, and symbols like the menorah and Star of David. For Christianity, it mentions Jesus, the Bible, and founder Paul. For Islam, it outlines the teachings of Muhammad, the Quran, and Five Pillars. Buddhism is summarized as following the teachings of Buddha toward nirvana. Hinduism's concepts of reincarnation, gods like Shiva and Vishnu, and sacred texts are briefly outlined.
1) The document provides an overview of ancient Greek and Roman history from 3000 BCE to 500 CE. It covers major civilizations like Minoans, Mycenaeans, and describes Greek art, architecture, philosophy and the rise and fall of the Roman Empire.
2) Key aspects highlighted include the rise of Athenian democracy and Greek drama/theatre, the influence of philosophers like Socrates and Plato, and famous artworks from periods like Archaic, Classical and Hellenistic.
3) Roman contributions discussed include engineering feats, the rise of the Roman Republic and Empire under figures like Julius Caesar and Augustus, as well as architectural styles like Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders
This document provides an overview of prehistoric and early civilizations from around the world. It describes Paleolithic and Neolithic cultures and some of the earliest examples of art, architecture, writing systems, legal codes, and religious beliefs. Key developments discussed include cave paintings from Lascaux, France dated 15,000-10,000 BCE; the earliest clay vessels from Japan dated 14,000 BCE; early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and sub-Saharan Africa; and the epics of Gilgamesh from Mesopotamia and the Egyptian Book of the Dead.
John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost from 1667 tells the biblical story of the fall of Adam and Eve from grace in Eden and explores the problem of evil in a world created by an all-powerful and benevolent God from a Protestant perspective. The document also mentions the collection of poems and meditations "No Man is an Island" by John Donne from 1623-1624.
Chapter 9 euroean outreach and expansionKaren Owens
- Marco Polo traveled to China in the late 13th century and his account of his travels, published as a book, became very popular in Europe.
- Christopher Columbus sailed for Spain in 1492 and his discovery of the Americas led to major European colonization of the region.
- Native peoples across North and South America developed rich cultural traditions including architecture, art, religion, and oral histories despite lacking written languages. Many advanced civilizations arose, such as the Olmecs, Maya, Aztec, and Inca empires.
- Beginning in the 15th and 16th centuries, European powers like Spain conquered and colonized the Americas, destroying many indigenous cultures and disrupting long established societies
Greek and romans chapter 7 earlychinesejapaneseart 101012153900-phpapp01Karen Owens
This document provides a summary of Chinese history and culture from ancient dynasties through the Ming Dynasty. It discusses early dynasties like the Shang and Zhou that established bureaucracy and bronze working. Confucian classics were developed during this period that emphasized balance and conduct. The Qin Dynasty unified China and began projects like the Great Wall. Subsequent dynasties like the Han spread Chinese influence through technology, art, and religion while the Tang and Song eras saw advancements in landscape painting, calligraphy, and porcelain. Buddhism also grew influential and spread to Japan where Zen Buddhism became popular.
A375 Example Taste the taste of the Lord, the taste of the Lord The taste of...franktsao4
It seems that current missionary work requires spending a lot of money, preparing a lot of materials, and traveling to far away places, so that it feels like missionary work. But what was the result they brought back? It's just a lot of photos of activities, fun eating, drinking and some playing games. And then we have to do the same thing next year, never ending. The church once mentioned that a certain missionary would go to the field where she used to work before the end of his life. It seemed that if she had not gone, no one would be willing to go. The reason why these missionary work is so difficult is that no one obeys God’s words, and the Bible is not the main content during missionary work, because in the eyes of those who do not obey God’s words, the Bible is just words and cannot be connected with life, so Reading out God's words is boring because it doesn't have any life experience, so it cannot be connected with human life. I will give a few examples in the hope that this situation can be changed. A375
The Book of Samuel is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets.
Trusting God's Providence | Verse: Romans 8: 28-31JL de Belen
Trusting God's Providence.
Providence - God’s active preservation and care over His creation. God is both the Creator and the Sustainer of all things Heb. 1:2-3; Col. 1:17
-God keep His promises.
-God’s general providence is toward all creation
- All things were made through Him
God’s special providence is toward His children.
We may suffer now, but joy can and will come
God can see what we cannot see
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)heartfulness
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
The forces involved in this witchcraft spell will re-establish the loving bond between you and help to build a strong, loving relationship from which to start anew. Despite any previous hardships or problems, the spell work will re-establish the strong bonds of friendship and love upon which the marriage and relationship originated. Have faith, these stop divorce and stop separation spells are extremely powerful and will reconnect you and your partner in a strong and harmonious relationship.
My ritual will not only stop separation and divorce, but rebuild a strong bond between you and your partner that is based on truth, honesty, and unconditional love. For an even stronger effect, you may want to consider using the Eternal Love Bond spell to ensure your relationship and love will last through all tests of time. If you have not yet determined if your partner is considering separation or divorce, but are aware of rifts in the relationship, try the Love Spells to remove problems in a relationship or marriage. Keep in mind that all my love spells are 100% customized and that you'll only need 1 spell to address all problems/wishes.
Save your marriage from divorce & make your relationship stronger using anti divorce spells to make him or her fall back in love with you. End your marriage if you are no longer in love with your husband or wife. Permanently end your marriage using divorce spells that work fast. Protect your marriage from divorce using love spells to boost commitment, love & bind your hearts together for a stronger marriage that will last. Get your ex lover who has remarried using divorce spells to break up a couple & make your ex lost lover come back to you permanently.
Visit https://www.profbalaj.com/love-spells-loves-spells-that-work/
Call/WhatsApp +27836633417 for more info.
The Hope of Salvation - Jude 1:24-25 - MessageCole Hartman
Jude gives us hope at the end of a dark letter. In a dark world like today, we need the light of Christ to shine brighter and brighter. Jude shows us where to fix our focus so we can be filled with God's goodness and glory. Join us to explore this incredible passage.
Sanatan Vastu | Experience Great Living | Vastu ExpertSanatan Vastu
Santan Vastu Provides Vedic astrology courses & Vastu remedies, If you are searching Vastu for home, Vastu for kitchen, Vastu for house, Vastu for Office & Factory. Best Vastu in Bahadurgarh. Best Vastu in Delhi NCR
Protector & Destroyer: Agni Dev (The Hindu God of Fire)Exotic India
So let us turn the pages of ancient Indian literature and get to know more about Agni, the mighty purifier of all things, worshipped in Indian culture as a God since the Vedic time.
The Book of Ruth is included in the third division, or the Writings, of the Hebrew Bible. In most Christian canons it is treated as one of the historical books and placed between Judges and 1 Samuel.
A Free eBook ~ Valuable LIFE Lessons to Learn ( 5 Sets of Presentations)...OH TEIK BIN
A free eBook comprising 5 sets of PowerPoint presentations of meaningful stories /Inspirational pieces that teach important Dhamma/Life lessons. For reflection and practice to develop the mind to grow in love, compassion and wisdom. The texts are in English and Chinese.
My other free eBooks can be obtained from the following Links:
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/presentations
https://www.slideshare.net/ohteikbin/documents
The Enchantment and Shadows_ Unveiling the Mysteries of Magic and Black Magic...Phoenix O
This manual will guide you through basic skills and tasks to help you get started with various aspects of Magic. Each section is designed to be easy to follow, with step-by-step instructions.
2. THE ETRUSCANS (800 AND 400
B.C.E.)
“ The Etruscans, as
everyone knows, were
the people who occupied
the middle of Italy in
early Roman days, and
whom the Romans, in
their usual neighborly
fashion, wiped out
entirely.”
DH Lawrence
3. Etruscans (800 and 400
3
B.C.E.)
Asia Minor (Turkey)
and then settled in
Etruria.
They were the first
civilized people to
settle in Italy.
4. Economics:
farmers and metal
workers (bronze, iron
and precious metals),
sailors and merchants
iron ore deposits
"The Orator" - A second century BCE life-
size representation of Aulus Metellus,
magistrate and Master of the Etruscan
5. Women equal to Men
Social: liberated
women
Legal status
Literacy
Owned property
6. Etruscan society
Consisted of wealthy overlords who made slaves
of conquered people
Aristocratic priests who sacrificed prisoners of
war
7. TRADE
Boats - Sea Trade
Treaty with Carthage is only surviving treaty, but likely
one of many.
Storage
8. ETRUSCAN LIFE
Religion
Polytheistic beliefs
and ritualistic
practices
Belief in
predestination
“divine will.”
9. ETR U S CAN LI F E
written language
(non Indo-
european)
funerary inscriptions
in tombs or
identification of
ownership.
10. Lemnos Stele
The inscription on the Lemnos Stele, 600 BCE
language similar to Etruscan
The Etruscans adopted the Greek alphabet.
11. U R BAN I ZAT I O N
Engineering, underground water pipes,
pressure boxes, floor heating
introduced the construction of arch to Italy
The Etruscans built Rome's first drainage
12. Water Control,
created clean water
hydraulics
controlled floods
and helped
agriculture prosper
Statuette of a Ploughman from Arezzo, 4th B.C
13. U R BAN I ZAT I O N
Use of Local Geology-
Etruscans utilized the tufa
layer of volcanic rock for both
drainage and construction.
Etrusco-latin cuniculus on the outskirts of
14. Etruscan Art
14
A large
proportion
of Etruscan
art did not
survive
Roman
destruction
of Etruscan
Art
15. ETR U S CAN ART
First true masters
of bronze works
Praised by Greek
and Roman writers,
techniques
adopted.
http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0023712.html
16. ETR U S CAN ART
Bronzes
The Chimera of Arezzo
Capitoline She-wolf
5th century B.C.E. Bronze. Roma,
Musei Capitolini Head of young Man
Cervereri, 3rd Cent BCE
17. ETR U S CAN ART
Sculpture
Sarcophagus
adornment
Terracotta sculptures
of gods decorated
temple roofs
Archaic Smile
Etruscan Terra Cotta Sarcophagus
520 BCE, Italian peninsula
18. Apulu (Apollo), ca. 510–500
B.C. Painted terracotta ,
Etruscan Characteristics?
Expressive face
Gesticulating
Energetic
Swelling Contours
Placed on the peaks of the roof
of a temple.
19. Apulu (Apollo)
Ca 510-500 BCE
Painted
terracotta
5’11” high
Kroisis, 530 BCE Greek
How is it similar or different from Greek statuary?
20. antefix from the
temple of Juno
Sospita,
Lanuvium (6th -
5th Century BCE)
24. ETR U S CAN ART
Frescoes, Decorated walls
of tombs.
Most of the knowledge of
the Etruscans have been
found in their burial
Fishing Scene, chambers.
Tomb of Hunting
& Fishing,
Tarquinia
fresco from Tarquinia, Italy. This
fresco was found on the wall of a
tomb and dates from c. 465 BC.
25. Frescoes
enjoyed sports,
religious
ceremonies,
music and
feasts.
28. ETR U S CAN ART
Pottery
Geometric c.1000 to
700 B.C.E.
Orientalization Phase
ca. 700 B.C.E.
Black and Red Figure
Ca. 630-540 B.C.E
Bucchero
7th and early 5th
century B.C.E.
29. 29
pottery
Etruscan - Corinthian Amphora, Decorated
With Friezes of Animals by the so-called
Painter of the Bearded Sphynx, 7th B.C.
Amphora, 600 B.C.
44. *Archaic
Temple Model
6th Cent BCE
as described by
Vitruvius
How similar to or Materials
different from Greek Wood, brick,
Temple? terra cotta
Single staircase 3 cellas
Frontal, not
Statues on roof
sculptural
High podium
Tuscan columns
45. Etruscan Architecture
Walls with protective gates and towers surrounded
the cities
Arcuated Gateway: Anticipates the Roman use of
the round arch
52. Tomb of the
Reliefs,
Cerveteri, Italy
3rd Cent BCE
Several
generations
of a single
family
furniture,
clothing,
pottery,
tools, and
jewelry
53.
54. THE AFTERLIFE
Funerary Games
The Tomb of
the Jugglers
Tomba Dei
Giocolieri
end of the 5th or beginning of the 6th
55. THE AFTERLIFE
Funerary Games
•two wrestlers
are depicted,
possibly part of
the funerary
games.
The Tomb of The Augurs
Tomba Dei Augures
Period: 530 - 480 BCE
56. THE AFTERLIFE
Funerary games
a masked figure
a nail on the dog's
collar bites into its
neck
enraging the
animal – attacks
57.
58. Sarcophagus with
reclining couple 520
BCE painted terra cotta
A man and woman
sharing a reclining
couch
Animated upper
bodies
Gestural
Show the equality of
women even in
death
60. 60
Sarcophagus of a Couple, 6th B.C.
The Girl from Monte Abatone, 6th B.C.
(Detail)
61. 61
Banqueter and Vanth, Limestone Cinerary
Urn, 400 B.C.
62. 62
Mother and Child from Chianciano,
Limestone Cinerary Urn, 400 B.C.
63. 63
Etruscan, early 4th century BCE, Reclining Youth, Cinerary Urn, bronze,
length of base 69 cm, height of figure 42 cm, State Hermitage Museum,
St. Petersburg, Russia. See cinerary urn.
64. 64
Sarcophagus of Larthia Seianti from
Chiuisi, 2nd B.C
.
65. Death Leaning into the Face of
an Old Man, 2nd B.C.
65
Votive
Statuette of
Dionysos
Enthroned,
2nd B.C. Votive Figures of Swaddled Babies with
Bullae, 4th-1st B.C.
66. Etruscan, Lion's Head, first
half of the 5th century
BCE, bronze, height 26
cm, State Hermitage
Museum, St. Petersburg,
Russia.
CLASSICAL ETRUSCAN
Mythical Animals
67. The Kings twin grandsons
Romulus and Remus were
placed next to the River
Tiber and left to die.
a she-wolf found them and
took care of them
Romulus and Remus, added in the 15th
century, probably by Antonio Pollaiuolo. She-Wolf, 5th B.C
68. Chimera of Arezzo, 325 BCE, 2’ 7 1/2 “
bronze,
Greek
monster
Lions head
and body,
serpents tail,
goats head
Wounded by
Greek hero
Bellerophon
69.
70. 70
Mars of Todi, 4th B.C.
Statuette of a Striding Hoplite, 450 B.C.
.
71. (ARRINGATORE,
ORATOR) BRONZE 5’7”
HIGH
1ST CENT BCE (DURING
ROMAN DOMINATION)
Etruscan art became Roman
art
Resembles Roman
portraits, toga and boots
of a Roman magistrate
72. The Founding of Rome and the
Monarchy
The Etruscans went on to lay the
foundation of the city of Rome
The Romans adopted almost all of
their superior warfare techniques
including weapons and armor designs
from the Etruscans, using the same
techniques to conquer them in the
fourth century B.C.E.
Bust of Brutus, 300
B.C.
73. The End.
73
Head of a Man from the Votive Deposit of Manganello,
Cerveteri, 100 B.C.
74.
75. 75
Sarcophagus of the Married Couple from The
Bandataccia Necropolis, Cerveteri, 6th B.C. (Detail)
86. 86
Statue of a Boy on a Hippocamp from
Vulci, Nenfro, 520 B.C.
.
87. 87
Sarcophagus of Larthia Seianti from
Chiuisi, 2nd B.C
88. Rome
88
The Etruscans went on to lay the foundation
of the city of Rome
89. 89
She-Wolf, 5th B.C.
Romulus and Remus, added in the 15th century, probably by
Antonio Pollaiuolo.
90. Etruscans responsible for the civilization and foundation
of the city of Rome and many other Mediterranean cities.
Contributed engineering, technology, and pottery
techniques to entire Mediterranean.
Learn about them through the impact they had on other
societies.
“Nearly the whole of Italy was once under Etruscan Rule.” - Cato 2nd Century BCE
91. 91
Etruscan, Lion's Head, first half of the 5th
century BCE, bronze, height 26 cm, State
Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg,
Russia.
92. From their beginnings in the area that is now
Tuscany, these Etruscans had deep rooted
influences which survive to this day. Although
the Etruscan language is by no means totally
decoded, we now know enough to see that
many words of Etruscan origin found
themselves into Latin and from there into
English. For an unknown language, many
Etruscan words look very familiar.
94. Capitoline Wolf Rome Italy 500-480 BCE
(Remus and Romulus added during the Renaissance by Pollaiuolo) 2’
71/2” high, hollow cast bronze
Famous symbol
of Rome
Boys were sons
of Mars and
mortal woman
Abandoned
Later founded
the city of
Rome in 753
Vitality-
ferocious wolf
contrast with
motherhood
95. predestination
95
Although a postponement is sometimes
possible by means of prayer and sacrifice,
the end is certain.
96. Etruscan religion
96
the destiny of man was completely determined
by the unpredictability of the many deities
97. AR C HITE CTU RE
“ Etruscan architecture looked quite different
from the familiar stone temples and
gleaming marble statuary of Greek
architecture.
Editor's Notes
No one knows for certain where the Etruscans had originally come from. They may have migrated from Asia Minor (now called Turkey) before settling in Etruria. - Historians have not deciphered much Etruscan writing (namely gods and goddesses) and cannot read first-hand accounts of Etruscan history. - The Etruscans did not speak an Indo-European language as did most migrant peoples from Asia Minor. - The mud, bricks, and wood from their buildings have all disappeared and though archaeologists have unearthed foundations of some Etruscan cities, there is very little revealed about Etruscan culture. - Most of the knowledge of the Etruscans have been found in their burial chambers though not much is revealed. - The many Etruscan tomb paintings reveal that they enjoyed sports, religious ceremonies, music and feasts. - Decorative objects have been found in tombs such as furniture, clothing, pottery, tools, and jewelry all revealing that they were just as had been spoken about them, "wealthy Mediterranean traders." - Scholars have determned that their society consisted of wealthy overlords who made slaves of conquered peoples, aristocratic priests who sacrificed prisoners of war forced them to duel to the death to appease angry gods. - The Etruscans were the first civilized people to settle in Italy and they greatly influenced the Romans. - The Etruscans were flourishing from around 800 BC to 400 BC. - In the 6th cent. BC. they occupied and ruled Rome for 100 years. - Extensive iron ore deposits near them in north central Italy made them very rich from trade. - The Etruscans adopted the Greek alphabet. - They had skilled workers in bronze, iron and precious metals. - At the height of their power they were ruling from the River Po to Naples. - It was the Etruscans that wore a robe, later known to the Romans as the "toga." - The Etruscans built Rome's first drainage system. - Etruscan soldiers carried an official symbol called the "fasces" which was an axe with its handle surrounded by sticks and tied with rope. - The Etruscan and Roman civilizations were put together from bits and pieces from Asia Minor, Greece, Phoenicia, Israel, Egypt, and Persia. - The Romans adopted almost all of their superior warfare techniques including weapons and armor designs from the Etruscans, using the same techniques to conquer them in the fourth century BC. - Etruscan women were considered equal to men - Roman elegance was adopted from the Etruscans, lavish banquets reclining on couches, watching dancers and other entertainers while being served courses of fine food and drink by slaves. - Senior officials of the Roman Republic derived their insignia from the Etruscans: curule chair, purple-bordered toga (toga praetexta), and bundle of rods (fasces).
On the Tiber river is the village of Latins, which later became Rome No one knows for certain where the Etruscans had originally come from. They may have migrated from Asia Minor (now called Turkey) before settling in Etruria.The Etruscans were the first civilized people to settle in Italy and they greatly influenced the Romans. These people rose to prosperity and power, then disappeared Greeks (ca. 3000–332 B.C.E.)Etruscan art (950 and 300 B.C.E.) Glory of Rome (ca.500 B.C.E.-500 C.E.)Before the days of ancient Rome’s greatness, Italy was the home of a nation called Etruria, whose people we call the Etruscans. Its civilization prospered between 950 and 300 BCE. in northwestern Italy — in a region between the Arno River (which runs through Pisa and Florence) and the Tiber (which runs through Rome). These people rose to prosperity and power, then disappeared, leaving behind many unanswered questions concerning their origin and their culture. Because little Etruscan literature remains and the language of inscriptions on their monuments has been only partially deciphered, scholars have gained most of their knowledge of the Etruscans from studying the remains of their buildings, monuments, vast tombs, and the objects they left behind, notably bronze and terra cotta sculptures and polychrome ceramics.from Lydia in Asia Minor and built up a culture 2,700 years ago. At that time Greeks were writing down the Iliad and the Odyssey. (Syrians had recently hatched a phonetic alphabet--an infinitely fruitful idea that sprang up only once on earth, to one people, and spread.) The Etruscans settled Tuscany and part of Umbria. They put the unrelated Italian peninsula natives to work collecting and refining iron ore.
The height of Etruscan power and money came around 550 B.C, Geographic: Tuscany; near FlorenceArt:Periods: Orientalizing and Archaic, Assimilated from Greece and near East, Models for early Roman Art, Political: a region, not a stateMysterious civilization, most knowledge of Etruscans stems from funerary pieces or accounts by contemporary ancient civilizationsDisputed origins: either from West Asia, Mediterranean and surrounding civilizations or were people indigenous to Ancient ItalySettled Tuscany and Umbria ca.900 and 800 B.C.E.
Scholars have determined that their society consisted of wealthy overlords who made slaves of conquered peoples, aristocratic priests who sacrificed prisoners of war forced them to duel to the death to appease angry gods. held the keys to power rich families of noble descent together with rich merchants and land owners.The Etruscan aristocracy held the keys to power in the Etruscan cities, and was largely made up of rich families of noble descent together with rich merchants and land owners with aspirations to enter the elite social order. Each of the cities in the Etruscan league of twelve, together with the Po Valley cities to the North of Italy were independent states. It may have been the fact that the ruling classes in each city were unwilling to join forces with other city states, that ultimately left the Etruscans vulnerable to attack from the Celts, and later the Romans, leading to the downfall of the civilisation. -
Language - Etruscans had a written language. Most examples we find now are funerary inscriptions in tombs or identification of ownership on common place items (mirrors, urns)music and plays were written in form.Partially decipherable, many different dialects and interpretations.
in 1885 a stone stele was discovered near the village of Kaminia on the Greek island of Lemnos. The inscription on the Lemnos Stele was dated at 600BCE and was written in a language similar to Etruscan. It was found in a warrior's tomb with weapons and pottery which are very similar to early Etruscan. The necropolis of the city contained 130 cremated burials. In the women's burials an early form of Etruscan Bucchero pottery was found. Bucchero clay was used by the people of Asia Minor and by the Etruscans. In the male sites daggers and axes of the Cretan and Etruscan models were found. The evidence, then, is for a small community which had strong cultural ties with the Etruscans and, to a lesser extent, the inhabitants of Asia Minor.Roman authors confirmed an eastern origin for the Etruscans. Virgil referred to the town of '. . . Cerveteri, built on an ancient rock where once the Lydians, a race distinguished in war, settled the hills of Tuscany.' And Seneca (who died in AD 65) stated that '. . . Asia claims the Etruscans as her own.' Tacitus (first to second centuries AD) accepted the story as told by Herodotus. Other tales also locate the Etruscans in Asia Minor, linking them with the Pelasgians; and refer to Tyrsenians or Tyrrhenians on the islands of Lemnos, Imbros and Lesbos, just off the Asian coast in the northern Aegean, and on Delos, the holy island in the centre of the Cyclades. The Etruscans referred to themselves as Rasenna, but to the Romans and Greeks they were Etrusci, Tusci, Tyrrheni, or Tyrseni. To the modern Italians they are still Etrusci and the name of the Etruscan Sea is still the Tyrrhenian, after perhaps 3,000 years. Perhaps the strongest evidence put forward by the Eastern providence school is the Lemnian inscription. Excavations on Lemnos turned up a community there which dates to around 600 BCE and which links the Etruscans to that place. There are problems with all theories which suggest that the truth is far more complicated as always.A likely solution is that the Etruscans were autochthonous, but were subjected to cultural influences and immigrants at various stages in their history. The nature of these cultural influences are nowadays understood much better. The result of this was a gradual development of an Etruscan civilisation. The influx at some time of a group from Lydia is not inconsistent with this Neo Autochthonous theory which is gaining more and more acceptanceUnlike Greek and Latin, Etruscan, the third great ancient language of culture in Italy, does not survive in any great literary works. An Etruscan religious literature did exist and evidence suggests that there was a body of historical literature and drama as well. There is also evidence to suggest
Water Control, created clean water, prevention of rivers silting and cloggingExtensive knowledge of hydraulics controlled floods and let agriculture prosper
In all studies of Etruscan art, it should be remembered that a large proportion of Etruscan art did not survive up until the present day. We read of the Roman destruction of Volsinii and the destruction of 2000 Etruscan bronzes which were melted down to produce bronze coins. As a result of this, we have a somewhat skewed perception of Etruscan art, in that most of the art that survives today is funerary art, and we form totally wrong impressions about the Etruscans as a result. From excavations at Murlo, Roselle and other city sites, it is apparent that art was a normal part of Etruscan life. In Murlo, a seventh century Etruscan villa has been unearthed. Reconstructions show large painted terracotta panels adorned the entrances. Necropolis art in the form of polychrome reliefs and frescoes hint that the Etruscans used colour to great advantage even from the earliest times. Although painted tombs are among the most famous, it should be remembered that these represent a minority, and that only the aristocratic families could afford such luxuries as tomb frescoes.
Artists remain unknown
http://www.virtualmuseum.ca/Exhibitions/Valentin/Jpeg/fullcapitolinewolf.jpghttp://www.mysteriousetruscans.com/art/bronze.htmlBrothers Romulus and Remus, being suckled by the wolf, were the legendary founders of Rome. They took part in the first Roman celebration of the Lupercalia, circa 753 B.C.E.Roma, MuseiCapitolini, ArchivioFotograficodeiMuseiCapitolini
The above image shows part of the antefix from the temple of Juno Sospita, Lanuvium (6th - 5th Century BCE). This is part of the terracotta antefix at the temple of Juno Sospita, and depicts a maenad, Many similar examples have been found, in many cases with traces of the original polychrome decoration. The characteristic smile is shared by many statues of the contemporaneous Greek Archaic period. Etruscan Art has been said by some 19th and even 20th Century writers to be somehow inferior
Above Left: From the tomb of the Lionesses, Tarquinia. Above Right: From the tomb of the Triclinium, Tarquinia. Both pictures illustrate the ubiquitous Etruscan joi de vivreThese are very typical of so many Etruscan Frescoes which depicted figures vibrant with life, often dancing or playing musical instruments. They painted birds or animals on many of these intermingled with the human figures, who usually looked strong and healthy and full of the joy of life. The little birds and other figures from nature somehow do not seem out of place or look like mere decorations, but lended a natural harmony to the finished work. The styles of Etruscan Art vary considerably between the individual Etruscan cities, and there was also significant variation on style depending on the period - so much so that we can date Etruscan art works in many cases by comparison with other examples. The interest in Etruscan Art grew during the renaissance, at which time the extant Etruscan art had considerable stylistic influences on the emerging artists of the renaissance, many of whom lived in former Etruscan cities where such art was plentiful. By the nineteenth century, Etruscan art had grown to a passion, and the "excavation" of Etruscan tombs to meet growing demands increased. An example of this is the brother of Napolean, who owned land near Canino, which included the Etruscan necropolis of Vulci. These "resources" he exploited to great effect, destroying many pieces of Etruscan art in the process, and covering in the tombs with soil afterwards. As a result of this and many other examples, we now have thousands of pieces of Etruscan Art whose provenance is unknown, and which are still in private collections , or have been donated to museums in Europe and the Unted States.
Characteristics: enlarged hands, exaggerated gestures, skin color
Characteristically, the ware is black, sometimes gray, and often shiny from polishing. Achieved by firing in an atmosphere charged with carbon monoxide instead of oxygen
JewelryGold, Faience, Glass, Onyx, CarnelianInfluences: Greek, Orient, CelticGreeks in Etruria began the practice of carving semi-precious stonesAmulets, necklaces, mirrors, fibulas
Repousse is a metalworking technique in which a malleablemetal is ornamented or shaped by hammering from the reverse side to create a design in low relief. Etruscan gold work was arguably unrivaled in the Mediterranean during the first millennium BCE. A considerable selection of Gold jewellery was found in the RegoliniGalassi tomb, which was discovered in the 19th Century, surprisingly with little evidence of looting. Looting was all too common in Ancient days, and was even encouraged officially by Alaric the Goth when his armies overran Rome in the early 5th Century CE. The above magnificent gold fibula was taken from the Regolini- Galassi Tomb, Cerveteri (Caere) and dates back to the 7th Century BCE. This to me is one of the finest examples of Etruscan goldsmith's art. This illustration does not do justice in revealing the fine work that went into such a piece. The precise technique of granulation was for a long time a forgotten art, and it was only rediscovered in the 20th Century by E Treskow. (A fibula is a kind of large ornamental safety pin used to fasten a robe)
Arcuate - curved –in the shape of an arc or a bow
Arcuation with stone voussoirs. Jupiter and sons above
The next scene is also probably part of the funerary games, and depicts a masked figure holding a rope in his hand. The rope is attached to the collar of a dog. When the Phersu (masked person) pulls on the rope, a nail on the dog's collar bites into its neck, enraging the animal and causing it to attack a tethered man, possibly a condemned criminal. Up until recently the names of the characters could be read. “
terra cotta sarcophagus lid. figures of a man and woman, presumably his wife reclining on a triclinium or dining couch presumably eating a meal or having a quiet moment after supper.The above sculpture (actually a hollow cinerary urn) comes from the Banditaccia necropolis, Cerveteri, and is known as the Sarcophagus deiSposi. It is currently exhibited in the Villa Giulia museum in Rome. The terra cotta sarcophagus lid with figures of a man and woman, presumably his wife reclining on a triclinium or dining couch presumably eating a meal or having a quiet moment after supper. Both figures are propped up on their left elbow with the man close behind the woman. Both faces share a secret, tender smile. A very similar sarcophagus to this was also found in Cerveteri. They are believed to be by the same artist and date to 520 - 530 BCE.
According to an ancient legend, the powerful Greeks had come to the city of Troy (located near the west coast of modern Turkey) to wage a big war and killed almost everyone. A prince from Troy (Trojan prince) named Aeneas, ran away and escaped to the Mediterranean sea and found a ship and sailed to Italy. He landed at a city called Laurentum on the west coast of Italy. He made a friend with a man there named Latinus who was the king there and the Latins all around the area. They made a treaty together and Aeneas married the kings daughter Lavinia. Aeneas' son Ascanius decided to build a new city and he named it Alba Longa. He was the king there and many kings came after him ruling for about 400 years. Afterward, the last king was attacked and overthrown, and his twin grandsons Romulus and Remus were placed next to the River Tiber and left to die. But something interesting happened, a she-wolf found them and took care of them. When the twins grew up they came back to the wonderful place by the river where they had almost died and they decided to build a new city right there on the spot so that others who were homeless like they had been might have a place to live. They argued with each other over where the exact spot had been and so in the evening they decided to hold a sacred ceremony where they would watch for an omen (a sign from the gods) and let the gods decide. Early in the morning when the sun was coming up Remus looked up in the sky and saw 6 vultures flying by. But something interesting happened. While the sun was coming up he noticed that there were now 12 vultures. He told his brother all about it but they had a bad argument over what it may have meant and Romulus went into a rage and killed his brother Remus. He then went to the spot that he had chosen and started building the city. Once he had built the city he named it "Rome" after himself and became its first ruler. The historian Livy wrote: "Remus, by way of Jeering his brother, jumped over the half-built walls of the new settlement, whereupon Romulus killed him in a fit of rage, adding the threat, "So perish whoever shall leap over my battlements."
Vitality menacing and ferocious
The Etruscans went on to lay the foundation of the city of Rome, to clear the shepherds huts which once littered the Palatine Hill, to drain the swamps and transform what had been a collection of tribal sheep herders into a true city which would eventually dominate large tracts of Europe, Asia and North Africa alike. From the Etruscans came writing, and Roman history was born in the true sense.
The Etruscans went on to lay the foundation of the city of Rome, to clear the shepherds huts which once littered the Palatine Hill, to drain the swamps and transform what had been a collection of tribal sheep herders into a true city which would eventually dominate large tracts of Europe, Asia and North Africa alike. From the Etruscans came writing, and Roman history was born in the true sense.
Among theories about the Etruscans' origins are the possibilities that they migrated from Greece, or from somewhere beyond Greece. Perhaps they traveled down from the Alps. Or, as their pre-Indo-European language might suggest, they may have been a people indiginous to today's Tuscany who suddenly acquired the tools for rapid development. The uncertainty is held unresolved.Theirs was an area of good farmland, forests and mineral resources, all of which the Etruscans exploited skillfully. In time, they became traders, their mariners often doubling up as pirates. And as wealth grew, a social pecking order followed, with a powerful aristocracy living in stone palaces and their serfs occupying wooden huts.Theirs was not, however, a centralized society dominated by a single leader or a single imperial city. Rather, towns and hill-top villages (many of which survive to this day, albeit with few traces of their Etruscan origins) appear to have enjoyed considerable autonomy. But they spoke the same language, which also existed in a written form. Further, their religious rituals, military practices and social customs were largely similar. For their Greek contemporaries and Roman successors, the Etruscans were clearly a different ethnic group.Cremation and the burial of ashes in clay urns was a common practice in this area before the advent of the Etruscan era. Among the objects we have that tell us much about the Etruscans are their cinerary urns.
The Etruscans believed in predestination. Although a postponement is sometimes possible by means of prayer and sacrifice, the end is certain. According to the libri fatales as described by Censorinus, Man had allocated to him a cycle of seven times twelve years. Anyone who lived beyond these years, lost the ability to understand the signs of the Gods. Their Religious legacy had profound influences on at least the rituals and dress of the ChurchThe Etruscans also believed the existence of their people was also limited by a timescale fixed by the gods. According to the doctrine, ten saecula were allotted to the Etruscan name. This proved very accurate, and it is often said that the Etruscan people predicted their own downfall.
The basis of Etruscan religion was the fundamental idea that the destiny of man was completely determined by the vagaries of the many deities worshipped by the Etruscans. Every natural phenomenon, such as lightning, the structure of the internal organs of sacrificial animals, or the flight patterns of birds, was therefore an expression of the divine will, and contained a message which could be interpreted by trained priests such as Augurs. Emerging from this basic concept the Rasenna scrupulously followed a complex code of rituals known by the Romans as the "disciplinaetrusca". Even up to the fall of the Roman Empire, the Etruscans were regarded by their contemporaries with great respect for their religion and superstitions. It may have been the fact that Etruscan religious beliefs and practices were so deep-rooted among the Romans that led to the complete destruction of all Etruscan literature as a result of the advent of Christianity. Arnobius, one of the first Christian apologists, living around 300CE, wrote ,"Etruria is the originator and mother of all superstition" .When the Gothic army under Alaric was approaching Rome, the offer made to Pope Innocent I by Etruscan Haruspices was seriously considered by the senate, but finally rejected. The obvious Eastern Greek influence in Etruscan religion and art from the emergence of the civilisation in the 8th Century BCE, can be interpreted either as evidence of the Etruscan origins in Lydia, or as the influence of subsequent Greek settlement in the prosperous region of Etruria. However it is interpreted, the Etruscan religion was fundamentally unique to the region. The Etruscan Religion was, like Christianity and Judaism, a revealed religion. An account of the revelation is given by Cicero(On Divination 2.50) . One day, says the legend, in a field near the river Marta in Etruria, a strange event occurred. A divine being rose up from the newly ploughed furrow, a being with the appearance of a child, but with the wisdom of an old man. The startled cry of the ploughman brought lucomones, the priest kings of Etruria hurrying up to the spot. To them, the wise child chanted the sacred doctrine, which they reverently listened to and wrote down, so that this most precious possession could be passed on to their successors. Immediately after the revelation, the miraculous being fell dead and disappeared into the ploughed field. His name was Tages, and he was believed to be the son of Genius and grandson of the highest God, Tinia (or Jupiter as he became known to the Romans). This doctrine was known to the Romans as the disciplinaetrusca, From the writings of the Etruscan haruspexTarquitius around 90 BCE, we also get a glimpse of the prophesy of the nymph Vegoia (Latinised form of the name). This is bound up in the Gramaticiveteres, in a corpus of Roman land surveys, We have a passage in which a divinity, the nymph Vergoia, speaks to ArrunsVelturnnus: "You should know that the sea is separated from the earth. When Jupiter claimed the land of Etruria for himself, he decided and commanded the fields to be surveyed and the lands marked out. Knowing the covetousness of man and his worldly greed, he wanted the boundaries of everything to be marked by boundary stones. Those which at any time anyone has placed because of the greed of this eighth - almost the latest - saeculum, arrogating to themselves licence, men with wrongful deceit will violate, touch and move. But if anyone touches or moves a boundary stone, extending his own possessions or diminishing those of someone else, for this crime he will be condemned by the gods. If slaves shall do this, they shall be moved to a lower status by their owner. But if this is done with the knowledge of the master, the household will be immediately uprooted, and the whole of his family will perish. The people responsible will be afflicted by the worst diseases and wounds and their limbs will be weakened. Then even the land will be shaken by storms or whirlwinds and many landslips. The crops will be frequently laid low and cut down by rain and hail, they will perish in the heat of the summer, they will be killed off by blight. There will be civil strife amongst the people. Know that these things happen, when such crimes are committed. Therefore do not be either a deceitful or treacherous. Place restraint in your heart. ..." .
Constrained by a lack of fine stone, Etruscans built their temples of wood, with terracotta roofs and ornaments. Today the wooden superstructures have almost entirely disintegrated. Only the stone foundations and the terracotta roofs and decorations remain. Fortunately, the size and types of terracottas can often tell us what the whole building looked like, and something of its history.”