Tumor Immunology Tumors of the immune system Immunotechnology Cancer

1. Tumors of the immune
system
Kandati Kusuma

2. Tumors
• A tumor is an abnormal growth of cells, which serves no purpose in the body.
• A tumor develops when cells divide too quickly and without control.
• Tumors can vary in size, from a tiny swelling to a large lump.
• Tumors can appear almost anywhere in the body.

3. Tumors of the immune
system
• Immune system tumors are a type of cancer that begins in the cells of the immune system.
• They can range from benign (noncancerous) to malignant (cancerous).
• Common types of immune system tumors include myeloma, lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and non-
Hodgkin's lymphoma.
• Symptoms vary depending on the type and location of the tumor.
• Lymphomas are cancers that develop in the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system.
• The lymphatic system is made up of lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and other organs and tissues that
produce and transport white blood cells called lymphocytes, which help to fight infection and disease.
• Lymphomas are broadly classified into two main categories: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin
lymphoma.
• Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large abnormal cells
that can be seen under a microscope.
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a more diverse group of lymphomas that includes a variety of subtypes, each with
its own unique features and clinical characteristics.

4. • The causes of lymphomas are not completely understood, but risk factors may include
genetic predisposition, exposure to certain viruses or chemicals, and immune system dysfunction.
• Symptoms of lymphoma can include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, fever,
and night sweats.
• Treatment options for lymphoma may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy,
immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation, depending on the subtype and
stage of the disease.

5. • Myeloma, also known as multiple myeloma, is a type of cancer that affects the plasma cells, which
are a type of white blood cell that produce antibodies to help the immune system fight infection.
• Myeloma is considered a cancer of the immune system because it originates in the plasma cells,
which are part of the immune system.
• In myeloma, the plasma cells grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors in
the bone marrow and other parts of the body.
• These tumors can cause a variety of symptoms, including bone pain, fatigue, recurrent infections,
anemia, and kidney problems.
• The exact cause of myeloma is not known, but factors that may increase the risk of developing the
disease include advanced age, exposure to radiation or certain chemicals, and a family history of
myeloma.
• Treatment options for myeloma may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy,
targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation.
• The choice of treatment depends on the stage and extent of the disease, as well as the overall health
and preferences of the patient.
• With appropriate treatment, many people with myeloma are able to achieve remission and maintain
a good quality of life for many years.
Myeloma

7. Lymphoma
• Lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is a part of the immune system
that helps to fight off infections and diseases.
• There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are two types of cancers that affect the lymphatic
system. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels, nodes, and organs, such as the spleen and thymus,
that helps fight infections and diseases.
• Hodgkin lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which are large abnormal
cells that can be seen under a microscope.
• Hodgkin lymphoma usually starts in the lymph nodes and can spread to other parts of the body.
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a more diverse group of lymphomas that includes a variety of subtypes, each
with its own unique features and clinical characteristics.
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can develop in the lymph nodes or other organs, such as the spleen, liver, or
bone marrow.

9. • The exact cause of lymphoma is not known, but risk factors may include genetic predisposition,
exposure to certain viruses or chemicals, and immune system dysfunction.
• Symptoms of lymphoma can include swollen lymph nodes, fatigue, unexplained weight loss, fever,
and night sweats.
• Treatment options for lymphoma may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy,
immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and stem cell transplantation, depending on the subtype and
stage of the disease.
• The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the type and stage of lymphoma, the patient's
overall health, and their preferences.
• With appropriate treatment, many people with lymphoma are able to achieve remission and
maintain a good quality of life for many years.

10. Hodgkin's lymphoma
• Hodgkin's lymphoma is cancer that originates from a specific type of white blood cell called the
Reed-Sternberg cell.
• This cancer is characterized by the presence of these abnormal cells in the lymph nodes.
• Hodgkin's lymphoma can start in any lymph node in the body and then spread to nearby lymph
nodes.
• The disease usually progresses in a predictable manner from one group of lymph nodes to another.

11. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
• Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, on the other hand, refers to a group of cancers that originate from different
types of white blood cells, including B-cells, T-cells, and natural killer cells.
• Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can develop in any part of the body where lymph tissue is found, including the
lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow, and thymus gland.
• It tends to spread more widely and unpredictably than Hodgkin's lymphoma.
• Both Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can cause similar symptoms, such as enlarged
lymph nodes, fever, fatigue, and weight loss.
• However, the treatment and prognosis for these two types of lymphoma can be different.
• Treatment for both types may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, and targeted
therapy.
• The choice of treatment depends on several factors, including the type and stage of cancer, the age and
health of the patient, and other individual characteristics.