Leukemia and lymphoma are cancers that affect the blood and bone marrow. Leukemia begins in the bone marrow and results in high numbers of abnormal white blood cells. There are two main types of leukemia - acute and chronic. Lymphoma is a cancer of the lymphatic system that most often spreads to the lungs, liver and brain, causing enlarged lymph nodes and systemic symptoms like fever and night sweats. Both are diagnosed through blood tests and biopsies and treated with chemotherapy, radiation or other medications, with varying survival rates depending on the specific type and stage of cancer.
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Leukemia is a group of cancers that usually begin in
the bone marrow and result in high numbers of white
blood cells.
These white blood cells are not fully developed and are
called blasts or leukemia cells.
Clinically and pathologically, leukemia is subdivided
into a variety of largegroups.
The first division is between its ACUTEand
CHRONIC forms.
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Acute leukemia is characterized by a rapid increase in
the number of immature blood cells.
The crowding that results from such cells makes the
bone marrow unable to produce healthy bloodcells.
Immediate treatment required because of the rapid
progression and accumulation of the malignant cells.
Most common form of leukemia inchildren.
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It is characterized by the excessive buildup of relatively
mature, but still abnormal, white bloodcells.
Typically taking months or years to progress, the cells
are produced at a much higher rate than normal,
resulting in many abnormal white blood cells.
Chronic leukemia are monitored for sometimes before
treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of
therapy.
Mostly occurs in older people, but can occur in any age
group.
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The diseases are subdivided according to which kind
of blood cell is affected.
This divides leukemias into lymphoblastic or
lymphocytic leukemias and myeloid or
myelogenous leukemias.
In lymphoblastic or lymphocytic leukemias, the
cancerous change takes place in a type of marrowcell
that normally goes on to form lymphocytes.
Most lymphocytic leukemias involve a specific subtype
of lymphocyte, the B-cell.
7. In myeloid or myelogenous leukemias, the
cancerous change takes place in a type of marrowcell
that normally goes on to form red blood cells, some
other types of white cells, andplatelets.
There are some types of subcategories like hairy cell
leukemia(subset of chronic lymphocytic leukemia),
T- cell prolymphocytic leukemia(very Rare and
aggressive), large granular lymphocytic
leukemia(involve either T-cells or Nk cells, adultT-cell
leukemia (caused by human T- lymphotropic virus),
clonal eosinophilias (mutation in hematopoietic
stem cells).
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Most common type of leukemia in youngchildren.
It also affects adults, especially those 65 andolder.
Standard treatment involve chemotherapy and
radiotherapy.
The survival rate vary by age :85% in children and 50%
in adults.
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Most often affects adults over theage of 55.
Sometimes occurs in younger adults, but it almost
never affects children.
Two-third of affected people are men.
It is incurable , but there are many effective
treatments.
The five year survival rate is75%.
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It occurs more commonly in adults than in children,
and are more commonly in men than women.
It is treated with chemotherapy.
The five year survival rate is40%.
12. *
It occurs mainly in adults; a very small number of
children also develop thisdisease.
It is treated with imatinib (Gleevec in United states,
Gluivec in Europe).
The five year survival rate is90%.
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BLOOD TEST: Complete blood counts(white blood
cell count increasesabnormally).
LYMPHNODE BIOPSY:Performed to diagnose certain
types of leukemia in certain situations.
BONE MARROW THERAPY: abnormal cell division in
the bone marrow WBC’s amount continues to
increase.
X-ray (bones),MRI(Brain),Ultrasound(kidney, spleen,
liver).
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Lymphoma is a group of blood cell tumors thatdevelop
from lymphocytes(a type of white blood cell).
Lymphoma most often spreads to the lungs, liver,and
brain.
Lymphoma’s symptoms are like enlarged lymph nodes ,
fever, sweat, itching etc.
The enlarged lymph nodes are usually painless.
There are two types of lymphomas:
• Hodgkin’s lymphomas
• Non- hodgkin lymphoma.
About 90% of lymphomas are non-hodgkin lymphomas.
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Hodgkin lymphoma is one of the most common
known types of lymphomas.
A hodgkin lymphoma is marked by the presence of a
type of cell called the reed-sternbergcell.
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Enlarged lymph nodes Or lymphadenopathy.
Bsymptoms (systemic symptoms)- can be associated
with both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-hodgkin
lymphoma. They consist of :
• Fever
• Night Sweats
• Unintended weight loss
• Itching
• Feeling tired/fatigue.
• Anorexia or loss of appetite.
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Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include infection
with,
• Epstein-barr virus.
• History of the disease in the family.
Risk factors for common types of non-Hodgkin
lymphomas include,
• Autoimmune disease.
• HIV/AIDS.
• Infection with human T- lymphotropic virus.
• Immunosuppresant medications.
• Pesticides.
• Tobacco smoking.
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Lymph Node Biopsy.
• A partial or total excision of a lymph node examined underthe
microscope.
• This examination reveals the histopathology features thatmay
indicate lymphoma.
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Treatment may involve chemotherapy, medication,
radiation therapy and rarely stem-cell transplant.
Medications
Chemotherapy,
Bone marrow stimulant,
Steroid, and Blood transfusion
Surgery
Autotransplantation
25. *
Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics, RogerWalker
Rang & Dale’s pharmacology
Essential of medical pharmacology, K D Tripathi
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