Presentation on history of microbiology.siam (ppt file)

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HistoryHistory
ofof
MicrobiologyMicrobiology

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Created By:Created By:

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Topic DiscussedTopic Discussed
Cells and cell theoryCells and cell theory
Microbes and GermMicrobes and Germ
TheoryTheory
Classic Age ofClassic Age of
MicrobiologyMicrobiology
– FermentationFermentation
– PasteurizationPasteurization
………………??????
Filename : Siam.ppt

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MicrobiologyMicrobiology
MicrobiologyMicrobiology is the study ofis the study of
microorganisms usually less than 1mm inmicroorganisms usually less than 1mm in
diameter which requires some form ofdiameter which requires some form of
magnification( Microscope) to be seenmagnification( Microscope) to be seen
clearly.clearly.
– Examples:Examples:
VirusesViruses
BacteriaBacteria
FungiFungi
AlgaeAlgae
Protozoa'sProtozoa's

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““HistoryHistory
ofof
Microbiology”Microbiology”
Early Observations &Early Observations &
ExperimentsExperiments
Robert Hooke: cellsRobert Hooke: cells
Leeuweenhoek: microbesLeeuweenhoek: microbes

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Robert Hook-Robert Hook- (1635-(1635-
1703)1703) Englishman, usedEnglishman, used
a primitive compounda primitive compound
(two magnifying lenses)(two magnifying lenses)
microscope, reportedmicroscope, reported
that life’s smallest unitsthat life’s smallest units
were little boxes –were little boxes –
CellsCells, his work, his work
started the process ofstarted the process of
the development of thethe development of the
Cell theoryCell theory of lifeof life
First illustrated book onFirst illustrated book on
microscopymicroscopy
MicrographiaMicrographia
Hook’s microscopeHook’s microscope

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The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory
All organisms composed of one orAll organisms composed of one or
more cellsmore cells
Cells are smallest living thingsCells are smallest living things
Cells arise only from previouslyCells arise only from previously
existing cellsexisting cells
Thus: all organisms are descendentsThus: all organisms are descendents
of the first cellsof the first cells

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Anton Van LeeuwenhoekAnton Van Leeuwenhoek
First person to see bacteriaFirst person to see bacteria
Single lens microscopeSingle lens microscope
First to observe livingFirst to observe living
microbesmicrobes
His single-lens magnifiedHis single-lens magnified
50-300X magnification50-300X magnification
Between 1674-1723 heBetween 1674-1723 he
wrote series of paperswrote series of papers
describing hisdescribing his
observations of bacteria,observations of bacteria,
algae, protozoa, and fungialgae, protozoa, and fungi
(Animalcules)(Animalcules)

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Early Compound
Microscope
beautifully crafted but
had severe chromatic
distortion

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Spontaneous GenerationSpontaneous Generation
Biogenesis vs. AbiogenesisBiogenesis vs. Abiogenesis
AristotleAristotle
Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644)Jan Baptista van Helmont (1580-1644)
Francisco Redi (1626-1697)Francisco Redi (1626-1697)
John T. Needham (1713-1781)John T. Needham (1713-1781)
Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)Theodor Schwann (1810-1882)
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

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BiogenesisBiogenesis
vs.vs.
AbiogenesisAbiogenesis
Biogenesis - development of life fromBiogenesis - development of life from
preceding life formspreceding life forms
Abiogenesis - life arises from inorganicAbiogenesis - life arises from inorganic
or non-living materialsor non-living materials

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AristotleAristotle
First to record possible routes to life.First to record possible routes to life.
He saw beings as arising in one of three ways, fromHe saw beings as arising in one of three ways, from
sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction orsexual reproduction, asexual reproduction or
nonliving matter.nonliving matter.
Observable that aphids arise from the dew on plants,Observable that aphids arise from the dew on plants,
fleas from putrid matter, and mice from dirty hayfleas from putrid matter, and mice from dirty hay
This belief remained unchallenged for more than twoThis belief remained unchallenged for more than two
thousand years.thousand years.

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Jan Baptista van HelmontJan Baptista van Helmont
(1580-1644)(1580-1644)
Reported in late 1500’s that barley grains andReported in late 1500’s that barley grains and
old shirts left in a corner would spontaneouslyold shirts left in a corner would spontaneously
give rise to micegive rise to mice
Claimed as evidence that supportedClaimed as evidence that supported
spontaneous generation or abiogenesisspontaneous generation or abiogenesis

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Francisco Redi (1626-1697)Francisco Redi (1626-1697)
Set up controlled experiment to test idea ofSet up controlled experiment to test idea of
spontaneous generation with respect tospontaneous generation with respect to
maggots appearing on rotting meatmaggots appearing on rotting meat
– open jar with meatopen jar with meat
– screened jar with meatscreened jar with meat
– sealed jar with meatsealed jar with meat

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von Helmutopen
screened
sealed

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John T. NeedhamJohn T. Needham
(1713-1781)(1713-1781)
Flies do not arise spontaneously but theFlies do not arise spontaneously but the
“animalcules” described by van Leeuwenhoek“animalcules” described by van Leeuwenhoek
mustmust
In 1748 Needham boiled mutton broth,In 1748 Needham boiled mutton broth,
stoppered and noted that flask becam turbidstoppered and noted that flask becam turbid
Argued that the turbidity, which includedArgued that the turbidity, which included
many “animalcules” must have arisenmany “animalcules” must have arisen
spontaneouslyspontaneously

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Lazzaro SpallanzaniLazzaro Spallanzani
(1729-1799)(1729-1799)
Repeated Needham’s experimentsRepeated Needham’s experiments
Used flasks that were sealed by melting theUsed flasks that were sealed by melting the
glass rather than with a corkglass rather than with a cork
Found that if sealed properly, flasks boiled 45Found that if sealed properly, flasks boiled 45
minutes would remain sterile thus refutingminutes would remain sterile thus refuting
Needham’s conclusionsNeedham’s conclusions

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Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann
(1810-1882)(1810-1882)
An argumentAn argument
against Spallanzaniagainst Spallanzani
experiments is thatexperiments is that
they excluded airthey excluded air
ConstructedConstructed
apparatus toapparatus to
sterilize air comingsterilize air coming
into flaskinto flask
Results supportedResults supported
biogenesisbiogenesis

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Theodor SchwannTheodor Schwann
(1810-1882)(1810-1882)
Apparatus used by SchwannApparatus used by Schwann
The central flask, which isThe central flask, which is
being rendered sterile bybeing rendered sterile by
heating contains theheating contains the
infusion. Air is passedinfusion. Air is passed
through it from the heatedthrough it from the heated
coil on right. The flask atcoil on right. The flask at
left is a mercury trapleft is a mercury trap
through which air escapesthrough which air escapes
after passing through theafter passing through the
central flask.central flask.

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Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur
(1822-1895)(1822-1895)
Looked at air which hadLooked at air which had
been filteredbeen filtered
Developed swan neckDeveloped swan neck
flask to deal with heatedflask to deal with heated
air problemair problem
Looked at frequency ofLooked at frequency of
occurrence ofoccurrence of
contaminated flaskscontaminated flasks
Settled controversySettled controversy
““Father of bacteriology andFather of bacteriology and

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Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
An example of theAn example of the
swan-necked flaskswan-necked flask

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Golden Age of MicrobiologyGolden Age of Microbiology
FermentationFermentation
PasteurizationPasteurization
Germ TheoryGerm Theory

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FermentationFermentation
Vintners thought sugarVintners thought sugar chemicallychemically
converted to alcohol in airconverted to alcohol in air
Pasteur, a chemist, was asked to helpPasteur, a chemist, was asked to help
DiscoveredDiscovered
– Yeast convert sugars to alcoholYeast convert sugars to alcohol
– Bacteria change alcohol to vinegarBacteria change alcohol to vinegar
Fermentation was biological processFermentation was biological process

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PasteurizationPasteurization
Pasteur connected foodPasteur connected food
spoilage and microbesspoilage and microbes
Pasteurization: DestroyPasteurization: Destroy
microbes that causemicrobes that cause
spoilage by heatspoilage by heat
– Beer, wine, milkBeer, wine, milk
Critical to developmentCritical to development
of Germ theoryof Germ theory

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Pasteur’s Original FlasksPasteur’s Original Flasks

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Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease
Observation on causative agents ofObservation on causative agents of
potato blight and diseases of silkwormspotato blight and diseases of silkworms
led to hypothesisled to hypothesis
Formalized through work of PasteurFormalized through work of Pasteur
and Koch (and others) led to theory thatand Koch (and others) led to theory that
germs or microorganisms may causegerms or microorganisms may cause
diseasedisease

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Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease
Robert Koch firstRobert Koch first
developeddeveloped
relationship betweenrelationship between
microorganisms andmicroorganisms and
diseasedisease
Developed Koch’sDeveloped Koch’s
Postulates forPostulates for
testing relationshiptesting relationship
Discovered cause ofDiscovered cause of
anthrax andanthrax and
tuberculosistuberculosis

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Germ Theory of DiseaseGerm Theory of Disease
Koch’s Postulates:Koch’s Postulates:
– Same microorganism must be observed inSame microorganism must be observed in
every instance of diseaseevery instance of disease
– Organism must be isolated from diseasedOrganism must be isolated from diseased
host and grown in pure culturehost and grown in pure culture
– Specific disease must be reproduced whenSpecific disease must be reproduced when
pure culture is reintroduced into hostpure culture is reintroduced into host

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Technological advances haveTechnological advances have
resulted in the development ofresulted in the development of
studies instudies in
– AgriculturalAgricultural microbiologymicrobiology
– AquaticAquatic microbiologymicrobiology
– IndustrialIndustrial microbiologymicrobiology
– MedicalMedical microbiologymicrobiology
– SpaceSpace microbiologymicrobiology
– EnvironmentalEnvironmental microbiologymicrobiology

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THANK
YOU
THANK
YOU
ALL
ALL