2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
HEROPHILUS OF CHALCEDON (334-280 B.C.) First anatomical description of liver
THOMAS STARZL: Performed first successful human ORTHOTOPIC liver transplant in
1968
HENRI BISMUTH: Performed first HETEROTOPIC liver transplant in humans in 1980
J. CANTLIE 1897 Confirmed rex's findings. rex's lobular plane of division later named
cantlie's line.
3. FEW FACTS : LIVER
Second largest organ of body after skin.
Average weight : 1.5kg ( 2 % of total body weight) Largest gland.
Position – b/w 5th ICS & costal margin.
Blood flow : 1500 ml/min (25% of CO).
Blood supply : 1/3rd hepatic artery(20%) , 2/3rd portal vein(80%).
4. FUNCTION OF THE LIVER
Secretion of bile (salt and pigments)
Metabolism of carbohydrate, fat and protein.
Formation of heparin & anticoagulant substances.
Detoxication.
Storage of glycogen and vitamins.
Activation of vitamin D.
5. EMBRYOLOGY
4TH WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT
Projection from ventral wall of distal end of
foregut.
Cranial bud - liver
Caudal bud - gallbladder,
extrahepatic biliary tree
Ventral pancreas
6. EMBRYOLOGY
Bile ducts develop from hepatocytes,
Originating at hilum
Biliary lumen recanalize 7th week
Liver begins to secrete bile 12th week
13. THE LIGAMENTUM
VENOSUM
Fibrous band that is the remains of the
ductus venosus
Ligament of aranthius
It is attached to the left branch of the portal
vein and ascends in a fissure on the visceral
surface of the liver to be attached above to
the inferior vena cava
15. HEPATIC ARTERY
Cautions
Only 55-65% of population has
“normal” hepatic arterial anatomy
Aberrant R hepatic artery may be
mistaken for cystic artery
Cystic artery may originate from the
Gastroduodenal artery, the left hepatic
artery, or the common hepatic artery
18. LIVER HISTOLOGY
Lobules >> roughly hexagonal
structures consisting of
hepatocytes. Radiate outward from
a central vein.
At each of the six corners of a
lobule is a Portal triad (
p.Arteriole,p.Venule & bile duct)
Between the hepatocytes are the
liver sinusoids.
20. BILIARY SYSTEM
TRIANGLE OF CALOT
Cystic duct, common hepatic duct, and
hilum of liver.
Dissected during cholecystectomy.
Contents- cystic duct and artery, lymph
node of Lund
24. HEPATIC RECESSES
ANATOMICAL SPACES BETWEEN THE LIVER AND SURROUNDING
STRUCTURES.
INFECTION MAY COLLECT IN THESE AREAS, FORMING AN
ABSCESS.
SUBPHRENIC SPACES – BETWEEN THE DIAPHRAGM AND THE
ANTERIOR AND SUPERIOR ASPECTS OF THE LIVER.
DIVIDED INTO A RIGHT AND LEFT BY
FALCIFORM LIGAMENT.
SUBHEPATIC SPACE – PERITONEAL SPACE IS LOCATED BETWEEN
THE INFERIOR SURFACE OF THE LIVER AND THE TRANSVERSE
COLON.
25. MORISON’S POUCH
A POTENTIAL SPACE BETWEEN VISCERAL
SURFACE OF THE LIVER AND THE RIGHT KIDNEY.
DEEPEST PART OF THE PERITONEAL CAVITY
WHEN SUPINE (LYING FLAT),
THEREFORE PATHOLOGICAL ABDOMINAL FLUID
SUCH AS BLOOD OR ASCITES IS MOST LIKELY TO
COLLECT IN THIS REGION IN A BEDRIDDEN
PATIENT.
31. RISE AND DEMISE OF SEGMENT IX
FOR SEVERAL YEARS COUINAUD AND HIS COLLEAGUES, AS WELL AS SEVERAL
OTHER INVESTIGATORS, REFERRED TO AN AREA OF THE DORSAL SECTOR OF THE
LIVER CLOSE TO THE IVC AS "SEGMENT IX."
BUT THE EXISTENCE OF THIS SEGMENT WAS SHORT-LIVED WHEN, IN 2002,
COUINAUD AND HIS ASSOCIATES PUBLISHED THE FOLLOWING
CONCLUSION:
BECAUSE NO SEPARATE VEINS, ARTERIES, OR DUCTS CAN BE DEFINED FOR THE
RIGHT PARACAVAL PORTION OF THE POSTERIOR LIVER AND BECAUSE PEDICLES
CROSS THE PROPOSED DIVISION BETWEEN THE RIGHT AND LEFT CAUDATE,
THE CONCEPT OF SEGMENT IX IS ABANDONED.
32. ΗEPATECTOMY
Liver tissue has remarkable powers of
regeneration and major resection are well
tolerated.
To preserve the viability of the liver
following surgery, resection follow parellel
to hepatic veins and leaving portal traid.
Segmental or non segmentaal
33. DIVISION OF HEPATECTOMY
FIRST ORDER DIVISION
Based on LOBES (R OR L)
SECOND ORDER DIVISION
Based on BILE DUCT and HEPATIC ARTERY
THIRD ORDER DIVISION
Based on SEGMENTS (1 to 8)
FOUTH ORDER DIVISION (alternative to 2nd order division)
Based on PORTAL VEIN