The document summarizes the political history of the Philippines. It describes 3 periods: 1) The pre-Spanish government which was led by tribal leaders called Datu or Rajah. Society had 3 classes. 2) The Spanish rule from the 16th century to 1898, where the country was governed indirectly from Spain. Local leaders included Alcaldes and Gobernadorcillos. Filipinos established groups like the Katipunan to fight Spanish tyranny. 3) Under Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership, the Biak-na-Bato Republic was created in 1897 to separate from Spain, though he was later exiled. On his return, Aguinaldo proclaimed independence in 1898 and established the first
