Powerpoint presentation on Cadmium Poisoning. Pharmacy practice 1 presentation. Faculty: Prof Masum Sahriar, School of Pharmacy & Public Health, Independent University Bangladesh.

1. Cadmium Poisoning
Submitted by
Joy Saha
ID: 1921882
Submitted to
Prof. Masum Shahriar
Professor (Adjunct)
Independent University Bangladesh

2. Jens
Martensson
2
Index
1. Introduction
2. Background Info
3. Mechanism of Cadmium Toxicity
4. Clinical Presentation
5. Conclusion
6. References

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Martensson
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Introduction
 Cadmium is a soft, malleable, ductile, toxic, bluish white bivalent metal. it is similar to
zinc however reacts to shape extra complex compound.
 The most common oxidation state of cadmium is +2, though rare appearance
examples of +1 can be found.
 Encountered in earth's crust mixed with chlorine, oxygen, Sulphur.
 It exist as a small particles in air, result of smelting, soldering or different excessive
temperature commercial process.
 By-product of smelting zinc, lead, copper ores.
 Used specially in metallic plating, generating pigments, batteries, plastics and as a
neutron absorbent in nuclear reactors.

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Martensson
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Toxic Dose
Many health agencies have set publicity requirements designed to defend the general
public from extra cadmium exposure from numerous sources.
FDA: Maximum restrict of cadmium in bottled water: 0.1/2 mg/L.
ATSDR: Chronic durational oral minimum threat level (MRL) of 0.1 µg/kg/day of cadmium
primarily based totally on its renal outcomes.
This MRL standard states how much cadmium can be taken in orally chronically without
threat of negative health outcomes (ATSDR 1999).
EPA: Food – Reference dose is 1 x 10-three mg/kg/day (ATSDR 1999).
Water – Reference dose for human publicity is 5x10-four mg/kg/day.
Reference dose (Rfd) is an estimate of each day publicity to the overall population (such as
sensitive subgroups) this is probably to be without considerable threat of deleterious
outcomes during a lifetime (IRIS 2006).
World Health Organization (WHO)
Tolerable weekly consumption for cadmium at 7

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Martensson
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Mechanism of Cadmium Toxicity
Toxicity :
 Primary effects on kidney: Calcium metabolism, possible kidney carcinogen, emphysema
etc.
 Secondary effects on urinary system:
Mechanism:
 Binds sulfhydryl group, displacing other metals from metalloenzymes disrupting those
enzymes.
 Kidney toxicity:
 Free cd binds to kidney glomerulus
 Proximal tubule dysfunctions.
 Emphysema and edema by killing macrophages.
Effects:
Skeletal effect: osteoporosis and osteomalacia.
Cancer: approx. 8% of lung cancers may be attributable to cd.

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Martensson
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Mechanism of Cadmium Toxicity
Two mechanism are involved in cadmium toxicity
Introduction of reactive oxygen species and Inhibition of DNA repair.
 Cysteine is a precursor to the anti-oxidant protein glutathione and is also required for
metallothionein which is a protein that binds to cadmium specifically.
 Intracellular, cadmium binds to metallothionein.
 Cadmium is released into the plasma after hemolysis or when the erythrocytes lifetime
has expired.
 Cadmium is transported in blood plasma initially bound to albumin.
 Cadmium bound to albumin is preferentially taken up by the liver.
 The liver, cadmium includes the synthesis of metallothionein.
 After a few days' exposure metallothionein in bound cadmium appears in the blood
plasma.
 Plasma metallothionein play an important role in transport of cadmium.
 Bound to sulfhydryl groups of cysteine residues.
 After chronic exposure, cadmium accumulates in the liver then redistributed slowly to the
kidney.

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Martensson
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Cadmium Toxicity
 Caused through excessive exposure to cadmium.
 No optimistic purpose withinside the human body.
 Extremely poisonous even in low concentrations and could
bioaccumulation in organism & ecosystems.

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Clinical Presentation
Symptoms:
High level of cadmium toxicity is harmful.
Eating food or drinking water can
contaminated cadmium. It can give symptoms
like,
 Fragile bones
 Nausea and vomiting
 Stomach cramps
 Kidney damage
 Diarrhea

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Martensson
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Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis:
For diagnosis, A physician will check the
symptoms and medical history. Then few tests will
be done like
 Blood Test
 Urine Test
 Hair and Nail Analysis
 Except these, your fluids and tissues may test
as well.

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Martensson
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Treatment:
 Elements like calcium and selenium are proven to have
protective impact in opposition to cadmium-caused
toxicity.
 Adequate stages of zinc withinside the body facilitates to
displace cadmium from the tissues.
 Potent antioxidants like Vitamin C, E, glutathione,
methionine, glycine, cysteine has wonderful shielding
efficiency.
 Smoking must be prevented and do test your house
products for compounds which contain cadmium.
 Render gastric lavage or make the inflamed individual
vomit inside an hour if the individual has fed on
cadmium salts.
Clinical Presentation

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Martensson
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Clinical Presentation
Prevention:
1. ‘Smoking kills’ we all know the term, but we barely know that cigarettes have the highest
source of cadmium. So, we need to prevent it.
2. We need to eat balanced and healthy diet.
3. Some people love gardening. They use fertilizers for their plants. We need to understand
people that before taking any fertilizers, make sure they do cadmium test as fertilizers have
been found high amount of cadmium.
4.We need to dispose nickel-cadmium batteries properly as it has high percentage of
cadmium.

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Martensson
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Conclusion
From this presentation we can say that cadmium is so much injurious for our health and
environment too. Some steps can prevent this toxicity from our life.
We must prohibit smoking in public places, reduce as far as is practicable emissions of cadmium,
specially into surface waters, from mining and smelting, waste incineration, application of sewage
sludge to the land, and use of phosphate fertilizers and cadmium-containing manure.
Develop strategies for the secure disposal of cadmium-containing wastes and effluents. Promote
powerful measures to increase the recycling of cadmium and to limitation nonrecyclable uses.
Reduce cadmium exposure by, for instance, enhancing running situations withinside the
nonferrous smelting enterprise and disseminating records at the right use of fertilizers.
Raise worldwide awareness on the importance of minimizing waste discharges of cadmium.

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Martensson
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References
 https://www.who.int/ipcs/features/cadmium.pdf
 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/cadmium-
poisoning
 https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/cadmium/Acute-Effects.html
 https://www.chem.fsu.edu/chemlab/chm1020c/Lecture%2010/02.php

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