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09_Respiración celular.ppt
- 1. Figure 9-01
- 2. LE 9-2 ECOSYSTEM Light energy Photosynthesis in chloroplasts Cellular respiration in mitochondria Organic molecules + O2 CO2 + H2O ATP powers most cellular work Heat energy
- 3. LE 9-UN161a becomes oxidized (loses electron) becomes reduced (gains electron)
- 4. LE 9-UN161 becomes oxidized becomes reduced
- 5. LE 9-3 Reactants becomes oxidized becomes reduced Products H Methane (reducing agent) Oxygen (oxidizing agent) Carbon dioxide Water H C H H O O O O C O H H CH4 2 O2 + + + CO2 Energy 2 H2O
- 6. LE 9-UN162a becomes reduced becomes oxidized
- 8. LE 9-4 NAD+ Nicotinamide (oxidized form) Dehydrogenase 2 e– + 2 H+ 2 e– + H+ NADH H+ H+ Nicotinamide (reduced form) + 2[H] (from food) +
- 9. LE 9-5 2 H+ + 2 e– 2 H (from food via NADH) Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP ATP ATP ATP 2 H+ 2 e– H2O + 1/2 O2 1/2 O2 H2 + 1/2 O2 H2O Explosive release of heat and light energy Cellular respiration Uncontrolled reaction Free energy, G Free energy, G
- 10. LE 9-5a 1/2 O2 H2 + H2O Explosive release of heat and light energy Uncontrolled reaction Free energy, G
- 11. LE 9-5b 2 H+ + 2 e– 2 H (from food via NADH) Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP ATP ATP ATP 2 H+ 2 e– H2O + 1/2 O2 1/2 O2 Cellular respiration Free energy, G
- 12. LE 9-UN164 Glycolysis (color-coded teal throughout the chapter) Oxidation phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis (color-coded violet) 1. 2. 3. The citric acid cycle (color-coded salmon)
- 15. LE 9-6_3 Mitochondrion Glycolysis Pyruvate Glucose Cytosol ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation ATP Substrate-level phosphorylation Citric acid cycle ATP Oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Electrons carried via NADH Electrons carried via NADH and FADH2
- 17. LE 9-8 Energy investment phase Glucose 2 ATP used 2 ADP + 2 P 4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ Energy payoff phase + 2 H+ 2 NADH 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O 2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O 2 ATP 2 NADH + 2 H+ Glucose 4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used 2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+ Net Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Oxidative phosphorylation ATP ATP ATP
- 18. LE 9-9a_1 Glucose ATP ADP Hexokinase ATP ATP ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Glucose-6-phosphate
- 19. LE 9-9a_2 Glucose ATP ADP Hexokinase ATP ATP ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase Fructose-6-phosphate ATP ADP Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Aldolase Isomerase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate
- 20. LE 9-9b_1 2 NAD+ Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H+ NADH 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase Phosphoglyceromutase 2-Phosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate
- 21. LE 9-9b_2 2 NAD+ Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H+ NADH 2 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoglycerokinase Phosphoglyceromutase 2-Phosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate 2 ADP 2 ATP Pyruvate kinase 2 H2O Enolase Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate
- 22. LE 9-10 CYTOSOL Pyruvate NAD+ MITOCHONDRION Transport protein NADH + H+ Coenzyme A CO2 Acetyl Co A
- 23. LE 9-11 Pyruvate (from glycolysis, 2 molecules per glucose) ATP ATP ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle NAD+ NADH + H+ CO2 CoA Acetyl CoA CoA CoA Citric acid cycle CO2 2 3 NAD+ + 3 H+ NADH 3 ATP ADP + P i FADH2 FAD
- 24. LE 9-12_1 ATP ATP ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle Citrate Isocitrate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA H2O
- 25. LE 9-12_2 ATP ATP ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle Citrate Isocitrate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA H2O CO2 NAD+ NADH + H+ a-Ketoglutarate CO2 NAD+ NADH + H+ Succinyl CoA
- 26. LE 9-12_3 ATP ATP ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle Citrate Isocitrate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA H2O CO2 NAD+ NADH + H+ a-Ketoglutarate CO2 NAD+ NADH + H+ Succinyl CoA Succinate GTP GDP ADP ATP FAD FADH2 Pi Fumarate
- 27. LE 9-12_4 ATP ATP ATP Glycolysis Oxidation phosphorylation Citric acid cycle Citric acid cycle Citrate Isocitrate Oxaloacetate Acetyl CoA H2O CO2 NAD+ NADH + H+ a-Ketoglutarate CO2 NAD+ NADH + H+ Succinyl CoA Succinate GTP GDP ADP ATP FAD FADH2 Pi Fumarate H2O Malate NAD+ NADH + H+
- 28. LE 9-13 ATP ATP ATP Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle NADH 50 FADH2 40 FMN Fe•S I FAD Fe•S II III Q Fe•S Cyt b 30 20 Cyt c Cyt c1 Cyt a Cyt a3 IV 10 0 Multiprotein complexes Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcal/mol) H2O O2 2 H+ + 1/2
- 29. LE 9-14 INTERMEMBRANE SPACE H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ATP MITOCHONDRAL MATRIX ADP + P i A rotor within the membrane spins as shown when H+ flows past it down the H+ gradient. A stator anchored in the membrane holds the knob stationary. A rod (or “stalk”) extending into the knob also spins, activating catalytic sites in the knob. Three catalytic sites in the stationary knob join inorganic phosphate to ADP to make ATP.
- 30. LE 9-15 Protein complex of electron carriers H+ ATP ATP ATP Glycolysis Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle H+ Q III I II FAD FADH2 + H+ NADH NAD+ (carrying electrons from food) Inner mitochondrial membrane Inner mitochondrial membrane Mitochondrial matrix Intermembrane space H+ H+ Cyt c IV 2H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O ADP + H+ ATP ATP synthase Electron transport chain Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), Which create an H+ gradient across the membrane P i Chemiosmosis ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H+ back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation
- 31. LE 9-16 CYTOSOL Electron shuttles span membrane 2 NADH or 2 FADH2 MITOCHONDRION Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis 2 FADH2 2 NADH 6 NADH Citric acid cycle 2 Acetyl CoA 2 NADH Glycolysis Glucose 2 Pyruvate + 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation + 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation + about 32 or 34 ATP by oxidation phosphorylation, depending on which shuttle transports electrons form NADH in cytosol About 36 or 38 ATP Maximum per glucose:
- 32. LE 9-17a CO2 + 2 H+ 2 NADH 2 NAD+ 2 Acetaldehyde 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 Pyruvate 2 2 Ethanol Alcohol fermentation Glucose Glycolysis
- 33. LE 9-17b CO2 + 2 H+ 2 NADH 2 NAD+ 2 ATP 2 ADP + 2 Pi 2 Pyruvate 2 2 Lactate Lactic acid fermentation Glucose Glycolysis
- 34. LE 9-18 Pyruvate Glucose CYTOSOL No O2 present Fermentation Ethanol or lactate Acetyl CoA MITOCHONDRION O2 present Cellular respiration Citric acid cycle