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Industrial Hygiene Basics
- 1. Industrial Hygiene John Newquist Draft 8 1 2021
- 2. Industrial Hygiene Basic industrial hygiene principles are primarily concerned with recognition, evaluation, and control of chemical, biological, physical, and ergonomic related hazards which may cause sickness or impair workers health.
- 3. Mad as a Hatter Alice Hamilton found that mercury poisoning in the felt hat industry caused uncontrollable jerking of arms and legs, and mental illness.
- 5. The majority of health hazards encountered in workplace are chemical hazards. Chemical Health Hazards
- 6. Ergonomic Health Hazards Approximately 30% of recordable health hazards encountered in the workplace are ergonomics hazards.
- 7. â—Ź Controversial practice, intended to reduce risk of ergonomic injuries. â—Ź One insurance company says it can reduce ankle, knee, back, and rotator cuff injuries. â—Ź Morning and after lunch stretches. â—Ź 30 second holds. Stretching
- 8. â—Ź 500,000 carpal tunnel surgeries per year (via NYT). â—Ź $29,000 average cost, including rehab. â—Ź Loss of some wrist strength is a complication that affects 10 to 33% of patients. Carpal Tunnel
- 9. Thread Carpal Tunnel Release (TCTR) • 2,000 cases to date July 2021 • TCTR uses ultrasound imaging to insert a tiny thread into the hand/wrist that cuts the ligament and relieves pressure on the nerve. • Only requires local anesthesia • Is typically performed in under 20 minutes • Performed in an office-based surgical suite with a single global fee with no equipment/surgical device costs and no surgicenter fees
- 11. Green – 12 inches Yellow – 18 inches Red – over 18 inches Recommendations
- 13. Hands, wrists, and forearms are straight, in-line and roughly parallel to the floor. Head is generally in-line with the torso. Shoulders are relaxed and upper arms hang normally at the side of the body. Elbows stay in close to the body and are bent between 90 and 120 degrees. Feet are fully supported by floor or footrest. Back is fully supported with lumbar support when sitting vertical or leaning back. Thighs and hips are supported by a well-padded seat and generally parallel to the floor. Knees are about the same height as the hips with the feet slightly forward.
- 14. Nov 2020 • Food Company • Last Item to get to zero recordables in 2019 • Management support of ideas
- 15. Exo Skeletons • 5-15 lift assist per arm • Shoulder work and lower back. • Springs and CO2 cartridge.
- 16. Hog Heaven Floor mats | NoTrax Bubble Grande | American floor mats Standing and Vibration
- 17. Ergo Keyboards and Mouse
- 18. • Inhalation ➥ most common • Ingestion • Skin Absorption • Injection Routes of Entry
- 19. • Local: when a chemical harms only the part of your body it comes into contact with. • Systemic: when a chemical is absorbed and travels through your system, damaging other organs. ➥For example: inhaling solvent vapors which are absorbed through the lungs, then travel in the bloodstream and cause a harmful effect in your brain. Harmful Effects
- 20. TCE • A 2008 peer-reviewed study in the Annals of Neurology, for example, found that TCE is “a risk factor for parkinsonism.” • And a 2011 study echoed those results, finding “a six-fold increase in the risk of developing Parkinson’s in individuals exposed in the workplace to trichloroethylene (TCE).”
- 21. Acute exposures and acute effects generally involve short-term, high concentrations, and immediate or prompt health effects (illness, irritation, or death). Acute Exposure
- 22. Chronic exposure refers to exposure continued or repeated for a prolonged period, usually years. For example, asbestosis. Chronic Exposure
- 23. • Animal Studies • Epidemiological studies • Industrial Experience • STEL – 15 minutes • Ceiling – never exceeded • Threshold Limit Value • Skin - A skin notation found in Table Z-1 in the air contaminants standard indicates that skin contact with a chemical should be avoided because the chemical can be absorbed through the skin and substantially add to total dose. Exposure Limits
- 24. • Quality of Air • 78.1% Nitrogen • 20.9% Oxygen • 0.9% Argon • 0.03% Carbon Dioxide Clean Air Paradox
- 25. 1 % = 10,000 ppm PEL = Permissible Exposure Limits (via OSHA) 5 mg/M3 is very small 2 f/cc = 2,000,000f/M3 Units Seem Small
- 26. • Irritation • Asphyxiation • Organ Specific Effects • Mutagen • Teratogen • Acute/Chronic • Reversible vs Nonreversible Health Effects . Marcy Borders (August 12, 1973 – August 24, 2015)
- 27. • Genetics • Age • Health status • Route of entry • Frequency and duration of exposure Factors
- 28. Hierarchy of Controls: • Engineering • Work practices • Administrative • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Control of Health Hazards
- 29. Engineering controls include: • Substitution with less harmful material • Enclosure of operator • Isolation • Ventilation - Local • NOT job rotation Engineering Controls
- 30. Effective exhaust ventilation draws contaminated air away from workers’ breathing zones. Ventilation
- 31. Work practice controls include: • Hygiene practices • Housekeeping and maintenance • Procedures and process changes Work Practice Controls
- 32. Administrative controls include: • Controlling employees' exposure by scheduling production and workers' tasks. • Or both, in ways that minimize exposure levels. Administrative Controls
- 33. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) includes: • Respirators • Ear muffs • Gloves • Safety goggles • Helmets • Safety shoes • Protective clothing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- 34. First aid training Good Samaritan Collateral duty* Designated responder Not covered by BBP Standard BBP standard applies * if First-Aid response is an expected part of the job BBP standard applies Create a list of all job classifications in which all or some employees in those job classifications have occupational exposure . First Aid
- 35. Treat as if known to be infectious All human blood Certain human body fluids All human body fluids if they can’t be distinguished Universal Precautions
- 36. Occupational Exposure: Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or OPIM via: • Cuts, puncture, needle sticks • Mucous membrane • Eye • Non-intact skin Exposure Incident
- 38. Knowledge Check 17 1. How will the employer determine who has occupational exposure to a bloodborne pathogen? a. Create list of all job classifications in which all or some employees in those job classifications have occupational exposure or are First Responders b. Create a list of all job classifications in which all or some employees in those job classifications have occupational exposure
- 39. Knowledge Check 17 1. How will the employer determine who has occupational exposure to a bloodborne pathogen? a. Create a list of all job classifications in which all or some employees in those job classifications have occupational exposure
- 40. Employer Responsibility: • Provide medical evaluation ASAP: • Testing for HBV, HCV, HIV • HIV/HBV PEP when indicated • Identify source individual, if possible: • Obtain consent for blood test • Provide information to healthcare provider: • Routes of entry • Employee’s job duties • Copy of the regulation Post-Exposure Evaluation
- 41. Healthcare Provider’s Responsibility: • Provide in writing to employer: • Employee has been informed of the results. • Employee has been informed of any medical conditions resulting from exposure. • All specific findings or diagnoses are confidential to employee. Medical Evaluation and Follow-up
- 42. Knowledge Check 18 1. Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties is defined as______ exposure. a. Occupational b. Work-related
- 43. Knowledge Check 18 1. Reasonably anticipated skin, eye, mucous membrane, or parenteral contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials that may result from the performance of an employee's duties is defined as______ exposure. a. Occupational
- 44. Screening equipment: • Sound level meters • Detector tubes and pumps • Radiation survey meters Evaluation of Health Hazards
- 45. • Qualified person • Appropriate instrument • Duration of sampling • Pre and post calibration Sampling
- 46. • The number of US adults aged 20 years or older with hearing loss (pure tone average >25 decibels) is projected to increase from 44.11 million in 2020 to 73.50 million in 2060, with a rise in prevalence from 15% to 22.6%. • OSHA requires employers administer an effective hearing conservation program whenever employee noise exposures equal or exceed an 8-hour time-weighted average of 85 decibels. Problem #1: Noise
- 47. Questions?
- 48. OSHA 29 CFR 1910.95 Industry OSHA 29 CFR 1926.52 Construction MSHA 30 CFR Part 62 Mining FRA 49 CFR 227/229 Railroads Permissible Exposure Limits 90 dB 90 dB 90 dB 90 dB Action Level 85 dB 85 dB 80 dB 85 dB Noise Monitoring Required Not Required Required Required Audiometric Testing Annual Not Required Annual Every 3 Years Training Required New Hires/Annual Not Required Required New Hires/Annual Required New Hires/Annual Hearing Protectors Required @ PEL Required @ PEL Required @ PEL Dual Protection @ 105 dB TWA Required @ PEL Recordkeeping Required OSHA 300 Log Not Required Required Required OSHA 300 Log Regulations in the United States
- 50. Hearing and Frequencies: • Nerve cells in the cochlea are tuned to specific frequencies. • Base of the cochlea is sensitive to high frequency sounds. (red dots) • Tip of the cochlea is sensitive to low frequency sounds. (green dots) How We Hear
- 51. 17-year old girl • Low noise exposure • Normal cochlea • Receptors intact 76-year old man • Low noise exposure • Fewer receptors but still intact 59-year old man • High noise exposure • Damaged cochlea • Receptors destroyed The Human Cochlea How We Hear
- 52. “Effective hearing conservation program?” • Monitoring • Engineering, work practice, and administrative controls • Hearing protectors with an adequate noise reduction rating • Employee training and education in hazards and protection measures • Baselines and annual audiometry
- 53. • Conduct a baseline analysis on all equipment. (New too!) • Employees can request personal noise monitoring at any time at VPP sites. • 60 employees were tested in IL. • It cost $29.00 per person plus some labor cost. (VPP) • Insurance carrier will charge $35.00 per person. (VPP site) Audiograms
- 54. Reusable ear plugs: • regular and careful washing • fitted by a trained person • must be good fit • dust may irritate Ear Protection Ear defenders: • well designed • well made • must be good fit
- 55. • Requires compliance with 1910.1025 • Overexposure can occur in less than 5 minutes when torch cutting or painting. Problem #2: Lead
- 56. • Chronic overexposure - severe damage to the blood-forming, nervous, urinary, and reproductive systems. • High levels will require medical removal. • Bridge Painting/Removal continues to be one of the consistent lead issues in construction. Lead Effects
- 57. • Cutting, hammering, drilling, blasting can create high silica levels. • Use wet methods and wear respirators. • One of the oldest occupational diseases. Problem #3: Silica
- 58. • 150-200 deaths a year. (2009) • 1150-1200 deaths a year. (1968) • Yet….one company had 3 silicosis and 10x+ severe respiratory diseases. Gauley Bridge in 1920s had workers die in months. Silica
- 59. Silica
- 60. • Copper is an inhalation hazard affecting the respiratory system. • Mild steel (red iron) and carbon steel contain manganese. • Manganese may cause Parkinson's disease. What do you see? Problem #4: Copper Fumes (Welding)
- 61. Aug 2018 • Welding Fume • UV light from Welding • IARC • Human Positive Carcinogen
- 62. • All the things not regulated. • Good, bad, or indifferent? • Air blowing! = BAD Problem #5: Total Dust
- 63. • Metal fume fever. • Direct Draw or forced ventilation should be used. • Personal Protective Equipment should be used. • Bystanders should be protected as well. Problem #6: Iron Oxide (Welding)
- 64. • Generators are most common problem of CO. • Heaters out of tune are another cause. • CO TWA is 50 ppm. • Others set levels 25 ppm. Problem #7: Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- 65. • Wifi and phone alerts • NEST February 2018
- 66. • Stainless steel contains nickel and chromium. • Plating, grinding, welding are problems. • Some cements. Problem #6: Hex Chrome
- 67. • Overexposure to cutting cadmium bolts, coated poles. • Torch cutting should never be used. • Use hydraulic bolt cutters. • Comply with 1926.1127. Cadmium bolts are often found in sprinkler pipe use. Problem #9: Cadmium
- 68. • Paint stripping • Parts cleaners • Cancer causing Problem #10: Methylene Chloride