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1. 1. A hypothesis is:
A. Necessary for quantitative research
B. An educated guess or a presumption based on the review of the
research literature
C. The definition of one variable
D. Written in the form of a question
E. Used when conflicting results are found in the research literature

2. 2. Quantitative research relies on deductive reasoning. This
means that:
A. A theory emerges from the data collected
B. A theory is the basis of the propositions tested in the study
C. A theory determines how data are collected
D. Theory is not relevant

3. 3. Quantitative research uses:
A. Measurement and observation to represent communication as
amounts, frequencies, degrees, values, or intensity
B. Measurement and observation to represent the complexity of
interaction
C. Statistics to represent communication phenomena as amounts,
frequencies, degrees, values, or intensity
D. Statistics to determines data collection methods

4. 4. An operationalization is:
A. Key to developing a hypothesis or research question
B. The same as a conceptual scheme
C. Exactly how a variable is observed and measured
D. Needed only for the independent variable
E. Needed only for the dependent variable

5. 5. The hypothesis, “Nurses’ communication of role expectations to
parents will increase satisfaction with nursing care,” is an example
of a:
A. Directional hypothesis
B. Nondirectional hypothesis
C. Null hypothesis
D. Research question

6. 6. A null hypothesis:
A. The hypothesis presented in the research study
B. The implicit complementary statement to a research question
C. Tested by the statistical test
D. Represented by the symbol H1
E. What the researcher wants to prove

7. 7. A variable:
A. Can be identified as independent or dependent
B. Is the same as the operationalization
C. Only appears in a hypothesis
D. Consists of only one level
E. Is tested by the statistical test

8. 8. The independent variable:
A. Is sometimes called the criterion or outcome variable
B. Is presumed to be the cause of change in the dependent
variable
C. Is not expected to vary
D. Does not need to be identified in a research question

9. 9. Reliability:
A. Is the opposite of validity
B. Is achieved when researchers are consistent in their use of data
collection procedures
C. Is achieved when participants react similarly to data collection
procedures
D. Is achieved when researchers using the same measure get similar
results
E. All except A

10. 10. Validity is achieved when:
A. Researchers are consistent in their use of data collection
procedures
B. The measurement does what it is intended to do
C. Reliability is achieved
D. The independent variable does not vary
E. Researchers using a different number of questions ask participants
about the same variable

11. Writing Activity
Write a narrative text
about a time in your life
when you experienced an
emotion strongly. Try to
give as much detail as
possible.