Organization Culture
- The Role of Culture in Shaping Decisions
- Cultural Dimensions Theory
- Cultural Taxonomy
- The Organizations as Decision-Makers
- Socio-Cultural Evolution Model
3. Managers and employees, employers’ associations
and trade and unions, national and international
government and legislators, all experience the
pressure of present rapidity of the change in
environments, and the need to adequately cope.
“
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6. SENSEMAKING
Is a process in which
person strives to
understand and give
meaning to experiences.
A person’s past
experiences, the extent to
which he identifies with
the event, and cultural
values all influence the
meaning he imposes on a
situation.
7. Both cultural and values and social axioms
are likely to shape what people attend to
when gathering information about a situation
that requires a decision, how they interpret
the information, and the kinds of
explanations people give to justify their
decisions.
Cultures view people as mutually
obligated, and thus the decision makers
will strive toward decisions that benefit the
group, as the group, is the salient
stakeholder.
Cultures force its members to see the
world to given parameters.
Culture predispose individuals to make
at the expense of others.
8. CULTURAL
DIMENSIONS
THEORY
Geert Hofstede
POWER DISTANCE
The degree of inequality among people which the population of a country
considers as normal
INDIVIDUALISM VS. COLLECTIVISM
Extent to which people feel they are supposed to take care for or to be cared for
themselves, their families or organizations they belong to
MASCULINITY VS. FEMININITY
Extent to which a culture is conducive to dominance, assertiveness, and
acquisition of things vs. culture which is more conducive to people, feelings,
and quality of life
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
The degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured
situations
LONG TERM VS. SHORT TERM ORIENTATION
Long term: values oriented towards future
Short term: values-oriented towards the past and the present
INDULGENCE VS. RESTRAINT
Indulgence: allows instant gratification of basic and natural human drives
Restraint: gratification needs to be regulated by the norms
9. CULTURAL
TAXONOMY
Shalom Schwartz
INTELLECTUAL AUTONOMY
Pursuit of ideas and thought, whether it is theoretical or political.
AFFECTIVE AUTONOMY
Pursuit of pleasure, seeking enjoyment by any means without censure.
CONSERVATISM
Maintaining the status quo by preserving modesty, and fulfilling role
expectations and maintaining the traditional order among people.
HARMONY
People are happy to accept their place in world and put greater emphasis on
the group than on the individual.
MASTERY
People seek success through personal action.
EGALITARIANISM
Everyone is considered to be equal and everyone is expected to show concern
on everyone else.
HEIRARCHY
Emphasizes differentiation of power, roles, and resources.
1. New information technology, automation and robotization replace a large percentage of old tasks and create numerous ones.
2. New types of workers:
More educated, with different attitudes and aspirations with respect to work and leisure time; with less life-time commitment; more female workers, more migrant workers, more white collar and professional employees
3. Increasing number of international competition; shortening of product-life cycles; greater differentiation within product markets; growing importance of service sector; labor cost cuts; flexibility of working hours and wages
4. Change of leaders may mean change in policies which may also affect how the organization will decide for all.