21st Century Literature Session Guide

Session Guide
for the
21st Century Literature SHS
Mass Training of Teachers
May 27-29, 2017
Saint Paul University

A. 21ST CENTURY LITERATURE IN VARIOUS
REGIONS
DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION-BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
1. VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE

• The literature of a formative past by the
various groups of people who inhabited the
archipelago
• A literature of varying human interest
• Close to the religious and political
organizations of the ancient Filipinos
• The verses were addressed to the ears rather
than the eyes
1. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD

•Verses composed and
sung were regarded as
group property

Dalawang Balon
Hindi Malingon
Sa araw ay Bunbong
Sa gabi ay dahon
Examples of Ancient Filipino Poetry

Sang dalagang marikit
Nakaupo sa tinik
Kung bayaa’y nabubuhay
Kung himasi’y namamatay

• Made up of one or more measured lines with
rhymes and may consist of 4 to 12 syllables
• Showcase the Filipino wit, literary talent, and
keen observation of the surroundings
• Involves reference to one or two images that
symbolize the characteristics of an unknown
object that is to be guessed
Riddle (bugtong)

• To entertain. Living in remote areas, before the advent of
electricity, families would sit around the fire and the elders
would quiz the younger generation with riddles.
• To educate. Riddles serve the function of passing down
knowledge from one generation to the next. They require
thinking in order to solve them.
• To titillate. Many old Filipino riddles contain double
entendres that were intended to amuse the men and shock
the women.
• To curse, without expressly cursing. A riddle could be
made up against an enemy, rival town, or suitor.
• To preserve the culture. Riddles communicate the old ways
from one generation to the next.
Purpose of Bugtong

• Ate mo, ate ko, Ate ng lahat ng tao.(My sister,
your sister, everyone's sister)
• Atis (Sugar Apple)
Example

• Epigrams/maxims/proverbs
• Short poems that have been customarily been
used and served as laws or rules on good
behavior by our ancestors
• Allegories or parables that impart lessons for the
young
• Often expressing a single idea, that is usually
satirical and had a witty ending
• Maxims- rhyming couplets (5,6,8 syllables)
Salawikain & Sawikain

• ExAMPLE of salawikain
– Ang matapat na kaibigan, tunay na maaasahan. - -
-You will know a true friend in time of need.

• Ex of Sawikain
– kumukulo ang dugo
"blood is boiling" = is very angry
– isulat sa tubig
"write on water" = forget about it
Ex of Maxims
– Pag hindi ukol,
Hindi bubukol.
-means
What is not intended for one will not bear fruit.

• Used in witchcraft or enchantments
• Sa hinaba-haba ng prusisyon
Sa simbahan din pala ang tuloy
Hele hele
Bago kyeme
BULONG (chants)

• Halimbawa (for example):
Tabi, tabi po, Ingkong
Makikiraan po lamang.

• Used in teasing or to comment on a persons’
acutations
– “Catitibay ca tolos
Sacaling datnang agos
Aco’ I momonting lomot
Sa iyo’ I popolopot”
• Nag-almusal mag-isa
Kaning lamig, tinapa;
Nahulog ang kutsara
Ikaw na sana, sinta
Kasabihan (sayings)

• A quatrain with seven syllables each with the
same rhyme at the end of each line
– No title
– 7-7-7-7
– AABB
• Ex. “Tahak ng tingin, tulak
ng sulyap, yakap, lapat
ng titig sa balikat.
hatak pa, kindat, hakat”
Tanaga

• traditional poetry of the Hanunoo Mangyans of
Oriental Mindoro which is normally inscribed on
bamboo using a pre-Colonial syllabic writing system
called the Surat Mangyan .
• seven-syllable metric lines
• can be composed of more than four lines
• usually chanted
• teaches lessons about life
• recited by parents to educate their children, by the
youth to express their love, by the old to impart
experiences, or by the community in tribal ceremonies
Ambahan

• on some occasions like burial rites, the
ambahan is used for entertainment
Sugot nga maaw kunman
Tangdayan no ma-amban
Sabungan no manuywan
Impad las yami daywan
Hanggan buhok timbangan
Hanggan sa balod pangdan
Bugkat di way yamungan
Bilang dayi bunlagan
No kang tinaginduman
Kang magpahalimbaw-an
Ga bugtong ti bilugan

• (Isn't this the truth with all:
If the wife is good and kind,
the husband reasonable,
you have always friends around,
like long hair drooping so nice.
Till the final burial mount,
you'll be sleeping on one mat.
You don't want to separate
Putting down my thoughts like this:
An example very clear,
being TWO, you're only ONE.)

• derived from Philippine folk literature, which is
the traditional oral literature of the Filipino
people. This refers to a wide range of material
due to the ethnic mix of the Philippines
• There are many different creation myths in
Philippine mythology, originating from various
ethnic groups.
– Story of Bathala
– Visayan version
– The legend of Maria Makiling
Myths

• Presence of different deities
– Ex. Bathala
• Lakambakod
• Mythical creatures
– Aswang
– Dila
– Diwata
– Dwende
– Tikbalang
– Mankukulam

• Ifugao – Hudhud hi Aliguyon
• Ilocos – Biagni Lam-ang
• Bicol - Ibalon
• Mindanao – Darangan
• Panay – Hinilawod
• Bagobo - Tuwaang
• Kalinga – Ulaliim
• Manobo – Agyu or Olahing
• Subanon - Sandayo
Ancient Metrical Tales

• Aliguyon
– the exploits of Aliguyon as he battles his arch-enemy, Pambukhayon
• Biagni Lam-Ang
– tells of the adventures of Lam-Ang who exhibits extraordinary powers
at a very early age.
• Ibalon
– the story of three Bicol heroes: Baltog, Handiong, Bantiong
• Hinilawod
– oldest and longest epic poem in Panay
– the exploits of three Sulodnon demigod brothers, LabawDonggon,
Humadapnon and Dumalapdap of ancient Panay
Ancient Metrical Tales

IBALON FESTIVAL
Hinilawod

• a form of folk lyric which expresses the
people’s hopes, aspirations, and lifestyles
• repetitive and sonorous, didactic and naive
• traditional songs and melodies
• inspired by the reaction of the people to their
environment
Folk Songs

• uyayi – lullaby
• komintang – war song
• kundiman – melancholic love song
• harana – serenade
• tagay – drinking song
• mambayu – Kalinga rice-pounding song
• subli – dance-ritual song of courtship /marriage
• Tagulaylay- songs of the dead

REGIONS
1. DIMENSIONS

1. ALIBATA
2. Christian Doctrine
3. Spanish language became the literary
language this time
4. European legends and traditions
5. Ancient literature was collected and translated
to Tagalog
6. Grammar books were printed in Filipino
7. Religious tone

ALIBATA

THE FIRST BOOKS

1.Ang Doctrina Cristiana (The Christian Doctrine)
2.Nuestra Senora del Rosario
3.Libro de los Cuatro Postprimeras de Hombre
4.Ang Barlaan at Josephat
5.The Pasion
6.Urbana at Felisa
7.Ang mga Dalit kay Maria (Psalms for Mary)

LITERARY COMPOSITIONS

1. Arte y Reglas de la Lengua Tagala (Art and Rules of the Tagalog
language)
2. Compendio de la Lengua Tagala (Understanding the Tagalog language)
3. Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala (Tagalog vocabulary)
4. Vocabulario de la Lengua Pampanga (Pampango vocabulary)
5. Vocabulario de la Lengua Bisaya (Bisayan vocabulary)
6. Arte de la Lengua Ilokana (The Art of the Ilocano language)
7. Arte de la Lengua Bicolana (The Art of the Bicol Language)

FOLK SONGS

Example:
• Leron-Leron Sinta (Tagalog)
• Pamulinawen (Iloko)
• Dandansoy (Bisaya)
• Sarong Banggi (Bicol)
• Atin Cu Pung Singsing (Kapampangan)

RECREATIONAL PLAYS

There were many recreational plays
performed by Filipinos during the Spanish times.
Almost all of them were in poetic form.

CENAKULO
Dramatic performance of the passion and
death of Christ

ZARZUELA
The father of drama, a musical comedy or
melodrama three acts which death with men’s
passion and emotions like love, hate, revenge,
cruelty , avarice or some political problem.

LAGAYLAY
A special occasion for the Pilareños of Sorsogon
during Maytime to get together

Dramatic performance for the purpose of
manifesting devotion for the holy cross.
TIBAG

PANULUYAN
Philippine Christmas dramatic ritual narrating
the whole family’s search for a place to stay in
Bethlehem for Jesus Christ‘s birth through
songs.

SALUBONG
Dramatizes the reunion of the risen Christ
and his mother.

CARILLO
A form of dramatic entertainment perform
on a moonless night during a town fiesta
or on darknights after a harvest.

SAINETE
A short musical comedy popular during the 18th
century. They were exaggerated comedy shown
between acts plays and were mostly performed
by characters from the lower class.

THE MORO-MORO
Like the Cenaculo, the Moro-Moro is
presented also on a special stage. This is
performed during town fiestas to entertain
the people and to remind them of their
Christian religion.
Example: “Prinsipe Rodante”

KARAGATAN
This is a poetic vehicle of a socio-
religious nature celebrated during the death
of a person.

DUPLO
The Duplo replaced the Karagatan. This is a poetic joust
in speaking and reasoning.

THE BALAGTASAN
This is a poetic joust or a contest of
skills in debate on a particular topic or
issue.

THE DUNG-AW
This is a chant in free verse by a
bereaved person or his representative
beside the corpse of the dead.

AWIT
• are fabricated stories from writers’ imagination
although the setting and characters are European.
• refers to chanting.
Example:
Florante at Laura
by Francisco Balagtas

CORRIDO
• is in octosyllabic verse.
• were usually on legends or stories from
European countries like France, Spain, Italy and
Greece.
• refers to narration.
Example:
Ibong Adarna
by Jose de la Cruz

REGIONS
American Period: There were three groups of writers
during this time based on the language they used in
writing:
A. Spanish: Writers wrote on nationalistic themes like in
praise of heroes like Jose Rizal
B. Filipino: Writers concentrated on the lamentations on
the conditions of the country and attempts to promote
love for the native tongue.
C. English: Writers imitated themes and style of American
writers. This resulted into an unnatural delivery. This
improved as time passed by though.

Characteristics of Literature During this Period.
A. Literature in Spanish
• a) Cecilio Apostol - wrote "A RIZAL" and is considered the
best poem in praise of the hero of bagumbayan.
• b) Fernando Ma. Guerero - he collected the best of his poem
in a book called Crisalidas, and one of the poems written in
this book was "INVOCACION A RIZAL"
• c) Jesus Balmori - well-known for his pen name of Batikuling.
He and Manuel Bernabe participated in a debate on the topic
- "REMEMBRANCE and FORGETFULNESS". He was elected
Poet Laureate in spanish besting Manuel Bernabe.
• d) Manuel Bernabe - is a lyric poet. He was more attractive to
the public in a debate with balmori because of the melodious
words he used. He defended OLVIDO
• e) Claro M. Recto - he collected his poems in a book entitled
BAJO LOS COCOTEROS. One of his writings dedicated to Rizal
is "ANTE EL MARTIR".

Others Writers in Spanish
1. Adelina Guerrea was first woman poet in the Philippines
who was good in Spanish. She obtained the Nobel Prize in
her EL NIDO.
2. Isidro Marpori became famous for his four books entitled
Aroma de Ensueno.
3. Macario Adriatico wrote of Legend of Mindoro entitled La
Punta de Salto
4. Epifanio de los Santos

B. Filipino Literature
• a) Lope K. Santos - "Father of the National language Grammar",
he was also called "apo" of the tagalog writers. "BANAAG AT
SIKAT" was his master piece.
• b) Jose Corazon de Jesus - known as huseng batute, he was also
called the poet of love in his time. "AG ISANG PUNONG KAHOY",
an elegy, is believed to be his masterpiece.
• c) Armando V. Hernandez - was dubbed "Poet of the Laborers",
his masterpiece is "ANG PANDAY"
• d) Valeriano Hernandez Pena - known as Tandang Anong, he
considers "NENA AT NENENG" his masterpiece.
• e) Inigo Ed Regalado - a popular story teller, novelist and
newspaper man. He reach the peak of his success by the
"sumpong" of his pen.

Julian Cruz Balmaceda classified three kinds of
Tagalog poets:
1. Poet of the Heart (Makata ng Puso).
• These included Lope K. Santos, Iñigo Ed. Regalado, Carlos
Gatmaitan, Pedro Deogracias del Rosario, Ildefonso
Santos, Amado V. Hernandez, Nemecio Carabana, and
Mar Antonio.
2. Poets of Life (Makata ng Buhay).
• Led by Lope K Santos, Jose Corazon de Jesus, Florentino
Collantes, Patricio Mariano, Carlos Garmaitan, and Amado
V. Hernandez.
3. Poets of the Stage (Makata ng Tanghalan).
• Led by Aurelio Tolentino, Patricio Mariano, Severino
Reyes, and Tomas Remigio.

• C. Philippine Literature in English
• In a way, we can say that we can trace
the beginnings of Philippine literature
in English with the coming of the
Americans. For this purpose, we can
divide this period into three time
frames, namely:

The Period of Re-Orientation (1898-1910)
• English as a literary vehicle came with the
American occupation in August 13, 1898 and as
they say, a choice bestowed on us by history.
• By 1900, English came to be used as a medium of
instruction in the public schools. From the
American forces were recruited the first teachers
of English.
• By 1908, the primary and intermediate grades
were using English. It was also about this time
when UP, the forerunner in the use of English in
higher education, was founded.

The Period of Imitation (1910-1924)
• By 1919, the UP College Folio published the
literary compositions of the first Filipino writers
in English. They were the pioneers in short story
writing.
• They were then groping their way into imitating
American and British models which resulted in
a stilted, artificial and unnatural style, lacking
vitality and spontaneity.

Period of Self-Discovery and Growth
(1925-1941)
• By this time, Filipino writers had acquired
the mastery of English writing. They now
confidently and competently wrote on a lot
of subjects although the old-time favorites of
love and youth persisted. They went into all
forms of writing like the novel and the drama.

• Poetry. Noteworthy names in this field ,they wrote in free
verse, in odes and sonnets and in other types. Poetry was
original, spontaneous, competently written and later,
incorporated social consciousness.
• Short Story (1925-1941) Poetry and short story flourished
during these times.
• Publications. The Philippine Free Press provided the first
incentives to Filipino writers in English by offering prizes to
worthwhile contribution. Other publication followed suit.
• The Drama.(1925-1941) Drama during this period did not
reach the heights attained by the novel or the short story.

REGIONS
Japanese Period: Because of strict censorship,
literature was minimal during this time. All writings in
English came to an absolute halt. If there was something
good about this is that pieces in the vernacular were
given a chance to flourish. Tone of most literary pieces
was pessimistic and bitter. Literary pieces during the
period included:
Haiku
Tanaga
Plays

– a poem of free verse that the Japanese liked.
It is made up of seventeen (17) syllables
divided into three (3) lines. The first line has
five, the second – seven and the third – five. It
is allegorical in meaning, short and covers a
wide scope in meaning.

- like the haiku, it is short, but has measure
and rhyme. Each line has seventeen
syllables and is also allegorical in meaning.
(Usual Form)
– the usual and common form of poetry

-The field of the short story widened during the
Japanese Occupation.
Many wrote short stories.
-Among them were:
Brigido Batungbakal Macario Pineda
Serafin Guinigindo Liwayway Arceo,
Narciso Ramos NVM Gonzales,
Alicia Lopez Lim Ligaya Perez
Gloria Guzman

A few of the
playwriters were:
1. Jose Ma.
Hernandez –
wrote PANDAY
PIRA
2.Francisco Soc
Rodrigo –
wrote sa
PULA, SA
PUTI
3.Clodualdo del
Mundo – wrote
BULAGA (an
expression in the
game Hide and
Seek).
4. Julian Cruz
Balmaceda
– wrote SINO BA
KAYO?, DAHIL SA
ANAK, and
HIGANTE NG
PATAY.

The Rebirth of Freedom (1946-1970)
• The Americans returned in 1945. Filipinos
rejoiced and guerillas who fled to the
mountain joined the liberating American
Army.
• On July 4, 1946, the Philippines regained is
freedom and the Filipino flag waved joyously
alone. The chains were broken.

THE STATE OF LITERATURE DURING
THIS PERIOD
• The early post-liberation period was marked
by a kind of “struggle of mind and spirit”
posed by the sudden emancipation from the
enemy, and the wild desire to see print.

• 1. HEART OF THE ISLANDS (1947) –a collection of poems by Manuel Viray
• 2. PHILIPPINES CROSS SECTION (1950) –a collection of prose and poetry by
Maximo Ramos and Florentino Valeros
• 3. PROSE AND POEMS (1952) –by Nick Joaquin
• 4. PHILIPPINE WRITING (1953) –by T.D. Agcaoili
• 5. PHILIPPINE HAVEST –by Amador Daguio
• 6. HORIZONS LEAST (1967) –a collection of works by the professors of UE,
mostly in English (short stories, essays, research papers, poem and drama)
by Artemio Patacsil and Silverio Baltazar
The themes of most poems dealt with the usual love of nature, and of
social and political problems. Toribia Maño’s poems showed deep
emotional intensity.
• 7. WHO SPOKE OF COURAGE IN HIS SLEEP –by NVM Gonzales
• 8. SPEAK NOT, SPEAK ALSO –by Conrado V. Pedroche
• 9. Other poets were Toribia Maño and Edith L. Tiempo, Jose Garcia Villa’s
HAVE COME, AM HERE won acclaim both here and abroad

THE NEW FILIPINO LITERATURE DURING THIS PERIOD
• Philippines literature in Tagalog was
revived during this period. Most
themes in the writings dealt with
Japanese brutalities, of the poverty
of life under the Japanese
government and the brave guerilla
exploits.

Period of Activism (1970-1972)
• Many young people became activists
to ask for changes in the government.
In the expression of this desire for
change, keen were the writings of
some youth who were fired with
nationalism in order to emphasize the
importance of their petitions.

THE LITERARY REVOLUTION
• The youth became completely rebellious
during this period. This was proven not only
in the bloody demonstrations and in the
sidewalk expressions but also in literature.
Campus newspapers showed rebellious
emotions. The once aristocratic writers
developed awareness for society. They held
pens and wrote on placards in red paint the
equivalent of the word MAKIBAKA (To
dare!).

WRITING DURING THE PERIOD OF
ACTIVISM
• The irreverence for the poor reached its
peak during this period of the mass
revolution. It was also during this period
that Bomba films that discredit our ways
as Filipinos started to come out.

PALANCA AWARDEES FOR
LITERATURE IN ENGLISH
• Established in 1950, the Palanca
Memorial Awards for Literature had
been giving cash prizes for short
story, poetry and one-act play
writing as an incentive to Filipino
writers. The prizes come from La
Tondena, Inc., the firm founded by
the late Carlos Palanca Sr.

Period of the New Society (1972-1980)
• The period of the New Society started on
September 21, 1972. The Carlos Palanca Awards
continued to give annual awards.
• Almost all themes in most writings dealt with the
development or progress of the country –like the
Green Revolution, family planning, proper
nutrition, environment, drug addiction and
pollution. The New Society tried to stop
pornography or those writings giving bad
influences on the morals of the people. All school
newspapers were temporarily stopped and so with
school organizations.

FILIPINO POETRY DURING THE
PERIOD OF THE NEW SOCIETY
• Themes of most poems dealt
with patience, regard for native
culture, customs and the beauties
of nature and surroundings.

THE PLAY UNDER THE NEW SOCIETY
• The government led in reviving old plays
and dramas, like the Tagalog Zarzuela,
Cenaculo and the Embayoka of the
Muslims which were presented in the
rebuilt Metropolitan Theater, the Folk
Arts Theater and the Cultural Center of
the Philippines.

RADIO AND TELEVISION
• Radio continued to be patronized
during this period. The play series like
SI MATAR, DAHLIA, ITO AND PALAD KO,
and MR. LONELY were the forms of
recreation of those without television

FILIPINO FILMS
• A yearly Pista ng mga Pelikulng Pilipino (Yearly Filipino Film
Festival) was held during this time. During the festival
which lasted usually for a month, only Filipino films were
shown in all theaters in Metro Manila.
1. MAYNILA…SA MGA KUKO NG LIWANAG written by Edgardo
Reyes and filmed under the direction of Lino Brocka. Bembol
Roco was the lead role.
2. MINSA’Y ISANG GAMU-GAMO; Nora Aunor was the principal
performer here.
3. GANITO KAMI NOO…PAANO KAYO NGAYON: led by
Christopher de Leon and Gloria Diaz.
4. INSIANG: by Hilda Koronel
5. AGUILA: led by Fernando Poe Jr., Jay Ilagan and Christopher de
Leon

COMICS, MAGAZINES AND OTHER
PUBLICATIONS
• During this period of the New Society,
newspapers donned new forms. News on
economic progress, discipline, culture,
tourism and the like were favored more
than the sensationalized reporting of
killings, rape and robberies.

OVERVIEW OF THE LITERATUE
DURING THE NEW SOCIETY
• Bilingual education which was initiated by the
Board of National Education as early as 1958
and continued up to the period of Martial
Rule in September 21, 1972, resulted in the
deterioration of English in the different levels
of education. The focus of education and
culture was on problems of national identity,
on re-orientation, renewed vigor and a firm
resolves to carry out plans and programs.

Period of the Third Republic (1981-
1985)
• After ten years of military rule and some
changes in the life of the Filipino which
started under the New Society, Martial Rule
was at last lifted on January 2, 1981.

FILIPINO POETRY
• Poems during this period of the Third
Republic were romantic and
revolutionary. Writers wrote openly of
their criticism against the government.
The supplications of the people were
coached in fiery, colorful, violent, profane
and insulting language.

FILIPINO SONGS
• Many Filipino songs dealt with themes that
were really true-to-life like those of grief,
poverty, aspirations for freedom, love of
God, of country and of fellowmen.

PHILIPPINE FILMS DURING THE
PERIOD
• The yearly Festival of Filipino Films continued
to be held during this period. The people’s
love for sex films also was unabated.

REGIONS
2. CANONICAL AUTHORS
AND WORKS OF
PHILIPPINE NATIONAL
ARTIST

REGIONS
1. Christina Pantoja Hidalgo: Her relationship with writing began
at fifteen when she began writing for newspapers and magazines
and her prowess in the field of the written word was proven over
and over again throughout her life as she received a multitude of
literary awards such as Outstanding Thomasian Writer, Palanca
Grand Prize Winner for a novel, Hall of Famer for the
International Publication Award, among many others. Hidalgo is
a renowned teacher, editor and writer. She is most well-known
for being a pioneer of creative non-fiction as well as writing
essays about Filipino women’s fictional writing—something that
serves as great contribution to the growth of Feminist studies in
the Philippines. At present she is the Director for Creative Writing
and Literary Studies in the University of Sto. Tomas.

REGIONS
2. Eros Atalia: In the words of Bienvenido Lumbera, a National
Artist for Literature, Atalia is a writer who embodies the 21st
Century. He writes in a humorous and thought-provoking manner
which makes him a hit with the younger generaton. Some of his
works have been adapted into the big screen like Ligo na U, Lapit
na Me and Si Intoy Syokoy ng Kalye Marino. He is also the
recipient of many literary accolades such as Gawad Balagtas,
Palanca Awards and Gawad Soc Rodrigo. He is currently a faculty
member and researcher at the University of Sto. Tomas.

REGIONS
3. Gemino Abad: Abad is a poet, fictionist, essayist and
anthologist. He is an internationally renowned artist in terms of
poetry who had received Italy’s Premio Feronia in 2009. Many
laud his literature as works of the imagination that demands the
readers to reciprocate their own imagination in order to
understand and interpret what he says. At present, he has 40
books to his name. He is also a professor emeritus in UP Diliman.

REGIONS
4. Ophelia Alcantara-Dimalanta: When she passed away in 2010,
Dimalanta left a multitude of grievers and for one good reason—
she was not just one of the brightest and best poets of her time,
she was also a generous teacher to writers, who because of her
guidance, became successful in their own right too. She is well-
known not only in the country but also in the international
literary scene and her poems have been extensively translated to
Russian, Italian and Japanese. Isagani R. Cruz, a literary critic,
described Dimalanta as "the archetypal poet's poet, carefully
harness-ing the resources of spontaneous youth while carefreely
indulging the discipline of contemplative maturity."

REGIONS
5. Lualhati Bautista: Most well-known for her works such as
Dekada 70 and Bata, Bata, Paano ka Ginawa—both of which have
been adapted to film, Bautista is a critically-acclaimed writer who
is one of the better known contemporary writers of Filipino
fiction. Her achievements include novels, short stories,
screenplays and teleplays. Bautista is identified for her realism,
her strong female protagonists and for her head-on exploration
of women’s issues at home and even in the workplace.

REGIONS
3. REGION 2 AUTHORS
AND THEIR WORKS

Region 2 (Cagayan Valley)
• Batanes
• Cagayan
• Isabela
• Nueva Vizcaya
• Quirino

Writers and Literary Works
• Florentino Hornedo
• Fernando Maramag
• Edith L. Tiempo

Florentino Hornedo
• Born on October 16, 1938 in Batanes.
• He was born to Leon Hornedo and
Bienvenida Hontomin.
• Hailing from Savidug, Sabtang, Batanes,
Hornedo obtained his BSE from
the University of Santo Tomas in 1961. He
received his Masters in English and
Philosophy from St. Louis University in
1966 and 1972 respectively and his Ph.D.
in Literature from UST in 1977.

Florentino Hornedo
• He also completed a post doctorate in History
and Political Science from UST completed in
1985-88 and has trainings in Journalism and
Cultural Anthropology.
• As a writer, Dr. Hornedo has authored 13 books
in Philosophy, Education, Culture and History. In
addition, he has been editor of Ad Veritatem , a
Journal of Research at the UST Graduate School,
and Ivatan Studies Journal , a Graduate School
Research Journal at the Saint Dominic College of
Batanes.

Florentino Hornedo
• A recipient of Palanca Awards for literature in 1989. His
winning essay is entitled,“Discourse of Power in Florante
at Laura”.
• Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Awards for Literature,
National Catholic Authors Award, Pilak Award for Service
to Culture, the Arts and Community, of the Cultural
Center of the Philippines, Annual Book Awards of Ateneo
de Manila University, Batanes Provincial Achievement
Recognition for Cultural and Social Research, Recognition
Award for Social Research, from the UST College of
Education Alumni Association, and Most Outstanding
Thomasian Alumni Awardee in the Arts & Humanities
2006.

Prof. Dr.
Florentino
Hornedo
Ph.D.

Literary Works of Florentino
Hornedo

Fernando Maramag was born to wealthy landowners on
January 21, 1893 in Ilagan in the Philippines. His father
was Rafael Maramag and his mother was Victoria
Mamuri.
He finished high school in 1908 and at the age of 15, he
entered Philippine Normal School. However, due to the
insistence of his father, he transferred to the University
of the Philippines where he started to write for a school
organ.
FERNANDO MARAMAG

• At age 21, he was named principal of the Instituto de
Manila, a prestigious school for
gifted and well-off students.
• Later, he became an English professor at UP.
He also taught at San Juan de Letran. During this
time, he met and married Constancia Ablaza, by whom
he had six children.
• In 1917, he became the editor of Rising Philippines, a
daily read by almost every literate Filipino because of
its nationalistic contests. The Philippines Herald and the
National Weekly also benefited from his editorship.

• With his credentials, he started to work in the
government as chief of the publications
division of the Department of Justice.
• Later, he became technical assistant to then
Senate President Manuel Luis Quezon.
• Maramag published countless poems which were
devoured and admired by the reading
public, like “My Queen Tagala,” “The Atheist,” “A
Christ Without a Cross,” “Jose Rizal,” and
“The Presentation.”

• He wrote about the history of the English
language in the Philippines. This enabled him
to mine the secrets of English poetics,
especially its techniques.
• Leopoldo Y. Yabes, a noted literary historian,
included seven of Maramag’s works in his
book of Filipino essays in English, which has
become a standard textbook in English in
Philippine schools and universities.
• He died on October 23, 1936.

Thy glance, sweet maid, when
first we met,
Had left a heart that aches for
thee,
I feel the pain of fond regret—
Thy heart, perchance, is not for
me.
We parted: though we met no
more,
My dreams are dreams of thee,
fair maid;
I think of thee, my thoughts
implore
The hours my lips on thine are
laid.
Forgive these words that love
impart,
And pleading, bare the poet’s
breast;
And if a rose with thorns thou
art,
Yet on my breast that rose may
rest.
I know not what to name thy
charms,
Thou art half human, half divine;
And if I could hold thee in my
arms,
I know both heaven and earth
were mine.
THE RURAL MAID By Fernando Maramag

EDITH L. TIEMPO
Edith was born was born on April
22, 1919 in San
Nicolas, Bayombong, Nueva
Vizcaya.
Her parents are Salvador T.
Lopez, an auditor for the
government, and Teresa Cutaran.
During her childhood, Tiempo's
family frequently had to move
from one province to another
because of her father's different
assignments and postings.

• She went to high school in Bayombong, and then went to
take pre-law at the University of the Philippines. In 1947,
she would graduate magna cum laude from Silliman
University with a Bachelor of Science degree in
Education, majoring in English.
• Her graduate studies led her to the State University of
Iowa, from which she gained an international fellowship
which lasted from 1947 to 1950. She also took part in the
State University of Iowa's creative writing workshop
which was headed by veritable American poet Paul Engle.
• She received a scholarship grant from the notable United
Board of Christian Higher Education in Asia and attained
a doctorate degree in English from the University of
Denver, Colorado in 1958.

Career
• From 1964-1965, Tiempo was part of the
faculty at Wartburg College, Iowa. She also
taught at Western Michigan University from
1965 to 1966, and at the Chinese University of
Hong Kong and Hong Kong Baptist College
from 1978 to 1979. In 1978, she received the
Elizabeth Luce Moore Distinguished Asian
Professor Award. She also held the L.T. Ruiz
Professorial Chair in English from 1981 to
1989.

• Gifted in the use of the English language,
Edith Tiempo is proclaimed as one of the
Philippines' foremost writers in English
alongside other seminal writers like Jose
Garcia Villa.
• Her poetry is hailed for its witty and
complex wordplay. This characteristic is
most evident in two of her most famous
poems, “Bonsai” and “The Little
Marmoset.” Literary scholars often refer to
either of these poems in their studies of
Tiempo's work

Workshops
• In 1962, Edith Tiempo and her husband, Edilberto
K. Tiempo, started the Silliman National Writers
Workshop in Dumaguete City. Patterned after the
State University of Iowa's Creative Writing
Workshop, the Silliman National Writers
Workshop has churned out many of the country's
finest writers.
• Filipino literary scholars recognize the Tiempos
as the forerunners of literary criticism and theory
in the Philippines

All that I love
I fold over once
And once again
And keep in a box
Or a slit in a hollow post
Or in my shoe.
All that I love?
Why, yes, but for the moment ---
And for all time, both.
Something that folds and keeps
easy,
Son’s note or Dad’s one gaudy tie,
A roto picture of a young queen,
A blue Indian shawl, even
A money bill.
Bonsai By Edith L. Tiempo
It’s utter sublimation
A feat, this heart’s control
Moment to moment
To scale all love down
To a cupped hand’s size,
Till seashells are broken
pieces
From God’s own bright teeth.
And life and love are real
Things you can run and
Breathless hand over
To the merest child.

21st Century Literature Session Guide

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