1. In retrospect
• How man invented cities– revelation of signs and
symptoms of accelerating and intensive human
evolution and glimpse of foundation of
civilization
• Where nations began- pictured how
nations( ex.Egypt)came to being via centralized
governance, social symbols, and religious
allegiance
• War and Man’s past- military history manifesting
the evolution of man’s social values and
institutions

2. How and where did western civilization take its
distinct shape?->Greek civilization
• Epitome of distinct western civilization for its:
a.)concepts of order, proportion, harmony,
balance and structure which gave way to
classical thought and art.
b.) emphasis on humanism where man was
considered as the measure of all things( vs.
the eastern collectivism)
c.)purpose of attaining levels of creativity and
excellence.

3. Highlights of Greek civilization
1.) OLYMPICS- Greek commitment to excellence
through reason and science
2.)POLIS System- unique socio-political system of
local government which rested on slavery and
exclusion of women to political processes
3.) PELOPONNESIAN WAR- 2,000 years of internal
war among greek city states which exposed the
weakness of the Polis system( over reliance to
public participation and undermining
individualism)

4. 4.) ALEXANDER’S CONQUESTS- conquest of non-
greek world which resulted to the fusion of greek
and oriental cultures---HELLENISTIC AGE->
Alexandrian library, great copies of greek cities,
culture exchanges, travels, explorations,
scholarships, researches.
5.)ROMAN DOMINATION- over powering of roman
superior military but survival of greek ideals;
copying of greek culture to roman life; creation of
roman imperial government and unique
conception of law; dominance of latin language
with greek thoughts which practically molded
european values-> greek culture + roman law=
Mediterranean unity and emergence of
CLASSICAL IDEALS