Feed is the most expensive cost of pork production,
Energy is the most important component of the diet to the pig, there are economic issues that arise if the pig is over/under feed,
pig swill was popular in ww2, with food shortages,
The cost of drying the waste food is less than the tax that would be paid at the landfill sites.
Drying the feed would make it cheaper for farmer would reduce costs for retail sectors,
Although, Nutrients need to match the growth stage far a more efficient growth performance
So where does the waste food go?
goes to landfill, or it can be recycled via compost, or anaerobic digestion
80% of waste food is wasted due to not being used in time or cooking, preparing and serving too much.
In 2012, 7.0 million tonnes of food and drink were thrown away from households in the UK, waste food can be costly,
lowering the amount of waste food will benefit you and the environment
Waste food can be categorised into three sections, 1) unavoidable, 2) possibly avoidable and 3) avoidable
as a new feedstuff, exploring the possibility of using non-meat waste food as a suitable feed replacement for pigs. Meat waste is being tested as a comparison And with pellets currently on the market
though the trading standards feed materials assurance scheme(FEMAS),
Food waste/ Co-products currently in pig pellets are spent hops from breweries, whey from dairy and surplus bread from bakeries, the Swine ind. Consums 8.8 million ton of soybean meals /year,
Food security could be increased if crops were grown for human consumption instead of pig consumption putting less pressure on global food supply,
This would also Avoid importation with the food sourced in UK this would generally be cheaper which would decrease pressure on farmers- possibly reducing the numbers of farmers go out of business, lead to potential increase in UK pork production
Deforestation is an occuring problem when growing soybean
Swill has variable nutrient content, high fat and salt would lower meat quality,
Non-meat food waste would be more suitable, no fishy taints, zoonotic parasites,.
Legal issues also arise with EU regulations stating no animal –by products are to be fed to animals for human consumption,
Microbial contamination and cutlery from plate scrapings was a common problem in the 1960s,
Publics perspective is another factor as the product needs to sell
In the past Outbreak of exotic disease have been an issue, with foot and mouth in the UK in 2001,
To combat this an Industrial process off farm would be most efficient with product traceability and biosecurity control could be vigourously monitored,
Waste food samples from Catering outlets for 5 days The ‘meat’ sample contained plate scrapings and leftover meat trimmings. The ‘vegetable’ sample contained waste food such as vegetable peelings and cooked vegetables.
Proportion of each ingredient Blended with water, weighted out into aluminium container dried in an over (60˚c), 4-10 days to dry, cooled, re-weighted (work out dry matter) ground with pestle and mortar, put in sample pots for storeage
0.5g NDF and ADF
Weighted into filter bag, sealed, run though machine with neutral/acid detergent fibre solution, agitated/heated,
Rinsed, drying oven, cooled in a desiccator, re-weighted
0.2g elementar analyser, weighted into metal crusibles, run though machine to give a nitrogen factor that was x6.25 to determine the protein
1.7g fat, weighted into filter bags, sealed, 3 hours dry in 100C oven, cooled, run though machine, dry 30 mins 100C, desiccator, weighted
Ash- ndf bags folded or cut to fit into ceramic crucibles, furnace for 23hours at 500C , cooled in desiccator, re-weighted,
Fibre measurements on feed bags are NDF, 30-150g/kg, fibre is clearly too high with ranges from 300- 500g/kg.
High fibre diet has Less metabolisable energy than low fibre diets,
It Is prefered to feed growing pigs low fibre diets, (maximise intake of available nutrients and energy)
ADF is a fibre fraction of NDF,
capability to digest fibre increase as pigs get older, high fibre important for pregnant sows, satisfied earlier than with low fibre diets. Less stress and may have less physical activity,
High fibre is associated with lower accessibility of energy content in the feed
70-150 g/kg in swill, generally lower than pellets, 120-170g/kg,
Sophie’s, shilam, household lower than recommended. (127g/kg)
Low protein diet pigs tend to consume more feed, although
Sufficient AA supplements with reduced levels of CP do not affect pig performance,
Economically effect if fed too much protein
High protein levels in feed has no negative effects on carcass, muscle or palatability
40-300g/kg in swill, 35-60g/kg in pellets, sophie’s and shilam very High fat
High fat does not improve performance for market and decreased the body condition score
High fat also affects shelf life – oxidation leads to rancid meat affecting the flavour and smell.
too little fat – affect pig anatomy (small gall bladder/ underdeveloped digestive tract) also affect skin- dermatitis, loss of hair, necrotic areas
Pig swil 5- 65g/kg, pellets 50-70g/kg,
Shilam hh, panty lower
No direct requirement- minerals and vitamin elements of the ash
Remove trace minerals- No effect on growth performance lowers nutritional value of pork products
Samples from sophie’s had large variations between days for analytical constutuents, this is set back as composition of the pig diet is important for optimum pig performance, variability is dependent on the place from which it was collected. Generally samples has similar composition between days with the exception of sophie’s. variation could be explained by different consumption habits of customers.
shilam- boiled- secondary axis= lower count
Implies boiling reduced the number of bacteria, so Boil any plate scraping for consumption, although over 65C lowers digestability
Waste food would be best processed in to dry feed for animal consumption- lower moisture so bacteria would not be a problem
Pig performance is better when fed pellets, they also reduce wastage compared to meals.
Pelleting the feed also generally results in decreased feed intake, increased weight gain and improved feed utilisation
Higher counts for sophie’s maybe explained as scraps were left out of fridge
Enterobacteriaceae in faecal samples of farm animals are a risk for carcass contamination, particularly at slaughter; there is an indication for potential Contamination with retail products leads to public health problems,
Colonisation of pig gut with entero would reduce nutrients available to pig and overall decrease intestine function
Accurate diet composed of specific ingredients,
NDF manageable for adult sows, more energy would need to be added to the feed,
Crops grown for human consumption- reduced pressure on other recycling systems,
Compost, ‘zero waste’ target- many viable ways to reduce the impacts of our waste food, thank you for listening.
![Does it meet the nutritional requirements for swine?
(2.) Feed is the most expensive
cost of pork production
(Whitney, 1998).
(3.) Utilising waste food
could reduce feed costs.
Whitney, M. (1998). Retrieved from Swine Extension : University of Minnesota Extension. [online]
Available at: http://www.extension.umn.edu/agriculture/swine/components/nutrition.htm
[Accessed 5 Nov. 2014].
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