Phosphorus digestibility and relative phosphorus bioavailability in two dried black soldier fly larvae meals and a defatted black soldier fly larvae meal in broiler chickens

1. Phosphorus digestibility and relative phosphorus
bioavailability in two dried black soldier fly larvae
meals and a defatted black solider fly larvae meal
in broiler chickens
N. Matin, P.L. Utterback, and C.M. Parsons (2021).
2021 Poultry Science 100:101221
Presented by: Abdiel Atencio,
Maryam Afkhami Ardakani,
Saad Sifat,
Annalise Anderson,
Jay Hampton,
Sarah Shelby.

2. Abstract
Two chicken trails were conducted to
determine P availability, using three
different approaches.
(BSFL 1 and 3) and one partially-
defatted

3. Abstract
Experiment 1
BSFL as the only
source of P
19 to 22 days of age
(0.25%) P
Ileal digesta and
excreta were
collected on day 22
Experiment 2
3 insect meals relative to
KH2PO4 Potassium
Phosphate monobasic
using a chicken bone ash
bioassay.
Chickens were fed one of
nine dietary treatments
from 8 to 22 days of age
These diets
included a P-deficient
cornstarch-dextrose-

4. Introduction
Major ingredients in poultry feed
 Maize
 Soybean meal
Challenges
 High price of these ingredients
 Rapid decrease of areas suitable for
agricultural production

5. Introduction
Alternative feed resources for poultry
 Utilization of insect meals
Advantages
 Less energy and an insignificant amount of
land area for rearing insects
 Reduction of environmental pollutants generated
from the accumulation of organic waste by grown
on farms and household wastes in poultry feed
manufacturing
 Significant reduction in waste moisture, waste
volume, offensive odor, and pollution potential, as
well as the elimination of house fly

6. Introduction
El-Hack, Abd, et al.(2020)
Nutritional and chemical composition of black soldier fly (BSF)
Fig: Schematic presentation
of food waste
bioconversion into animal
feed via insect farming
Fig: Schematic diagram for
life cycles of the BSF

7. Introduction
Phosphorus is an important
mineral in the poultry diet, which
is a component of organic
compounds involved in energy,
carbohydrate, amino acid and fat
metabolism, nervous tissue
metabolism, blood chemistry and
lipid transport.
The main function of
phosphorus is in the formation of
bones and teeth in animals.

8. Introduction
Feeding calcium and phosphorus to
stop broiler leg issues:
• New research suggests feeding
more of calcium and phosphorus
during early life and less during
later life can maximize both
broiler bone health and weight
gain.
• https://www.wattagnet.com/articles/40829-feeding-calcium-
and-phosphorus-to-stop-broiler-leg-issues?v=preview

9. Introduction
Recent research has focused
on the use of insect meals,
such as black soldier fly
larvae meal (BSFL), as a
potential feed ingredient for
poultry diets.
Spranghers et al., 2017

10. Introduction
Studying the P bioavailability of insect meals is
required:
• To compare BSFL ingredient with traditional
plant feedstuffs
• Traditional poultry feed has two-thirds of total P
in the form of phytate, making majority of it
unavailable for utilization by poultry (Liebert et
al., 2005).
• There has been no research published on
digestibility, or relative bioavailability, of P in
insect meals for poultry

11. Materials and Methods
Experiment 1: Determination of ileal digestibility and total tract
P retention values of 3 BSFL
Ross 308 commercial broiler chickens, 8 replicate pens of 5 chicks per treatment
D0 D19 D22
-Chicks placed in heated
batteries w/ ad libitum access to
feed and water
-Fed standard, nutritionally
complete corn/SBM starter diet
-Weighed, wing banded
-Birds allotted to one of three
dietary treatments
-Completely randomized
design
-Chickens euthanized w/ CO2
-Ileal digesta collected for ileal
P digestibility using
indigestible titanium marker
method
-Excreta samples collected for
3 days (d 20-22) for total tract
P retention values

12. Materials & Methods
BSFL was only
source of P

13. Materials & Methods
Experiment 2: Determine the relative bioavailability of the P in
3 BSL meals relative to the P in potassium phosphate (KH2PO4)
New Hampshire x Columbian chickens, 5 replicate pens of 5 chicks per treatment
-Chicks placed in heated
batteries w/ ad libitum
access to feed and water
-Fed standard,
nutritionally complete
corn/SBM starter diet
D0
-Weighed, wing banded
-Birds allotted to one of
nine dietary treatments
-Completely randomized
design
D22
-Feed intake measured, chickens
weighed then euthanized w/ CO2
-Right tibia bone was collected, then
autoclaved
-Tibias oven dried, then ashed
D8

14. Materials & Methods
P deficient cornstarch-
dextrose-SBM diet
Reference diets;
KH2PO4 has high P
bioavailability

15. Materials & Methods
Y = 30.8 + 17.0 ± 1.1X1 + 8.4 ± 0.07X2
R2 = 0.93
KH2PO4 = X1, Conv. DDGS2 = X2

16. Statistical Analysis
For experiments 1 and 2, the SAS software
(SAS Institute Inc., 2010) was used to
statistically analyze the data obtained and
the individual pens of birds were the
experimental unit.
Intersection and curvature
validity tests were calculated using the
general methods
described by Finney (1964) and
Littell et al. (1997) for slope-ratio assays.
For both experiments,
an ANOVA was completed within the
software

17. Understanding measurements
• Ileal digestible P:
• Portion of dietary total P that is not recovered in content of
terminal ileum
• Total Tract Retention:
• Proportion of dietary total P that is deposited in the body of
an animal.
• Both are methods to measure P
• Why are they different?
Working Group No. 2 (2013)

18. Results and Discussion Experiment 1
• Focus of this experiment
• Ileal P digestibility
• Total tract P retention
• Diets 1 and 3 vs Diet 2
• What is causing this?

19. Results and Discussion Experiment 1
Author Diet Ileal
Digestible P
Ca % P%
Matin et al., 2021 BSFL 1 87.4 0.37 0.26
Matin et al., 2021 BSFL 3 74.6 1.10 0.25
Matin et al., 2021 Partial Defat.
BSFL
87.8 0.32 0.23
Munoz et al., 2020 SBM 66.0 0.40* 0.22
Munoz et al., 2020 MBM 65.0 0.36* 0.35
• Substantial variation in
source Ca %
*Indicated calculated value, not analyzed
• P % values
remain close

20. Results and Discussion Experiment 1
• Issues with calcium balance:
• High Ca levels and wider Ca:P levels
decrease P digestibility
• Formation of Ca-P complex
• Recommended ratio?
• Reduce the energy value of the diet
• Interfere with mineral availability
• By chelation
• Overall
• Reduce bird growth performance
Yan et al. (2005); Gautier et al. (2017); Liu et al. (2013)

21. Results and Discussion Experiment 1
BSFL MBM
Protein:
45-58%
Digestible P:
75-88%
Protein:
47-54 %
Digestible P:
40-60%
Mutucumarana et al. (2015)
https://www.shivamchem.com/blog/poultr
y-feed-supplement-meat-and-bone-meal-
for-broiler-performance/

22. • Why tibia ash?
– Heaviest and longest
– Contains the highest content of ash and calcium (Ca)
– Weight, length, diameter, and ash weight of the tibia increases
with age.
• Why mineral source?
– Organic vs inorganic
• Inorganic provided in form of salts; still natural, but can have
lower resource utilization by body
• Organic describes minerals attached to a protein or AA
– Absorbed faster and better in the broiler gut
– Increased mineral bioavailability
– BSFL organic source of P, comparable to "meat meal"
Results and Discussion: Experiment 2
Brand, et al. (2021; )Han, et al. (2015); Skinner, et al. (1995)

23. Results and Discussion: Experiment 2
Objective:
Use chicken bone assay (tibia) to
determine relative bioavailability
of Phosphorus in the 3 insect
meals relative to Potassium
dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4).

24. Results and Discussion: Experiment 2
Strong, positive linear relationship between tibia ash and
supp P from diet treatments 3, 5, and 9 (P<0.0001).

25. Results and Discussion: Experiment 2
Strong, positive linear relationship between tibia ash and
supp P from diet treatments 3, 5, and 9 (P<0.0001).
Standard for
comparison

26. Results and Discussion: Experiment 2
P in KH2PO4 = 100%
Bioavailable content = (total P x bioavailability value)/100
No apparent differences between 3 insect meals

27. Conclusion
• Availability of P in BSFL and total tract
P retention was high, with values
ranging from 73 to 88%.
• Relative bioavailability values based on
bone ash were approximately 20 to 30
percentage units lower than the values
based on ileal digestibility and total
tract retention (Exp 1)

28. Future Research
• Both groups of birds needed analysis in both manners
• Prior experiments show differences between flocks, breeds, sexes, and ages
when using tibia ash values for mineral deposition
• Adding retention from Exp 1 to Exp 2’s results would improve conclusions
• Differences in provided Ca and P between Exp 1 and 2 confounds results
• Serial slaughter method up to day of harvest to compare values at different
ages (pen experimental unit; bird as observational unit)
• Femur bone ash a valuable measurement, as femur fractures
cause losses during processing
• Increase Vit D may help with retention in cases of increased P
and Ca values (diets 5 and 9)

29. Thank you
Questions?

30. References
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Poultry, 37(8), 12–13.
• Han, Qu, H. X., Wang, J. G., Chen, G. H., Yan, Y. F., Zhang, J. L., Hu, F. M., You, L. Y., & Cheng, Y. H. (2015).
Comparison of the Growth and Mineralization of the Femur, Tibia, and Metatarsus of Broiler Chicks. Brazilian
Journal of Poultry Science, 17(3), 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-635x1703333-340
• Liebert, F., J. K. Htoo, and A. Sunder. 2005. Performance and nutrient utilization of laying hens fed low-phosphorus
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• Mutucumarana, R.K. and V. Ravindran, V. 2016. Measurement of true ileal phosphorus digestibility in meat and bone
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Eeckhout, P. De Clercq, and S. De Smet. 2017. Nutritional composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia
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