Meaning, evolution, types, functions of human values, and meaning and types of Ethics along with business ethics

1. Human Values & Ethics
-An Introduction
Jayanta Kr. Dutta
Asst. Prof.
Department of Extn. Edn.
College of Agriculture, AAU, Jorhat, Assam

2. VALUE means ‘to be of worth’
OR
The amount of money that something is worth.

3. ⚫Human values are closely related with
human life.
⚫ No human life is possible without values.
Human Values are those universal concepts,
drivers of action which are found in all
cultures, all societies, all times and in all
places where human beings barely exist their
lives.

4. MEANING AND DEFINITION OF
HUMAN VALUES
• Human values are the virtues that guide us to
consider the human element when one
interacts with other human beings.
• They are our strong positive feelings for the
human essence of the other.

5. • A VALUE is defined as a principle that
promotes well-being or prevents harm.
• Values are generally regarded as the moral
standards of human behaviors in the society.

6. Some examples of Human values are :
• Brotherhood, friendship, empathy, compassion,
love.
• Openness, listening, welcoming, acceptance,
recognition, appreciation.
• Honesty, fairness, loyalty, solidarity.
• Civility, respect, consideration.

7. Evolution of Human Values
1)The emotions developed or modified by one’s
own awareness, choice, and judgment in
fulfilling the needs.
2)The teachings and practice of Preceptors
(Gurus) of Religious Leaders

8. Evolution of Human Values
3) Fostered or modified by social leaders, rulers
of kingdom and by Law (Government)

9. TYPES OF VALUES
⚫The five human values, which can be found in
all cultures, all societies and in all religions,
are
1. Truth (sathya)
2. Right Conduct (dharma)
3. Love (prema)
4. Peace (shanti)
5. Non- Violence (ahimsa)

10. TYPES OF HUMAN VALUES AND THEIR SUB VALUES
Truth Right
Conduct
Love Peace Non-
Violence
Truthfulness Manners Kindness Patience Consideration
Creativity Health
awareness
Friendship Concentration Cooperation
Honesty Helpfulness Forgiveness Positiveness Loyalty
Determination Responsibility Generosity Self
Acceptance
Justice
Fairness Independence Compassion Self Discipline Respect
Trust Perseverance Tolerance Thankfulness Active
Citizenship
Reflection Courage Service Contentment

11. • Values may be broadly categorized into two –
(i) Intrinsic value and
(ii) Extrinsic value.

12. • Intrinsic values are those values which are
inherently rewarding
• Example: Creativity, social justice and
connection with nature

13. • Extrinsic values are centered on external
approval or rewards.
• Example: Wealth, social status, self image,
personal security.

14. The main functions of values are:
1. Values play an important role in the integration
and fulfillment of man’s basic impulses and
desires in a stable and consistent manner
appropriate for his living.
2. They are generic experiences in social action
made up of both individual and social
responses and attitudes.
3. They build up societies, integrate social relations

15. The main functions of values are:
4. They mould the ideal dimensions of personality
and range and depth of culture.
5. They influence peoples’ behaviour and serve as
criteria for evaluating the actions of others.
6. They have a great role to play in the conduct of
social life.
7. They help in creating norms to guide day-to-day
behaviour.

16. ETHICS : MEANING AND DEFINITION
• The term ethics is derived from the Greek word
ethos which can mean customs, habits,
character or dispositions.
• At its simplest, ethics is a system of moral
principles. They affect how people make
decisions and lead their lives.

17. Reasons for studying Ethics
• to know the people's beliefs, values, and morals,
• learn the good and bad,
• Practice them to maximize well-being and
happiness,

18. Three major areas of study within ethics
1. Meta-ethics, concerning the theoretical
meaning and reference of moral propositions,
and how their truth values (if any) can be
determined.

19. Three major areas of study within ethics
2. Normative ethics, concerning the practical
means of determining a moral course of
action.

20. Three major areas of study within ethics
3. Applied ethics, concerning what a person is
obligated (or permitted) to do in a specific
situation or a particular domain of action.

21. Sources of ethics
1) Genetic Inheritance
2) Religion
3) Philosophical system
4) Code of conduct
5) The legal system
6) Cultural experience

22. • Morals are the welfare principles enunciated
by the wise people, based on their experience
and wisdom.
• They were changed or modified to suit the
geography of the region, and in accordance
with the development of knowledge in science
and technology and with time.

23. Morality is concerned with principles and
practices of morals such as:
(a) What ought or ought not to be done in a given
situation?
(b) What is right or wrong about the handling of a
situation?
(c) What is good or bad about the people, policies,
and ideals involved?

24. Difference between Morality and Ethics
• Morality
1. More general
prescriptive based on
customs and traditions.
2. More concerned with
the results of wrong
action, when done.
• Ethics
1. Specific and
descriptive. It is a
critical reflection on
morals
2. More concerned with
the results of right
action, when not
done.

25. Difference between Morality and Ethics
• Morality
3.Thrust is on judgment and
punishment, in the name
of God or by laws.
4. In case of conflict between
the two, Morality is given
top priority, because the
damage is more. It is more
common and basic
• Ethics
3. Thrust is on influence,
education, training
through codes,
guidelines, and
correction.
4. Less serious, hence 2nd
priority only. Less
common. But relevant
today, because of
complex interactions in
the modern society

26. Business Ethics

27. MEANING AND DEFINITION
• A truly successful business can be built up only
if the objective of service to community is
constantly kept in view. Then, profit will come
automatically.
• Therefore, business ethics has a great
importance to business.

28. • Business ethics refers to the moral principles
which are considered right by the society, and
so; should govern and guide the activities of a
business.
• They are the moral principles and rules of
conduct which should guide the activities of a
business.

29. APPLICATION OF ETHICS TO BUSINESS
• The Council for Fair Business Practices (CFBP)
established in 1966, by the leading private
sector industrialists in western India, has given
some ethical principles applicable to
business :

30. 1. To charge only fair and reasonable price and take
every possible step to ensure that the prices to
be charged to the consumer are brought to his
notice.
2. To take every possible step to ensure that the
agents or dealers do not charge prices higher
than fixed.
3. In times of scarcity, not to withhold or suppress
stocks of goods with a view to earn profit.

31. 4. Not to produce or trade in spurious goods of
standards lower than specified.
5. Not to adulterate goods supplied.
6. Not to publish misleading advertisements.
7. To invoice goods exported or imported at
their correct prices.

32. 8. To maintain accuracy in weights and measures
of goods offered for sale.
9. Not to deal knowingly in smuggled goods.
10. Providing after-sales service where
necessary or possible.

33. 11. Honoring the fundamental rights of the
consumers like, Right of safety, Right to
choose, Right to information and Right to be
heard.
12. Discharging social responsibilities and the
responsibility to protect the environment and
nature's infrastructure.

34. • 13. Ensuring that the product warranty is
offered in simple, unambiguous and concise
language, highlighting the rights of consumer
under it.

35. SALES AND MARKETING
• Ethics in marketing deals with the principles,
values and/or ideals by which marketers (and
marketing institutions) should act.
• Ethical marketing issues include:

36. • Marketing redundant (outdated) or
dangerous products/services.
• Pricing practices such as price fixing and legal
actions including price discrimination and
price skimming.
• Transparency about environmental risks.

37. • Transparency about product ingredients such
as genetically modified products.
• Objectionable advertising such as attack ads,
mind influencing messages, marketing in
schools etc.

38. • Possible health risks, financial risks, security
risks, etc.
• Respect for consumer privacy and autonomy.