URBAN PLANNING URBAN SOCIOLOGY THEORIES OF URBANIZATION

1. URBAN & REGIONAL
PLANNING
B.ARCH.
SEMESTER -6TH
BARC606

2. URBAN
SOCIOLOGY
Urban sociology is the sociological study of life and human
interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a normative discipline of
sociology seeking to study the structures, environmental processes,
changes and problems of an urban area and by doing so provide inputs
for urban planning and policy making.
In other words, it is the sociological study of cities and their role
in the development of society
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3. SOCIOLOGY
AND ITS
RELATION TO
PHYSICAL
PLANNING 3
Sociology and urban planning are closely related fields that intersect in many ways.
 Sociologists study the social interactions and behaviors of people in different settings, while urban planners are
responsible for designing and developing the built environment .
 One way that sociology and urban planning intersect is through the study of how different social groups use
and experience urban spaces.
 Sociologists may study how different groups of people use public
spaces, such as parks and plazas, and how these spaces contribute to social cohesion or division.
Urban planners, in turn, can use this information to design public spaces that are more inclusive and accessible
to all members of the community.
Another way that sociology and urban planning intersect is through the
study of how housing and neighborhood design can impact social well-
being. Sociologists may study how different housing types and
neighborhoods affect residents' physical and mental health, while urban
planners can use this information to create housing and neighborhoods
that promote social well-being.
Overall, sociology and urban planning are closely related fields
that rely on each other to create livable and inclusive cities.

4. THEORIES OF
URBANIZATION
1. Suburbanization
2. The dependency theory
3. Theory of spatial disparities
4. Migration theories
a) Buffer’s theory of migration
b) Stouffer’s law of intervening opportunities
c) Migration theory of neo-classical
economists
d) Push and pull theories of migration
e) Urban bias theory
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5. Lewis two sector model
6. Concentric zone theory
7. Bid rent theory
8. Modern theory of urbanization
9. Theory of evolutionary ladder of
development
10. Writh’s essay on “Urbanization:
A typology of Changes

5. THEORIES OF
URBANIZATION
1. Suburbanization
Suburbanization means “beyond the city” thus it refers to peripheral areas of large cities
around the world.
2. Dependency Theory
╸ The dependency theory argues that urban regions could establish expand and develop only if
agriculture is well developed. The developing countries are sources of input for developed
countries. Hence developing countries receive larger foreign investment in agriculture as well
as non-agricultural sectors.
3. Theory of Spatial Disparities
Spatial disparities theory states that disparities are created due to variation in geographically
advantaged and disadvantaged regions, political importance of a city, economically favorable
policies etc. Spatial forms divided the society.
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THEOIES OF
URBANIZATION
4. Migration Theories
Migration can be both a problem and a solution for various urban regions. There are several migration theories,
some of them are discussed below.
a) Buffer Theory of Migration
Buffer theory of migration stated that “the workers who are imported on temporary base due to creation of short
fall of labourer will return”
b) Stouffer’s Law of Intervening Opportunities
It states that “The number of persons going a given distance is directly proportional to the number of
opportunities at that distance and inversely proportional to the number of intervening opportunities”
c) Migration Theory of Neo-Classical Economists
Neo- Classical economist argues that the main reason for labour migration is wage difference between two
geographic locations.
d) Push and Pull Factors Theory
The push and pull theory is based on various push and pull factors. Push factors are those things/ factors which
are unfavorable about the specific area that one lives in and hence push them to move away from that particular
area. Pull factors are those things that attract one to another area due to various reasons.

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5. Lewis Two Sector Model
Industrialization with the support of specialization supports urbanization process. Lewis presents two sector
model of development with high productivity of modern urban industrial sectors. Lewis assumes that
abundant labourer in agriculture can be absorbed in labour scarce industrial units.
6. Concentric Zone Theory
Ernest Burgess with Chicago sociologist Robert Park put forward concentric zone theory of urbanization .
7. The Bid Rent Theory
The Bid Rent Theory (BRT) theory is theory of geographical economy. It is based on geographical location
rather than productivity of land. It refers to price and demand for real estate.
8. Modern Theory of Urbanization
Modern theory was developed in the mid 20th century. It presented an idea that economic development is
possible only if industries develop and expand by the introduction and use of advanced methods of
production and use of modern technologies.
THEORIES OF
URBANIZATION

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9. Theory of Evolutionary Ladder of Development
To understand stages of urbanization, Walter Rostow’s evolutionary ladder of development and
Warren Thomas demographic transaction can be combined and presented as:
a) Traditional Society (Pre-modern)
b) Pre-take off (Industrialization / Transitional)
c) Take off stage (Mature industrial / Industrial)
D) Stage of Maturity (Post industrial)
e) High Mass Consumption
10. Writh’s Essay on Urbanism as a Way of Life
Louis Writh’s in his essay “Urbanism as a way of life” emphasis as that urbanism is a matter of
physical residence and urbanization is a social phenomenon.
THEORIES OF
URBANIZATION

9. KARL MARX
THEORY OF
URBANIZATION
According to karl marx, urbanization is
the “natural outcome of the development
of the productive forces as well as the
launch pad for sustaining that
development.”
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1. People in preindustrial, traditional
societies were generic, tribal beings
2. Rise of city was transition from
barbarism to civilization
3. People realize political and economic
freedom, productive specialization
4. Social evolution of humans not
complete until capitalism was
transformed into socialism
5. Emphasis of economics and problems
of inequality and conflict

10. ECONOMIC
UPLIFT
• In urban planning, the concepts of economic upliftment and
backwardness are often used to describe the economic conditions of a
particular area or community within a city.
• ECONOMIC UPLIFTMENT refers to the process of improving the
economic conditions of a community or area, typically through the
creation of new jobs, businesses, and investment in infrastructure. This
can include initiatives such as improving transportation networks,
building new housing developments, attracting new industries to the
area and promoting entrepreneurship.
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11. BACKWARDNESS
• Economic backwardness refers to the opposite situation, where a community or area
is characterized by a lack of economic development and opportunities, often
resulting in high levels of poverty, unemployment, and social exclusion. This can be
due to a range of factors including a lack of investment in infrastructure, a decline in
traditional industries, and a lack of access to education and training.
• Urban planners often use these concepts to assess the economic health of different
areas within a city and to develop strategies for promoting economic growth and
development in areas that are economically backward. This can involve a range of
interventions, such as providing tax incentives for businesses to relocate to the area,
providing training and education programs to local residents, and investing in
infrastructure projects to improve the area's connectivity and livability
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12. POVERTY
ALLEVIATION
╸ Poverty alleviation in urban planning refers to the efforts made by urban
planners to reduce poverty and improve the standard of living of
residents in urban areas. It involves a range of interventions aimed at
addressing the root causes of poverty, including lack of access to
education, healthcare, housing, and employment opportunities.
╸ SOME OF THE STRATEGIES THAT URBAN PLANNERS CAN USE TO
ALLEVIATE POVERTY IN URBAN AREAS INCLUDE-
1. Providing affordable housing: Urban planners can work to increase
the availability of affordable housing in urban areas, which can help to
reduce housing costs and improve access to safe and secure housing
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13. 2. Improving access to education and training: Urban planners can work to improve
access to education and training programs, which can help to improve
the employment prospects of residents and increase their earning potential.
3. Creating job opportunities: Urban planners can work to attract new businesses and
industries to urban areas, which can help to create new job opportunities and
increase economic growth.
4. Improving access to healthcare: Urban planners can work to improve access to
healthcare services, which can help to improve the health outcomes of residents and
reduce the financial burden of healthcare costs.
5. Enhancing public transportation: Urban planners can work to improve public
transportation systems, which can help to improve access to employment
opportunities, healthcare services, and other essential services.
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POVERTY
ALLEVIATION

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POVERTY
ALLEVIATION
Overall, poverty alleviation in urban planning involves
a range of interventions aimed at addressing the
underlying causes of poverty and improving the quality
of life of residents in urban areas..

15. CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCES &
PRODUCTION & MAINTAINANCE
OF VIABLE COMMUNITES IN
URBAN PLANNING
In urban planning, the concepts of consumption of resources and production
and maintenance of viable communities are often used to describe the ways in
which urban areas use and manage resources, and how they support the
development of sustainable and livable communities.

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CONSUMPTION
OF RESOURCES
IN URBAN
PLANNING
Consumptionof resources
refers to the use of natural resources, including
energy, water, and land, in urban areas. Urban
planners are often concerned about the impact
of urban development on the environment and
the efficient use of resources. They work to
promote sustainable urban development
practices that minimize the consumption of
resources and reduce waste.
In urban planning, the concepts
of consumption of resources
and production and
maintenance of viable
communities are often used to
describe the ways in which
urban areas use and manage
resources, and how they
support the development of
sustainable and livable
communities.

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PRODUCTION
&
MAINTAINANCE
OF VIABLE
COMMUNITES
IN URBAN
PLANNING
PRODUCTION AND
MAINTENANCE of Viable
communities refers to the creation and
maintenance of communities that are
economically, socially, and environmentally
sustainable. Urban planners work to support the
development of viable communities by promoting
inclusive and equitable development, creating
opportunities for economic growth and
development, and improving access to essential
services such as healthcare, education, and
transportation.

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PRODUCTION
&
MAINTAINANCE
OF VIABLE
COMMUNITES
IN URBAN
PLANNING
TO achieve sustainable and viable communities, urban
planners may use a variety of planning and design strategies,
including:
╸ Smart growth strategies that promote compact, mixed-use
development and reduce sprawl.
╸ Transit-oriented development that encourages the use of
public transportation and reduces reliance on automobiles.
╸ Green infrastructure that promotes the use of natural
systems to manage stormwater, improve air quality, and
mitigate the effects of climate change.
╸ Affordable housing policies that ensure that people from all
income levels can access decent and affordable housing.
╸ Pedestrian and bicycle-friendly design that supports
active transportation and healthy living.
By promoting sustainable resource
consumption and the production and
maintenance of viable communities,
urban planners can help create
urban areas that are more livable,
resilient, and equitable for all
residents.

19. TYPES OF PLANS FOR
URBAN PLANNING
1. MASTER PLAN
2. ZONAL PLAN
3. SUB-ZONAL PLAN
4. LOCAL AREA PLAN
5. SECTOR PLAN
6. NEIGHBOURHOOD PLAN

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1. MASTER PLAN
╸ .A coordinated act of planning proposals, for the physical
development of a city, via the purposeful transformation of
its socio-economic, natural and built environment, taking
into consideration the existing requirements and the future
needs , with population as the basic parameter.
Main functions of the plan :
╸ To develop the town or city as a combined unit and maintain
a balance b/w the spatial allocations for the distribution of
facilities
╸ Formulation of policies for the development of the
town/city, aiming at the decentralisation of city centre
╸ Presenting broad circulation links, for inter-city & intra-city
traffic and a multi modal mass transport system
╸ Preservation of the natural features of the city
╸ Division of the city in sub-divisions or zones.
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CONTENTS OF THE
MASTER PLAN
 Extent of planning area
 Immediate surrounding area
and its effects
 Broad delineation of the land
use
 Major circulation pattern of
the city
 Major work centers
 Delineation of high and low
population density zones
 Zone and sub zone divisions
 Development codes and
norms
 Allocation o land for various
use zones
 Policies and proposals for
development

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2. ZONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
╸ Master plan divides the city into sub-divisions or zones
Criteria’s followed are :
╸ Physical & historical growth
╸ Character of land
╸ Intensity of land – use
╸ Circulation pattern ( railways , major arteries etc. )
╸ Municipal boundaries , election & census wards
Contents of a
zonal plan
Land use plan confirming
to the master plan
Location and extent of
land uses
More detailed circulation
pattern
Special objectives of the
zone if any
Allocation of use zones
into further use premises
Functions of a zonal plan
A zonal development plan details out and elaborates the policies of
the master plan Acts as a link between the master plan and the
layout plans Contains a land-use plan for the development of the
zone and show the approximate locations and extents of land-uses
proposed in the zone .The schemes and layout plans indicating
use premises should confirm to the master plan

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3. LOCAL AREA PLAN
A local area plan (lap) sets out a strategy for the proper
planning and sustainable development of a specific area
within a local authority and for a timescale as specified by
the authority.
CONTENTS OF A
LOCAL AREA
PLAN
Land use zoning & density
Public open space
Private open space
Car parking
Provision of infrastructure
Conservation of built heritage
Conservation of natural
environment
Provision of traveller
accommodation
Community facilities
 Design & development
standards.
Functions of a local area plan
a local area plans gives plot level detail
it is also used to check if the master plan is confirming
with land.

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3. SECTOR PLAN
A sector plan consists of a group of neighborhoods where it is
possible to provide higher order facilities for larger population.
CONTENTS OF A
SECTOR PLAN
It is a detailed site plan with
broad identification of residential
clusters
Allocation of commercial areas
and other facilities based on
access requirement
Formation of a boundary
depending on circulation
pattern and administrative setup
Social and physical
infrastructure to be allocated
based on development control
norms laid down in master plan.
Traffic links to be identified
between arterials and collector
roads
FUNCTIONS OF A SECTOR PLAN
Each sector plan has to identify the various
neighborhoods with population ranging from 3500-
15000. It is the lowest level plan for the
implementation of the various levels of planning
proposals extensively detailed out

24. Thanks!
JASHANJIT KAUR
22-B-ARCH- MIG-001
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