Logic Worktext

WORKTEXT
Pangasinan State University
LINGAYEN CAMPUS
Lingayen, Pangasinan
JAMESON N. ESTRADA
PANGASINA
N
STATEU
NIVERSIT
Y
PANGASINA
N
STATE U
NIVERSITY
1979
L O G I C

Philo 101 with the course title Logic focuses on the study of the principles, rules and
the various methods used to distinguish good from bad arguments. The approach is
two-sided: (1) the analysis and classification of fallacies and (2) the analysis as well
as the construction of valid arguments. This course boosts the development of
analytical and critical thinking skills of the students. To ensure the course objectives
would be achieved, a need for a teaching resource material is necessary. Thus, this
worktext has been prepared.
This worktext is intended for use as a supplementary learning material by
students of Pangasinan State University Lingayen taking up the subject Hum 102
with the objective of providing them with a comprehensive study about logic.
Likewise, it has been designed as an instrument for learning development and
assessment, providing students with a practical approach to applying the knowledge
learned in the lectures. Each worktext covers exercises that is built upon the lessons
of the following chapters
● Logic and Language
● Logic and Philosophy
● Material Logic
● Ideas and Terms
● Judgment and Propositions
● Enthymemes
● Categorical Syllogism
● Formal Validity of Categorical Syllogism
● Hypothetical Syllogism
Informal Fallacies
Bear in mind that it takes sustained effort – and some dedicated patience – to
study and learn the subject. But, it is assured that the effort is well worth it. It is
hoped this modest work helps you. So, the best of luck as you begin your journey in
answering the worktext exercises!
PREFACE
ii

iii
WORKTEXT 3 : MATERIAL LOGIC
WORKTEXT 4 : IDEAS AND TERMS
WORKTEXT 5 : JUDGMENT AND PROPOSITION
WORKTEXT 6 : ENTHYMEMES
WORKTEXT 7 : CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
WORKTEXT 8 : FORMAL VALIDITY OF CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
WORKTEXT 9 : HYPOTHETICAL SYLLOGISM
WORKTEXT 10 : INFORMAL FALLACIES
15
18
22
27
32
38
44
48
WORKTEXT 1 : LOGIC AND LANGUAGE
WORKETXT 2 : LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
PHILO 101 - LOGIC SYLLABUS1
8
12
CONTENTS
REFERENCES53

Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
LINGAYEN CAMPUS
AB ECONOMICS PROGRAM
COURSE SYLLABUS
2nd
Semester, S.Y 2016 – 2017
COURSE INFORMATION
COURSE CODE Philo 101
COURSE TITLE LOGIC AND SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY
COURSE TYPE Lecture
CREDIT UNITS 3 units
TIME FRAME 3 hours / week (54 Hours)
PREREQUISITE None
VISION, MISSION, GOALS AND OUTCOMES
UNIVERSITY VISION To become an ASEAN Premier State University by 2020
UNIVERSITY
MISSION
The Pangasinan State University, through instruction, research, extension and production, commits to develop
highly principled, morally upright , innovative and globally competent individuals capable of meeting the needs
of industry, public service and civil society.
UNIVERSITY
STRATEGIC GOALS
1. Excellent student learning and career development
2. Strong research culture and technology transfer
3. Good governance
4. Sustainable social responsibilities
5. Quality human resources management and development
6. Efficient management of assets and finances
7. Responsive to Globalization and Diversity
8. Customer-focused
UNIVERSITY
OUTCOMES
The Pangasinan State University Institutional Learning Outcomes (PSU ILO) are the qualities that PSUnians
must possess.
These outcomes are anchored on the following core values: Accountability and Transparency, Credibility and
Integrity, Competence and Commitment to Achieve, Excellence in Service Delivery, Social and Environmental
Responsiveness, and Spirituality – (ACCESS). Anchored on these core values, the PSU graduates are able to:
1. Demonstrate through institutional mechanisms, systems, policies, and processes which are reflective of
transparency, equity, participatory decision making, and accountability;
2. Engage in relevant, comprehensive and sustainable development initiatives through multiple perspectives in
decisions and actions that build personal and professional credibility and integrity.
3. Set challenging goals and tasks with determination and sense of urgency which provide continuous
improvement and producing quality outputs leading to inclusive growth;
4. Exhibit life-long learning and global competency proficiency in communication skills, inter/interpersonal skills,
entrepreneurial skills, innovative mindset, research and production initiatives and capability in meeting the
industry requirements of local, ASEAN and international human capital market through relevant and
comprehensive programs;
1

5. Display, socially and environmentally responsive organizational culture, which ensures higher productivity
among the university constituents and elevate the welfare of the multi-sectoral communities and;
6. Practice spiritual values and morally upright behavior which promote and inspire greater harmony to project
a credible public image.
PSU
LINGAYENCAMPUS
OUTCOMES
PROGRAM
OUTCOMES
The Bachelor of Arts in Economics Program is designed to produce graduates to:
PROGRAM OUTCOMES PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Demonstrate expertise on
economic concepts and
theories necessary to
understand the functioning
of the economy for
economic analysis and
policy-making.
 Familiarize the terms and concepts commonly used in discussions of
economic issues.
 Effectively communicate economic ideas, problems, and findings to
those needing the information.
 Generate constructive analysis of real world issues using the theories in
economics.
Practice economic decision-making with reference to individuals, groups
and organizations to understand better the world in which they live in.
Develop skills in the
formulation of project
proposals, undertaking of
economic researches,
solving mathematical
problems and constructing
econometric models.
 Prepare project proposals, feasibility/research studies and policy
proposals
 Prepare and complete economic researches applying qualitative and
quantitative methods in economics.
 Present the project proposals, feasibility/research studies and policy
proposals in a proper forum/fora
 Frame and solve problems in economics, using concepts such as
optimization, equilibrium, and the incentives faced by economic agents.
 Utilize effectively various mathematical and statistical tools to interpret
economic data and address an economic case problem
 Build theoretically sound and technically correct econometric models and
use statistical softwares to obtain
results.
 Utilize computer software like SPSS, STATA, Mathematica and the like
in economic data processing relevant in econometric modelling.
Use E-learning with the aid of internet technology to enhance learning
and knowledge in economics.
Perform with competence
and dynamism as a
productive and innovative
economic player who
takes the initiative to lead
for good governance,
economic growth and
economic development
 Conduct economic activities, projects and programs, and make
recommendations based on the analysis results.
 Conduct extension services such as financial literacy, cooperative
development and livelihood projects to educate and empower citizens in
the community with lasting impact and sustainability.
 Produce a constructive assessment of social or economic problems by
drawing upon relevant data and utilizing suitable economic theories and
evaluating public policy choices.
 Evaluate the welfare implications of various forms of competition and
government policies.
 Use entrepreneurial and critical thinking skills in economic and business
situations.
Apply the models of international trade based on economies of scale and
global production to predict patterns of international trade and to assess
welfare effects.
2

COURSE DESCRIPTION
This course focuses on the study of the principles, rules and the various methods used to distinguish good from bad arguments. The
approach is two-sided: (1) the analysis and classification of fallacies and (2) the analysis as well as the construction of valid arguments.
This course boosts the development of analytical and critical thinking skills of the students
COURSE OUTCOMES
The course demonstrates a comprehensive understanding of logic. Upon successful completion of this course, a student will be able to
1. gain an appreciation for the complexity of language and exhibit understanding of the role of logic and philosophy;
2. manifest comprehension of material logic through structural analysis of definitions and ordinary inferences;
3. show competence on distinguishing ideas and terms as well as identifying them according to their classifications and functions;
4. make sound judgments and statements through understanding of the nature and properties of propositions;
5. utilize the square of opposition by applying its rules and show mastery on stating logically equivalent propositions;
6. grasp the features of traditional logic and develop the ability to think critically through competence on using the various
measures of proving the validity of arguments; and
7. realize that the proper use of logic is a reasonable way to assess situations, evaluate inferences and solve problems.
COURSE LEARNING PLAN
Course
Outcom
es
Learning Outcomes Topics No. of
Hours
Teaching
and
Learning
Activities
Resource
Materials
Assessment
CO1
.
1. Determine the extent of
influence of language to
the concerns of Logic
2. Clarify the different
functions of language in
relation to their utility in
Logic
3. Familiarize with the
elements of language as
a way to understand how
meanings are assigned to
words that are used in
arguments other logical
processes
fundamentals of
Philosophy as the field of
knowledge from where
Logic emerged;
5. Identify the
complementary functions
and also the distinction
between Logic and
rhetorics;
 Course Orientation
 Language,
Philosophy and Logic
1. Language as
a Medium of
Logic
2. General
Functions of
Language
3. Elements of
Language
4. The place of
Logic in
Philosophy
5. Logic and
Rhetorics
6. Definition,
development
, kinds and
types of
Logic
1
3
1
2
1
1
3
Discussion
Lecture/Disc
ussion
Discussion
Sharing
Group
Activity
Lecture
Lecture/Disc
ussion
Lecture/Disc
ussion
Sharing
Group
Discussion
Name
Recalling
Board and
marker
Activity
sheets
PowerPoint
Presentation
Course book
in Logic
 Group
reports or
outputs
 On-line
Assignment
 Short
activity
 Recitation
 Exercises

 Short quiz
3

6. Define Logic and be
familiar with its types
CO2
CO3
1. Define Material Logic and
determine its scope;
Comprehend the nature and
causes of logical fallacies
2. Familiarize with the concept
of definition, the bases for
formulating definitions, and
the possible fallacies in the
construction of statements of
definition;
3. Identify the different fallacies
of relevance
4. Familiarize with the nature
and the intellectual process
of generating ideas
5. Identify the relationship
between ideas and terms and
the features of a term apart
from a word
6. Determine the properties of
terms
7. Classify terms, including its
properties and suppositions
 Material Logic
1. Material
Logic and
fallacies
2. Definition
and
fallacies
3. Fallacies of
Relevance
 Ideas and Terms
1. The origin
of ideas
2. Terms and
words
3. Properties
of terms
4. Classificatio
ns and
supposition
s of terms
MIDTERM
EXAMINATION
2
2
3
1
1
2
3
1
Lecture/Disc
ussion
Powerpoint
Presentation
Powerpoint
Presentation
Identifying
fallacies
Discussion
Lecture
Lecture/Disc
ussion
Board and
Seatwork
Group
activity
Lecture/Disc
ussion
Board and
Marker
PowerPoint
Presentation
Activity
sheets
Course book
in Logic
 Group
reports or
outputs
 On-line
Assignment
 Short
activity
 Annotations
 Exercises
 Long Quiz
CO4
C07
CO5
CO7
1. Comprehend the
meaning of judgment and
its relation to proposition
2. Classify propositions
under different bases
structure, the properties
and forms of propositions
4. Familiarize with the rules
and practical application
of the square of
opposition
5. Familiarize with the rules
and practical application
of eduction
 Judgments and
Propositions
1. Relation of
Judgment
and
proposition
2. Kinds of
Proposition
3. Categorical
Proposition:
its
structure,
quality,
quantity,
form and
distribution
 Enthymemes
1. Square of
opposition
2. Eduction
0.5
0.5
3
4
4
Lecture
Lecture
Discussion
Brainteasers
Replicate
practice
Discussion
Brainteasers
Replicate
practice
Discussion
Brainteasers
Application
of rules and
Problem
Solving
Board and
Marker
PowerPoint
Presentation
Activity
sheets
Course book
in Logic
 Group
reports or
outputs
 Short
activity
 Board and
seatwork
 Exercises
 Short quiz
4

CO6
CO7
CO6
CO7
1. Relate inference to
syllogism and determine
the practical uses of
different kinds of
inference
structures of different
types of syllogisms
3. Develop skills in
formulating formally valid
syllogisms using
technical rules; and
compare and contrast
traditional and modern
methods of validating
syllogisms
characteristics, structures
and types of hypothetical
syllogisms
5. Formulate logically
correct hypothetical
propositions using
appropriate rules
 Categorical Syllogism
1. Inference
and
syllogism
2. Standard
form of
categorical
syllogism
3. Formal
validity of
categorical
syllogism
 Hypothetical
Syllogism
1. Structures
and types
of
hypothetical
syllogism
2. Validating
conditional
syllogism
3. Validating
disjunctive
syllogism
4. Validating
conjunctive
syllogism
FINAL EXAMINATION
1
1
7
2
1
1
1
1
Lecture
Lecture
Discussion
Group
Sharing
Identifying
fallacies
Brainteasers
Application
of Rules
Problem
Solving
Discussion
Application
of Rules
Discussion
Application
of Rules
Discussion
Application
of Rules
Discussion
Application
of Rules
Board and
Marker
PowerPoint
Presentation
Activity
sheets
Course book
in Logic
 Group
reports or
outputs
 On-line
Assignment
 Short
activity
 Annotations
 Exercises
 Long Quiz
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
1. Pass final and midterm exams, quizzes and worksheet exercises.
2. At least 80% class attendance rate.
3. Submission of all homework assignments.
4. Submission of a research paper/term paper.
5. Registration and subscription in the course webpage at www.psuecon.com
6. Enrolment in the E-learning system at www.psuecon.neolms.com
A. LECTURES
Three-hour lecture will be spent each week. You are encouraged to actively ask questions at any time and answer questions during
class lectures. For each lecture, there will be provided powerpoint slides covering the main points, which will be published on the
course web page. Should there be queries you wish to raise in lectures, whether about the course organization or about materials
covered, you are welcome to come to see me during office hours or email me.
5

B. COURSE WEBSITE ACCESS
A course website is maintained which will be used round the year to communicate all the course resources to you including syllabus,
homework, class notes, worktext exercises, lecture slides, online tests and links to suggested reading materials. You are encouraged
to register or subscribe to gain full access to all the website materials. You should also frequently access the course web site to find
updated course information and materials. The site is available at www.psuecon.com.
C. E-LEARNING ENROLMENT
You are required to create an account and enrol the course in the E-learning system which can be accessed at
www.psuecon.neolms.com. This is the portal for the sending of your softcopy assignment and term papers. Here you can download and
access course resources, take online quiz and exam, read class announcement, post queries and comments, etc
CLASS POLICIES
A. ABSENCES AND TARDINESS
Every student is required to attend his classes regularly and punctually. Absence or persistent tardiness for more than 20% of the
total number of class meetings during the entire course shall be sufficient reason for disqualifying a student from taking final
examination or for dropping the student without credit. A student who is late for class for at least 10 minutes will be marked as absent.
A student will incur an absence for every 3 times that he is tardy.
B. MAKE-UP EXAM
Every student is required to attend the final exam, midterm exam, and at least five quizzes. If he is absent on days when tests are
scheduled, he should notify me in advance and bring documentation of the excuse upon returning to class. Unexcused absences from
exams will result in a zero grade. Make–up exams will be arranged only under extraordinary circumstances. Acceptable or valid
reasons for missing an exam include religious observances, athletic trips, illness and urgent circumstances beyond your control.
Makeups must occur within one week of the regularly scheduled exam or quiz, otherwise a zero score will be given.
C. HOMEWORK POLICY
There will be 6 homework assignments (3 for midterm and 3 for final). Each assignment is worth 30 points. These assignments will
be posted on the course website and are mostly due on Mondays in the beginning of class. Any assignment can be late for up to 1
day without penalty. Late homework for two to three days loses 10 points. After 4 days, zero credit is given for late assignments.
D. ACADEMIC HONESTY
All students are expected to be academically honest. Cheating, plagiarisms, lying, theft and other forms of unethical behaviour will
not be tolerated. Any student suspected or found guilty of academic dishonesty in this course will be handled according to the
procedures set out in the PSU Student Handbook.
GRADING SYSTEM
The grades for this course will be based on midterm and final exams, quizzes, worksheet exercises, recitation, homework and a term
paper. The course grade will be determined as follows:
Midterm / Final Exam 25%
Preliminary/Semi-final Exam 15%
Quizzes / Exercises 30%
Recitation 10%
Homework 10%
Term Paper /Project 10%
TOTAL 100%
6

COURSE REFERENCES AND SUPPLEMENTAL READINGS
A. Books
Main Reference:
Unciano, G and Narvas, J. COURSEBOOK IN LOGIC.
Other references and supplemental readings:
Agapay, R. LOGIC: THE ESSENTIALS OF DEDUCTIVE REASONING. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store, 2007.
Bacchuber, A. INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC. New York: Appleton Publishing Company, 1957.
Buenaflor, L. THE ART OF CRITICAL THINKING.Mandaluyong City: Books Atbp. Publishing Corp, 2004.
Copi, Irving, et al. INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC, (11thed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall Publication, 2002.
Evangelista, F. CRITICAL THINKING. Mandaluyong City: National Book Store, 2007.
Montemayor. F. HARMONY OF LOGIC, (3rd ed.). Mandaluyong City: National Book Store, 1993.
Pariñas, N., Camus-Rivera, J. LOGIC COURSEBOOK.Quezon City: IPM Publishing, 2011.
B. E-sources:
http://www.philosophypages.com
http://logic.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/main.htm
http://philosophy.hku.hk
INSTRUCTOR’S CONTACT INFORMATION
NAME JAMESON N. ESTRADA
OFFICE AB English Language Office
MOBILE NUMBER 0949-9756-345
EMAIL jameson.n.estrada@gmail.com
WEBSITE www.psuecon.com / www.jamesonestrada.com
CONSULTATION
HOURS
8:00 – 12:00 (Wednesday)
PREPARED BY:
JUFRI JAN LOUIS M. NARVAS, M.Ed.
Instructor I
UPDATED AND ADOPTED BY:
JAMESON N. ESTRADA
Instructor I
CHECKED BY:
JUFRI JAN LOUIS M. NARVAS, M.Ed.
Chairperson, Social Science Department
LORNA G. URBIZTONDO, Ed.D.
Dean, College of Arts, Sciences and Letters
APPROVED BY:
ARMANDO D. JUNIO, Ph.D
Executive Director, PSU
Lingayen Campus
7

EXERCISE 1
True or False. Write True if the statement is correct and F if it is
false. Write the answer on the blank provided for.
1. Logic is the branch of philosophy which deals with the
technical rules of correct reasoning and argumentation.
_______________
2. Reasoning is an input-output process in which input
represents the premises and output represents the
conclusion. _______________
3. Argument is a collection of conclusions. _____________
4. To infer is to draw conclusions from the premises.
_______________
5. A statement is an imperative sentence that is capable of
being true or false. _______________
6. An argument is invalid if and only if its conclusion follows
from its premises. _______________
7. A conclusion of an argument is intended to support or
justify the premises of an argument. _______________
8. Language is defined as a set of symbols by which things,
ideas, and thoughts or feelings are communicated to
others. _______________
9. The directive use of language intends to evoke some
feeling from other people. _______________
10. The informative use of language assumes that the
information communicated is something that may be
subjected to prohibition. _______________
11. The meaning or signification existing between the symbol
and the referent is the subject. _______________
12. Language is the verbal form of our thoughts.
_______________
13. Referent is a word, name, or phrase used to signify
something. _______________
14. Object can be any person who is using the symbol that
signifies to a referent and with a specific intended
reference. _______________
15. Connotative meaning is the literal meaning of the symbol.
_______________
EXERCISE 2
Indicate whether each of the following is a statement or not. Put
a checkmark (/) on the blank provided for if it is a statement and
X if it is not a statement.
16. Where do you shop for food and drink? ___________
17. What is the name, address and phone number of your
cousin? ___________
18. All PSU basketball players are intelligent. ___________
19. Smile! ___________
20. Potatoes can be boiled, mashed, fried, chipped, roasted,
or oven-baked. ___________
21. If you eat too much chocolates, you will put on weight.
___________
22. No logical positivist believes in God. ___________
23. How stupid I am! ___________
24. Please don’t change anything on my smartphone.
___________
25. I used my debit card to buy a pair of shoes for work.
___________
26. Emma is the manager of a small Italian restaurant.
___________
27. You should take the lift to the fifth floor. ___________
28. Come and look at this, Pedro! ___________
29. Who is the unhealthiest person you know?
30. Logic formal systematic of incorrect reasoning.
___________
31. My friend has been unemployed since last June.
___________
32. Seoul is the capital of South Korea. ___________
33. All Communists favor the poor. ___________
34. Gloria Arroyo is a man. ___________
35. Talk more quietly. ___________
Lingayen Campus
WORKTEXT 1 : LANGUAGE AND LOGIC
Philo 101 – Logic and Social Philosophy
NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________________________
YEAR AND COURSE: ___________________________ DATE: ____________________________________
8

EXERCISE 3
Make a valid or sound inference in each of the following
statements. Write the answer on the blank provided for after each
statement.
36. Your mother smiles.
____________________________________________
37. People are cheerful in the plaza.
____________________________________________
38. Michael eats vegetable salad for lunch each day.
____________________________________________
39. You count 35 people that originally had 38.
____________________________________________
40. You see that there is a smoke in your friend’s house.
____________________________________________
41. A landslide occurred during a strong typhoon.
____________________________________________
42. Marie took a day off from work and comes in the next day
with sunburn
____________________________________________
43. A malignant tumor is found in her breast.
____________________________________________
44. My girlfriend is on a healthy diet.
____________________________________________
45. The Philippine unemployment rate rises.
____________________________________________
46. This game application reaches 50-million downloads.
____________________________________________
47. Joy bought five lottery tickets the previous day and quit
work the next day.
____________________________________________
48. A man is running towards the gate at the airport.
____________________________________________
49. Your baby cousin is playing his bedroom and you hear a
crash and then crying.
____________________________________________
50. A baby makes a horrible face after eating a new food.
____________________________________________
EXERCISE 4
What general function of language is considered in each of these
statements or sentences. Write E for expression, D for direction
and I for information.
51. Economics is the study of choices. ______________
52. Minerals are the building blocks of every type of rock.
______________
53. What do you think about vegetarians? ______________
54. There is no such thing as a free lunch. ______________
55. Gravity makes hydrogen and helium gas come together
to form clouds. ______________
56. How do you think transport will be different from now in
fifty years’ time? ______________
57. Muhammad established the Islamic state in the Arabian
Peninsula. ______________
58. The salty seas and oceans make up 97 percent of the
world’s water. ______________
59. Every Filipino should have equal access to health care.
______________
60. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbor.
______________
61. You are the apple of my eye. ______________
62. You should do some exercise instead of playing
computer games all day. ______________
63. Don't count your chickens before they hatch.
______________
64. Let the love begin. ______________
65. Please close the door when you leave.
66. Reptiles are cold-blooded vertebrates that have tough
skin covered in scales. ______________
67. Do you take vitamin supplements or natural remedies?
______________
68. The GDP growth rate of the Philippines is 7.2% in 2014.
______________
69. They have their exits and their entrances.
______________
70. To see is to believe. ______________
9

EXERCISE 5
Give 10 examples of statements that may ambiguously assume
"expressive", "directive" and ''informative" uses of language.
Provide the respective meanings of the statement relative to each
of the three uses of language and give the particular situation or
context in which the statement is used.
Example:
Statement: I’m hungry.
Expressive: The person may be telling that as an excuse
for boredom
Directive: The person is using a simple euphemism to ask
someone for a food treat
Informative: the person is simply informing about some
gastronomic condition)
71. Statement: __________________________________
(Expressive) _________________________________
(Directive)___________________________________
(Informative)_________________________________
72. Statement: __________________________________
(Expressive) _________________________________
(Directive)___________________________________
(Informative)_________________________________
73. Statement: __________________________________
(Expressive) _________________________________
(Directive)___________________________________
(Informative)_________________________________
74. Statement: __________________________________
(Expressive) _________________________________
(Directive)___________________________________
(Informative)_________________________________
75. Statement: __________________________________
(Expressive) _________________________________
(Directive)___________________________________
(Informative)_________________________________
76. Statement: __________________________________
(Expressive) _________________________________
(Directive)___________________________________
(Informative)_________________________________
77. Statement: __________________________________
(Expressive) _________________________________
(Directive)___________________________________
(Informative)_________________________________
78. Statement: __________________________________
(Expressive) _________________________________
(Directive)___________________________________
(Informative)_________________________________
79. Statement: __________________________________
(Expressive) _________________________________
(Directive)___________________________________
(Informative)_________________________________
80. Statement: __________________________________
(Expressive) _________________________________
(Directive)___________________________________
(Informative)_________________________________
EXERCISE 6
Classify the following symbols or signs as either a word, a name,
or phrase. Write W for word, N for name and P for phrase. Write
the answer provided after the symbol.
81. United States of America ______________
82. Unity ______________
66. United nations ______________
83. Windows 10 Operating System ______________
84. Philosophy ______________
85. At the end of the street ______________
86. Jameson Estrada ______________
87. Too slowly ______________
88. Amazing ______________
89. Amazing Spider Man (a movie) ______________
90. Confidently gorgeous ______________
91. Economic recession ______________
92. February 7, 2016 ______________
93. Apple Corporation ______________
94. Calendar ______________
95. Bill of Rights ______________
10

EXERCISE 7
Provide the three elements (referent, reference and subject) of
language using the following symbols or signs. Write the answer
on the blank provided for.
96. Heart
Referent: ____________________________________
Reference: ___________________________________
Subject: _____________________________________
97. The Philippines
Referent: ____________________________________
Reference: ___________________________________
Subject: _____________________________________
98. Carabao
Referent: ____________________________________
Reference: ___________________________________
Subject: _____________________________________
99. Stubborn
Referent: ____________________________________
Reference: ___________________________________
Subject: _____________________________________
100.Teacher
Referent: ____________________________________
Reference: ___________________________________
Subject: _____________________________________
101.Dog
Referent: ____________________________________
Reference: ___________________________________
Subject: _____________________________________
102.Genius
Referent: ____________________________________
Reference: ___________________________________
Subject: _____________________________________
103.King
Referent: ____________________________________
Reference: ___________________________________
Subject: _____________________________________
104.Home
Referent: ____________________________________
Reference: ___________________________________
Subject: _____________________________________
105. Avatar
Referent: ____________________________________
Reference: ___________________________________
Subject: _____________________________________
EXERCISE 8
Determine whether the following references are denotative or
connotative. Write D if it is denotative and C if it is connotative.
106.Dog – shamelessness or an ugly face _____________
107.Taurus – one constellation of the zodiac ____________
108.Home – family, comfort and security _____________
109.Mom and Dad – loving parents _____________
110.Computer – a programmable machine _____________
111.Stubborn – pig-headed _____________
112.Childish – immature _____________
113.Cricket – a bat-and-ball game played between two
teams _____________
114.Woman – a chick _____________
115.Chicken – a domesticated fowl _____________
116.Eagle – a ruler of the sky _____________
117.Aquarius – January 20 to February 18 _____________
118.Dragon – guardian of treasure _____________
119.Rainbow – a phenomenon that causes a spectrum of
light _____________
120.Pearl – a hard object produced within the soft tissue of
a living shelled mollusk _____________
EXERCISE 9
Provide the denotative and connotative reference of the following
words. Use the blanks provided for your answer.
121.Cancer
Denotative: __________________________________
Connotative: _________________________________
122.Thunderbird
Denotative: __________________________________
Connotative: _________________________________
123. Red
Denotative: __________________________________
Connotative: _________________________________
124.Cross
Denotative: __________________________________
Connotative: _________________________________
125.Notebook
Denotative: __________________________________
Connotative: _________________________________
11

ARISTOTLE
SOCRATES
PHYTAGORAS LEIBNITZ
CHARLES BABBAGE
ZENO
ROGER BACON
PLATOJOHN VENN
GEORGE BOOLE
THALES
AMMONIUS KURT GODELBERNARD WILLIAMS
RENE DESCARTES
GEORGE BERKELEY
EXERCISE 1
1. Philosophy is regarded as the queen of all sciences.
_______________
2. The word philosophy comes from the Latin word
‘philosophia’, which literally means "love of wisdom".
_______________
3. Logic studies the ultimate causes and principles of things
through the use of human correct reasoning.
_______________
4. Plato is regarded as the Father of Traditional or
Syllogistic Logic. _______________
5. Protagoras is generally regarded as the first of the
sophists. _____________
6. Material logic concerns with the substance or content of
the argument. _______________
7. Formal logic is to semantics as material logic is to
grammar. _______________
8. Every argument is basically composed of premise and
conclusion. _______________
9. A conclusion serves as the evidence in support of the
validity of the premise. _______________
10. In an inductive form of reasoning, the premises are
greater or equal in comprehension to that of the
conclusion. _______________
11. If the truth of the conclusion necessarily follows from the
truth stated by the premises, then the form of reasoning
is deductive. _______________
12. Inductive reasoning allows for the possibility that the
conclusion is false, even where all of the premises are
true. _______________
13. A syllogism is a deductive argument that is composed of
three statements or propositions. _______________
14. The statement “A hexagon has eight sides” is
grammatically correct but semantically incorrect.
_______________
15. The statement, “Rose are a fruit”, is both incorrect in the
level of grammar and semantics. _______________
EXERCISE 2
Identification. Identify the logician/philosopher credited for the
historical development of logic and philosophy by choosing the
answer in the box of choices below. Write the answer on the blank
provided for.
16. ______________ enunciates the first philosophical
query.
17. ______________ pursues the truth but does not claim
possession of it.
18. ______________ establishes the first comprehensive
rules for Logic, covering the concerns for both material
logic and formal logic.
19. ______________ sets to augment the logic of Aristotle
by his skillful formulation of the rules for Inductive Logic.
20. ______________ is credited for the invention of
Symbolic Logic and regarded as the Father of Modern
Logic.
21. ______________ devises an alternative measure of
validating arguments and syllogisms called Venn
Diagram.
22. ______________ develops the Antilogism Method in
analyzing validity of arguments.
23. ______________ coins the word “Logic” as a science of
correct reasoning.
24. ______________ devises a method what demonstrates
how truth can be derived from a careful ordering of ideas
and the elimination of errors in reasoning.
25. _______________ popularizes the “Dialectics”, a
method of argument for resolving disagreement.
Lingayen Campus
WORKTEXT 2: LOGIC AND PHILOSOPHY
NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________________________
12

EXERCISE 3
Perform the linguistic analysis in the level of grammar and
semantics to show the validity of the following statements.
26. Manila is the capital of the Philippines.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
27. It’s hot inside a freezer.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
28. The cat is eating the crocodile.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
29. A pentagon consist of eight sides.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
30. There are five-foot-long blue ants in my bedroom.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
31. He is wearing an invisible hat that can’t be felt or
perceived in any way.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
32. Mang Ambo will continue to have conscious experiences
after his physical death.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
33. About 500 people have flown in space since 1961.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
34. Psychology is the scientific study of society.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
35. Almost a third of all the world’s coffee is grow in Brazil.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
36. All gems is expensive stones.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
37. Each dishonest person is not a trustworthy individual.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
38. Reptiles are warm-blooded vertebrates.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
39. Every event have a cause.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
40. Eight plus three equals twelve.
Grammar _________________
Semantics ________________
EXERCISE 4
Identify the premise/s and conclusion in each of the following
arguments. Encircle the conclusion and underline the premise or
set of premises.
41. Adrian is sick; then he will be absent from school.
42. Every life form that everyone knows of depends on liquid
water to exist; all known life depends on liquid water to
exist.
43. Proteins are discovered, not invented; discoveries are
not patentable, although inventions are; protein patents
are intrinsically flawed.
44. All of the rabbits that all living people have ever seen are
white; so, all rabbits are white.
45. Some economic variables have direct relationship;
consumption and income are economic variables;
consumption and income have direct relationship.
46. Team A is better than Team B; but Team B is better than
Team C; thus, Team A is better than team C.
47. Most married people are healthier and more
economically stable than single people. Jack and Jill are
married people Hence, Jack and Jill are healthier and
more economically stable than single people.
48. Anne Curtis is a celebrity and she is beautiful; Sarah
Geronimo is a celebrity and she is beautiful; Lyza
Soberano is a celebrity and she is beautiful; therefore,
all celebrities are beautiful.
49. All millionaires eat well; Fatima eats well; therefore,
Fatima is a millionaire.
50. Every Economics student is very bright; economics
student # 1 is very bright; economics student # 2 is very
bright; economics student # 3 is very bright; economics
students # 4 is very bright.
51. All men are mortal; Juan is a man; therefore, Juan is
mortal.
13

52. All cats are mammals; all horses are mammals; hence,
all cats are horses.
53. I’ll go to Rome during Christmas break if and only if I’ll
win the lottery; I won’t win the lottery; I won’t go to Rome
during Christmas break.
54. No nuclear-powered submarines are commercial
vessels; all nuclear-powered submarines are warships;
consequently, no warships are commercial vessels
55. Some diamonds are precious stones; some carbon
compounds are not diamonds; accordingly, some carbon
compounds are not precious stones.
EXERCISE 5
Classification. Indicate whether each of the following is an
inductive or deductive reasoning. Write I if it is an inductive
reasoning and D if it is a deductive reasoning in the space provided
for before the number.
56. ______________
Most countries belonging to the First World have high
GDP growth rate.
Singapore belongs to the First World.
Therefore, Singapore has high GDP growth rate.
57. ______________
Contestant number one is tall.
Contestant number two is tall.
Contestant number three is tall.
Therefore, all contestants are tall.
58. ______________
All leaf vegetables are sources of fiber.
Malabar spinach is a leaf vegetable.
Therefore, Malabar spinach is a source of fiber.
59. ______________
Economists have high knowledge on economic theories.
John Maynard Keynes is an economist.
John Maynard Keynes has high knowledge on economic
theories.
60. ______________
Adobo and Menudo are delicious Filipino dishes.
Sinigang and Kare-kare are also delicious Filipino dishes.
All Filipino dishes are delicious.
61. ______________
Iphone 6s Plus is a smartphone with Gorilla Glass.
Samsung Galaxy S6 is a smartphone with Gorilla Glass.
LG G5 is a smartphone with Gorilla Glass.
Therefore, all smartphones are with Gorilla Glass.
62. ______________
No poor Filipino people have 1 million cash.
Pedro is a poor Filipino.
Pedro does not have 1 million cash.
63. ______________
80 percent of poor Filipinos have shelter.
Pedro is a poor Filipino.
Therefore, Pedro has a shelter.
64. ______________
The bird in the ricefield is a crow.
All crows are black.
Therefore, the bird in the ricefield is black.
65. ______________
Some Social Science subjects are offered during the
second semester.
Philo 101 is a Social Science subject
Therefore, Philo 101 is offered during the second
semester.
66. ______________
All cats are animals.
But my pet Kuting is a cat.
Therefore, my pet Kuting is an animal.
67. ______________
All PBA players have sports watch.
James Yap is a PBA player.
Therefore, James Yap has a sports watch.
68. ______________
Some good actors are not powerful athletes.
All professional boxers are powerful athletes.
Therefore, all professional boxers are good actors.
69. ______________
Everyone who eats steak is a wrestler.
Mark William eats steak.
Mark William is a wrestler.
70. ______________
Their team loses 99 percent of the time it plays.
Their team is playing today.
Probably their team will lose today.
14

EXERCISE 1
1. Material Logic is a type of Logic concerned with the
substance and content of argument. ________
2. Philosophers, Plato and Aristotle, emphasized that
humans are essentially "rational animals". ________
3. The deferendum is the term to be defined. ________
4. Definiens is the meaning assigned to the term. ________
5. The equation of the defiendum and the definiens is
expressed through the use of the copula. ________
6. A statement of definition that does not result to an
analytic proposition is a fallacy of definition. ________
7. The word definition comes from the Latin word “definire”
which means “to increase”.
8. The species indicates the class to which the definiendum
belongs. ________
9. Definition by efficient cause is a case of a term defined
with reference to the purposiveness or intended objective
and function of its existence. ________
10. Definition by genetic cause his is a case of a term defined
with reference to the material composition by which it
exists. ________
11. Definition by hybrid cause is a case of a term defined with
reference to its logical comprehension. _________
12. Circular definition is committed when the definiens states
a term similar to the definiendum. _________
13. Figurative definition is committed when metaphorical
reference to the meaning of a term is used. _________
14. Obscure definition is committed when the definiens
contains unfamiliar words. _________
15. A negative definition is one that states what a thing is not
instead of stating what it is. _________
EXERCISE 2
Indicate whether each of the following is a fallacious statement or
not. Put a checkmark (/) on the blank provided for if it is fallacious
and X if it is not.
16. February is the second month of the year in the Julian
and Gregorian calendars. ______________
17. Genesis is the first book of the Christian New
Testament. ______________
18. Human hair will grow between 40 – 50 centimeters every
four weeks. ______________
19. An adolescent is a person between the ages of 13 and
19. ______________
20. In the law of demand, quantity demanded increases as
price increases. ______________
21. Avatar is a science fiction film directed by James
Cameroon. ______________
22. An aviator is a person who flies an aircraft.
______________
23. Twenty-five minus eleven equals ten. ______________
24. Humans have seven senses. ______________
25. Guava is a source of Vitamin C. ______________
26. José Rizal was the founder of Katipunan, a Philippine
revolutionary society. ______________
27. A thermometer measures pressure. ______________
28. The uppermost surface of Earth is called the crust.
______________
29. Exchange rate is the price for which one currency is
exchanged for another. ______________
30. Mixtures are made of different elements or molecules.
______________
Lingayen Campus
WORKTEXT 3 : MATERIAL LOGIC
NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________________________
15

EXERCISE 3
Determine whether the following is analytic proposition or fallacy
of definition. Write AP if it is analytic proposition and FD if it is
fallacy of definition.
31. Man is an adult male human. ______________
32. The Philippine economy will grow between 3% to 7%
every quarter. ______________
33. Japanese yen is the official currency of Japan.
______________
34. The circulatory system pumps blood around your body.
______________
35. There are 206 bones in the human body.
______________
36. Most minerals are crystals. ______________
37. All reptiles are animals. ______________
38. Caspian Sea is the largest inland body of water in the
world. ______________
39. Earth’s oceans contain 324 million cubic miles of water.
______________
40. Without water, life on Earth could not exist.
______________
41. As the air rises and cools over land, the water condenses
in clouds. ______________
42. Some amphibians are cold-blooded. ______________
43. Dogs chase cats. ______________
44. No intellectuals are successful politicians.
______________
45. All smartphones have touchscreens. ______________
EXERCISE 4
Identify the defeniendum and defeniens in each of these
statements. Encircle the defeniendum and underline the
defeniens.
46. The solar system’s largest planet is Jupiter.
47. Financial capital refers to money used by entrepreneurs
to buy what they need to make their products.
48. Da Vinci Code is a mystery-detective novel written by
Dan Brown.
49. Meteorites are small chunks of rock that have come from
space and landed on the Earth’s surface.
50. Scientific method refers to a body of techniques for
investigating phenomena.
51. The largest metropolitan area of Japan is Tokyo.
52. Christmas is an annual commemoration of the birth of
Jesus Christ.
53. An envelope is a common packaging item, usually made
of thin flat material.
54. A speech sound that is articulated with complete or
partial closure of the vocal tract is a consonant.
55. The person who cooks professionally for other people
refers to a chef.
EXERCISE 5
Identify the genus and species in each of these statements.
Encircle the genus and underline the species.
56. Helium is the chemical element with atomic number 2
and an atomic weight of 4.002602.
57. Arm is the part of the human body between the shoulder
and the elbow joints.
58. Berlin is the capital city of Germany.
59. Thomas Edison is the inventor of light bulb.
60. Jollibee is fast-food restaurant chain based in the
Philippines.
61. Virgo is an astrological sign in the Zodiac, which spans
the zodiac between the 150th and 179th degree of
celestial longitude.
62. Herbs are any plants with leaves, seeds, or flowers used
for flavoring, food and medicine.
63. Dragonfly is a winged insect belonging to the order
Odonata.
64. Kare-kare is a Philippine dish made from peanut sauce
with a variety of vegetables, stewed oxtail and beef.
65. New Zealand is an island country in the south-western
Pacific Ocean.
EXERCISE 6
Determine the cause of the definition given the statement of
definition in each item. Write the answer on the blank provided
for.
66. Earthquakes occur when two blocks of the Earth’s crust
slip past each other. _____________________
67. Nervous system is composed of the brain, the spinal
cord, nerves, and sense organs. __________________
68. Tsunami is a giant ocean wave caused by a sudden
movement of the ocean floor. ____________________
16

69. Emerald is regarded as the traditional birthstone for May.
_____________________
70. Volcanoes form when molten rock pushes up through the
Earth’s crust. _____________________
71. Church is structure whose primary purpose is to facilitate
the communal worship. _____________________
72. Calendar is a system of organizing days for social,
religious, commercial, or administrative purposes.
_____________________
73. Water is made up of molecules consisting of two atoms
of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
_____________________
74. Television is a telecommunication medium for
transmitting and receiving moving images.
_____________________
75. Life is a wheel. _____________________
76. Evernote is a software application used for note taking.
_____________________
77. Adam Smith is the father of classical economics.
_____________________
78. Gold symbolizes power, strength, wealth, warmth and
happiness. _____________________
79. Buffet a system of serving meals in which food is placed
in a public area where the diners generally serve
themselves. ____________________
80. Digestion begins with ingestion when you take in and
chew food, mixing it with saliva to make it easier to
swallow. ____________________
81. Love is like a rosary that is full of mystery.
____________________
82. Calcium is the most abundant metal found in living
organisms and is vital for many cellular reactions.
____________________
83. Sushi is a Japanese food consisting of cooked vinegared
rice combined with other ingredients.
____________________
84. Labor market functions through the interaction of workers
and employers. ____________________
85. Money is medium of exchange and a unit of account
____________________
EXERCISE 7
Determine the fallacy of definition committed in each of the
following items. Write the answer on the blank provided for.
86. White is a color that is not black. ___________________
87. Mars is a planet and is almost the same size as the
Earth. ____________________
88. Life is a journey of beginnings and endings.
____________________
89. Man is a human with brain. ____________________
90. Community is an assemblage of copious populaces of
diverse species subjugating the same terrestrial area.
____________________
91. Productivity is a measure of the efficiency of production.
___________________
92. Enthusiasm is the state of eagerness and passion.
____________________
93. Salt is a salty substance made from sodium chloride.
____________________
94. Recession is a business cycle contraction, a general
slowdown in economic activity. ___________________
95. Justin Bieber is Canadian R&B singer and not an
American pop singer. ___________________
96. Puberty is the process of somatic vicissitudes by which
a child's body mellows into an adult body capable of
sexual facsimile to enable fertilization.
___________________
97. The coward dies a thousand deaths.
___________________
98. Peace is a state of harmony and lack of conflict.
___________________
99. Force is power to push and pull. ___________________
100.Chemistry is what the chemist studies.
___________________
17

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks. Fill in the blank with a word or phrase that best
completes the statement.
1. ________________ is the intellectual image of a thing.
2. ________________ is the concrete symbolism or
representation of an idea.
3. Trough language, ideas are communicated using
concrete medium called ________________.
4. A term composed of more than one word or phrase is
called ________________.
5. The ________________ of a term refers to the essential
thought elements, which constitute a term.
6. The correlative of comprehension is the _____________
of a term.
7. ________________ refers to a term whose referent is
existential or an object that that exists outside the mind.
8. ________________ refers to terms with no existential
referents.
9. ________________ is a term which bears the same and
consistent meaning even when used across different
propositions.
10. A term that has a definite concept or identified set of
concepts is called ________________.
11. ________________ refers to the totality or entirety of a
class of things.
12. ________________refers to a pair of terms with
opposing meanings, in which no middle ground or even
an alternative exists outside the opposition.
13. ________________ is a pair of terms representing the
two extremes among objects of a series belonging to the
same class.
14. ________________ of terms is the definite meaning
which a given term stands for in the context of its use in
a sentence or proposition.
15. The ________________ is used to stand for something
that is real and as subject to experience.
EXERCISE 2
Classify the quality of an idea relative to the term it qualifies. Write
EQ if it is essential quality and AC if it is accidental quality. Write
the answer on the blank provided for before the item.
16. ________ Man – rational
17. ________ Christmas – food
18. ________ Book – printed
19. ________ Iced tea – sweet
20. ________ Teacher – educated
21. ________ Mirror – reflection
22. ________ Balloon – gas
23. ________ Car – white
24. ________ Fruit – sour
25. ________ Foreigner – rich
EXERCISE 3
Indicate whether each of the following is a term or not. Put a
checkmark (/) on the blank provided for if it is a term and X if it is
not before the item.
26. ________ Beautiful
27. ________ Beauty
28. ________ Beautiful woman
29. ________ Beauty Gonzales
30. ________ Beauty and the Beast
31. ________ Special
32. ________ Dancing
33. ________ Nationalistic
34. ________ The
35. ________ To see is to believe
Lingayen Campus
WORKTEXT 4 : IDEAS AND TERMS
NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________________________
18

EXERCISE 4
Determine whether each of the following is a simple term or
composite term. Write ST if it is simple term and CT if it is
composite term on the blank provided for before the item.
36. ________ Housewife
37. ________ Unambiguous sign
38. ________ Mercedes is lovely
39. ________ Mashed potato
40. ________ Herbal tea
41. ________ A television in the room.
42. ________ Breakfast in bread
43. ________ Swimming pool
44. ________ Blue-green
45. ________ Windmill
EXERCISE 5
Determine the property of term in each of these pairs of terms.
Write C for comprehension and E for extension on the blank
provided for before the item.
46. ________ Social Networking Site – Facebook
47. ________ Celebrity – Kris Aquino
48. ________ Gmail – an email service by Google
49. ________ Software developer – a person concerned
with facets of the software development process.
50. ________ Airplane – aircraft
51. ________ Entrepreneur – Steve Jobs
52. ________ Literature – arts of written works
53. ________ Church – Barasoain
54. ________ Woman – Juana
55. ________ Romance novel – literary genre
EXERCISE 6
Provide the inverse relationship of comprehension and extension
property of terms. Write the answer on the space provided for after
the item.
56.
Extension Comprehension
Entrepreneur – a private
individual
57.
A car manufacturer - Toyota
58.
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
 Chemical elements
 Non-metallic elements
 Noble gas
59.
 Washington D.C, Beijing,
Bangkok, Manila
 Beijing, Bangkok, Manila
 Bangkok, Manila
 Manila
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
60.
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
_______________________
Festivals in the Philippines
Festivals in Luzon
Festivals in Region 1
Festivals in Pangasinan
Festival in Dagupan City
EXERCISE 7
Determine the following real terms as physical term or
metaphysical. Write P for physical and M for metaphysical on the
blank provided for before the item.
61. ________ Flower
62. ________ Box
63. ________ Sound
64. ________ Spirit
65. ________ Gravity
66. ________ Wine
67. ________ Virus
68. ________ House
69. ________ Washing machine
70. ________ Microwave
19

EXERCISE 8
Classify the following terms according to their nature of referent.
Write R for real term, A for abstract term and I for imaginary term.
Write the answer on the blank provided for before the item.
71. ________ Goblin
72. ________ Benevolence
73. ________ Patents
74. ________ Unicorn
75. ________ Dragonfly
76. ________ Square
77. ________ Duende
78. ________ Aswang
79. ________ Capitalism
80. ________ Santa Claus
81. ________ God
82. ________ Christmas
83. ________ Furniture
84. ________ Religion
85. ________ Vampire
EXERCISE 9
Classify the underlined terms of these propositions according to
their definiteness of meaning. Write UN for univocal, EQ for
equivocal and AN for analogous. Write the answer on the blank
provided for after the item.
86. Steve Jobs is an innovative entrepreneur
Steve Jobs is the CEO of Apple Corporation
_____________
87. A gun permit is issued to him.
If his loved ones permit him, he will go abroad to seek
greener pasture.
_____________
88. We had a tasty breakfast this morning.
James prepared a tasty desert for his visitors.
_____________
89. Man is an adult male human
Man is the only living specie in the Homo genus.
_____________
90. Mathematics is Sarah’s favorite subject.
Their plan to organize a party is subject to discussion.
_____________
91. The job applicant submits a comprehensive resume to
an apparel company.
We resume the game as the soon the rain stops.
_____________
92. A journey of thousand miles begins with a single step.
Ann Lee took one step forward and backward.
93. The third planet from the Sun is the earth.
The earth planet is home to millions of species, including
humans.
_____________
94. In logic, the converse of “All S is P” is “some P is S”.
The journalists converse with the victims of the tragedy.
_____________
95. God loves us.
The supernatural creator and overseer of the is God.
_____________
96. My address is 250 Salisay, Dagupan City, Pangasinan.
Policymakers must address the problem of inflation.
_____________
97. She is giving a maternal love for his child.
You have to love in order to be loved.
_____________
98. Conrado is the head of Estrada’s family.
He is experiencing a pain in his head.
_____________
99. The houses in the subdivision have Christmas lights.
My mother is the light of our home.
____________
100. The dogs bark at the strangers.
Plants with bark include trees, woody vines, and shrubs.
____________
EXERCISE 10
Classify the following terms according to their quantity. Write S
for singular, P for particular U for universal and C for collective.
Write the answer on the blank provided for before the item.
101.________ James Bond
102.________ A consumer
103.________ Those senators
104.________ Five cards
105.________ Flock
106.________ Google
107.________ Workers
108.________ No pension
20

109.________ Battalion
110.________ Bird
111.________ Some statements
112.________ Every economist
113.________ Researches
114. ________ 35% of the managers
115.________ This condominium
116.________ An experience
117.________ Colony
118. ________ Millions of downloads
119.________ A few respondents
120.________ Any movie
EXERCISE 11
Classify the following pair of terms according to their nature of
incompatibility. Write CD for contradictory, CT for contrary, PR for
privative and RE for relative. Write the answer on the blank
121. ________ Substance – compound
122. ________ Genius – idiot
123. ________ Small – Large
124. ________ Metallic element – non-metallic element
125. ________ Addition – Subtraction
126. ________ Alive – deceased
127. ________ God – Demon
128. ________ Scarce – bountiful
129. ________ Father – mother
130. ________ Cause – effect
131. ________ Beautiful – ugly
132. ________ Prologue – epilogue
133. ________ Rational – irrational
134. ________ Meaningful – meaningless
135. ________ Start – finish
EXERCISE 12
Classify the following pair of terms according to their nature of
incompatibility. Write MA for material supposition, LF for logical-
formal supposition, RF for real-formal supposition and MF for
material-formal supposition. Write the answer on the blank
136.________ “Some colleges” is a particular term.
137.________ Octagon is a polygon consisting of eight
sides.
138.________ Cigarette is dangerous to human health.
139.________ Sinigang is my favorite Filipino dish.
140.________ Communication is not what one does with the
machine, but is the machine itself.
141.________ Argument is a war.
142.________ War is a three-letter word.
143.________ Time is money.
144.________ Amphibians are a class of vertebrate animals.
145.________ Adele is a better singer than Swift Taylor.
146.________ China is more populous that the Philippines.
147.________ Love is a satisfying feeling.
148.________ Brazil is a proper noun.
149.________ Consumer is a person who buys goods.
150.________ Aristotle is a popular philosopher.
21

EXERCISE 1
Fill in the blanks. Fill in the blank with a word or phrase that best
completes the statement.
1. In logic, a ______________ is a mental process that
involves the comparison of two ideas.
2. When concepts are compared, the mental disposition is
either to ______________ or negate one concept on
another.
3. When judgments are symbolized, the result is a
______________.
4. Statements that convey unconditional information that
can be evaluated as either factual or not are called
______________
5. ______________ is done by converting the original verb
into a noun if it is not a linking verb, and assigning the
appropriate linking verb afterwards.
6. ______________ is performed by adding a word to the
original sentence to serve as the comprehension of the
subject term.
7. Non-standard forms are usually evident when the quality
of proposition is ______________.
8. The quality of a proposition is determined by the
______________.
9. ______________ propositions are statements that refer
to the totality or entirety of a class of things.
10. ______________ refers to the combination of certain
quantities and qualities of propositions.
11. The I-proposition is ______________ and affirmative.
12. The E-proposition is universal and ______________.
13. ______________ of terms refers to the quantity of the
two terms used in a categorical proposition.
14. The subject-term is distributed when the proposition is
_____________
15. The distribution of the predicate-term on a proposition is
determined by its _____________.
EXERCISE 2
Determine whether the following judgement affirms or negates
one concept on another. Write A if it affirms and N if it negates on
the blank provided after the item.
16. Snail is a mollusk. __________
17. Leonardo Da Vinci is not a botanist. __________
18. Pineapple is not a type of fruit. __________
19. Univocal is a term that has only one meaning.
__________
20. Taiwan is north of the Philippines. __________
21. It is not the case that Grace Poe is natural-born citizen
of the Philippines. __________
22. Abstract terms have no color. __________
23. It is not the case that Building A is taller than Building
B. __________
24. It is necessarily true that three plus three equals six.
__________
25. The singer is neither here nor there. __________
EXERCISE 3
Indicate whether each of the following is a proposition or not. Put
a checkmark (/) on the blank provided for if it is a proposition and
X if it is not after the item.
26. Next Monday is a public holiday. __________
27. Mr. Jobs is reading a book. __________
28. Steve, you are a bad influence! _________
29. If budget deficits increase then the economy will
stagnate _________
30. Hulk Hogan's real name is Terry Bollea. _________
31. Do you go to church on Sundays? _________
32. Please play the guitar. _________
33. It's a beautiful day today! _________
Lingayen Campus
WORKTEXT 5: JUDGEMENT AND PROPOSITIONS
NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________________________
22

34. Ferdinand Marcos was a president of the Philippines.
_________
35. Some mushrooms are poisonous. _________
EXERCISE 4
Determine whether each of the following is a categorical
proposition or hypothetical proposition. Write CP if it is categorical
proposition and HP if it is hypothetical proposition. If it a
hypothetical proposition, classify its sub-type as conditional,
conjunctive or disjunctive.
36. The consumer is either satisfied or unsatisfied.
_________
37. The activists would rather walk than ride. _________
38. Android is a mobile operating system. _________
39. The tourist cannot go to Palawan and visit his family in
Baguio at the same time. _________
40. If something is pink, then it is colored. _________
41. He will marry a woman if and only if it she is Jane.
_________
42. Neither wood nor plastic conducts heats like metal does.
_________
43. If the dessert is a bibingka, then Ann will eat it.
_________
44. Whenever it is summer in Thailand, it is winter in Canada.
_________
45. All uncles are males. _________
EXERCISE 5
Indicate whether each of the following is a categorical proposition
or not. Put a checkmark (/) on the blank provided for if it is a
categorical proposition and X if it is not before the item.
46. His father works in a factory. _________
47. Mt. Apo is higher than Mt. Pulag. _________
48. The mathematician knows that the square root of 225 is
15. _________
49. The two choir members are playing the piano.
50. No stone is a metal. _________
51. The foremen are in the construction site. _________
52. Some teachers are researchers. _________
53. Lily is a flower. _________
54. Rome is an Italian city. _________
55. Cities in Metro Manila are chaotic. _________
EXERCISE 6
Read and analyze carefully the statements in each item.
Construct a maximum of three propositions under each item
which can be logically derived from the given statement. Make
sure to construct your statements using the standard structure of
a categorical proposition.
56. Sydney is a large Australian city with busy streets and
expensive shops.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
57. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer,
or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their
regard to their own interest.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
58. Chocolate discharges the same chemical in the body as
when we feel love.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
59. The body is like a car with two fuel tanks for energy –
the first tank holds fatty acid and the second tank
contains carbohydrates.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
60. The Pangasinan State University, through instruction,
research, extension and production, commits to develop
highly principled, morally upright , innovative and
globally competent individuals capable of meeting the
needs of industry, public service and civil society.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
61. Macroeconomics analyzes the entire economy and
issues affecting it, including unemployment, inflation,
economic growth, and monetary and fiscal policy.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
62. Some people like winter but many more people prefer
summer.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
23

63. Survival in the face of the elements has been the struggle
for most of human existence on the planet.
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
64. In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
– Genesis 1:1
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
65. The first step towards success is taken when you refuse
to be a captive of the environment in which you first find
yourself. – Mark Caine
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
EXERCISE 7
Transform these sentences to fit the standard form of a categorical
proposition by way of paraphrasing using nominalization, supletion
and word ordering. Ensure that the truth value of the original
sentence is retained. Write your answer on the blank provided
after the sentence. Refer to the following example below.
Example:
Microsoft developed the Windows 10 operating system.
Nominalization: Microsoft is the developer of Windows
10 operating system
Supletion: Microsoft is a company that develops
Windows 10 operating system
Word Ordering: Windows 10 is an operating system
developed by Microsoft
66. Alfred Marshall is an economist that brings the ideas of
supply and demand into a coherent whole.
Nominalization: _______________________________
Supletion: ___________________________________
Word Ordering: _______________________________
67. Film directors direct the actors and film crew in
filmmaking.
Nominalization: _______________________________
Supletion: ___________________________________
Word Ordering: _______________________________
68. Guillermo E. Tolentino sculptured the U.P Oblation.
Nominalization: _______________________________
Supletion: ___________________________________
Word Ordering: _______________________________
69. Some college graduates have an IQ of less than 80.
Nominalization: _______________________________
Supletion: ___________________________________
Word Ordering: _______________________________
70. Domingo works in a factory.
Nominalization: _______________________________
Supletion: ___________________________________
Word Ordering: _______________________________
71. Real estate consists of land and the buildings on it.
Nominalization: _______________________________
Supletion: ___________________________________
Word Ordering: _______________________________
72. Westife sang the “Uptown Girl”.
Nominalization: _______________________________
Supletion: ___________________________________
Word Ordering: _______________________________
73. Unilever manufactures in fast-moving consumer goods.
Nominalization: _______________________________
Supletion: ___________________________________
Word Ordering: _______________________________
74. Abraham quoted that truth is generally the best
vindication against slander.
Nominalization: _______________________________
Supletion: ___________________________________
Word Ordering: _______________________________
75. No sports cars intend to be driven at moderate speeds.
Nominalization: _______________________________
Supletion: ___________________________________
Word Ordering: _______________________________
EXERCISE 8
Determine whether the following is a standard form or non-
standard form of categorical proposition. Write SF if it is standard
form and NS if it is non-standard form. Write the answer on the
blank provided after the statement.
76. No man is an island. _________
77. Neil Armstrong is an astronaut. _________
78. None of the animals are mammals. _________
79. Not all nutritious foods are fruits. _________
80. All fun games are challenging games. _________
81. No crocodiles are animals that climb trees. _________
82. Dinosaurs are not lizards. _________
83. No boring novels are inspired stories. _________
84. There is no proof that steroids lead to suicide.
_________
85. No one is excepted in the quiz. _________
24

EXERCISE 9
Determine the quality of the categorical proposition as either
affirmative or negative. Write A for affirmative and N for negative
the blank provided for after the item.
86. Some teachers are egotists. _________
87. No car is a computer. _________
88. All potatoes are cabbages. _________
89. Some corrupt people are politicians. _________
90. No television celebrities are certified public accountants.
_________
91. All proteins are organic compounds. _________
92. Some juvenile delinquents are not maladjusted
individuals. _________
93. Some pediatricians are not specialists in surgery.
_________
94. All real properties are good investments. _________
95. No trade union executives are entrepreneurs. _________
EXERCISE 10
Classify the following propositions according to their quantity.
Write SP for singular proposition, PP for particular proposition UP
for universal proposition.
96. A pack is a group of wolves. _________
97. Some collections of books are unattractive. _________
98. Joanne Rowling is the author of the novel Harry Potter.
_________
99. Thirty percent of the voters are supporters of Grace Poe.
_________
100. The student is a genius. _________
101.Procter and Gamble is an American multinational
corporation. _________
102.All companies are profit-driven. _________
103. Some websites are not safe to visit. _________
104.No employees of this firm are members of labor unions.
_________
105.An apple is a nutritious fruit. _________
EXERCISE 11
For each of the following categorical propositions, mark the four
basic elements accordingly. Encircle the quantifier, underline the
subject term, strikethrough the predicate term and enclose in a
rectangle the copula.
106.No Christians are Muslims.
107.Some college students are devoted fans of soap operas.
108.All soaps are products which serve as key components
of most lubricating greases.
109.No drug addicts are individuals with a balanced and
healthy diet.
110.Some robots are mechanisms that are guided by
computer and electronic programming.
111.All accountants are persons with stressful jobs.
112.Some hospitals in the Philippines are institutions that
overcharge the Philhealth Program.
113.All human consumptions of cigarette smoking are
potential causes of lung cancer.
114.Some political campaigns are not mere attempts to
disgrace rivals.
115.Some rock music lovers are not fans of “One Direction”.
EXERCISE 12
Change both the quality and the quantity of the following
categorical propositions. Write the answer on the blank provide
after the item.
116.No people who embrace human life are terrorists.
____________________________________________
117.Some African nations are countries deserving cash
transfer programs.
____________________________________________
118.No rent-control policies are things welcomed by
landlords.
____________________________________________
119.Only women are mothers
____________________________________________
120.Some pornographic films are materials prohibited for
cinema showing by MTRCB.
____________________________________________
121.Some political advisers are followers of Ramon
Magsaysay.
____________________________________________
25

122.All ceramic materials are fragile artifacts.
____________________________________________
123.Some strengths are not weaknesses.
____________________________________________
124.Some ASEAN countries are not members of APEC.
____________________________________________
125.All Philippine heroes are patriotic.
____________________________________________
EXERCISE 13
Determine the form of the categorical proposition as either A, E, I
or O. Write your answer on the blank provided for after the
question.
126.All great economists are college graduates. _________
127.Some successful entrepreneurs are keenly interested in
their work. _________
128.Some mammals are not monkeys. _________
129.No people whose primary interest is in winning elections
are true liberals. _________
130.Some Christians are not Methodists. _________
131.All Filipinos are hospitable people. _________
132.No foods that contain calcium are toxic substances.
_________
133.No writers of sensational articles are truthful persons.
_________
134.Some Filipino desserts are fattening foods. _________
135.All children who are most hungry are children who eat
most. _________
EXERCISE 14
Determine the distribution of the underlined term in the context of
its use in the proposition. Write D if it is distributed and U if it is
undistributed on the blank provided for after the item.
136.All rational consumers are persons who are optimal for
achieving a goal of maximizing utility. ____________
137.Some statisticians are economists. ____________
138.Some statisticians are not economists. ____________
139.No intelligent students are idiots. ____________
140.None of the trucks are fuel-efficient vehicles.
____________
141.That student standing in front of the room is a non-
sophomore. ____________
142.Not all great painters are Italians. ____________
143.Some of the visitors are non-journalists. ____________
144.All of the television models are LED TVs. ____________
145.All of the television models are LED TVs. ____________
146.No tax policies that favor the rich companies are fair
policies.
147.No persons who live near train stations are persons who
appreciate the noise of trains.
148.Some real estate managers are not responsible real
estate investors.
149.Some Filipinos are twitter followers of Jameson Estrada.
150.All management seminars are invigorating activities.
EXERCISE 15
Draw Venn diagrams for the following categorical propositions.
Write the answer on the space provided for.
151.All methods that increase output are measures that
improve productivity.
152.All scientists who theorize about the nature of time are
physicists.
153.No physicians are people who comprehend the process
of semiconductors.
154.No yellow colors are blue colors.
155.All hexagons are six-sided figures.
156.Some chlorofluorocarbons are not things that deplete
the ozone layer.
157.Some persons identical to Benigno Aquino Jr. are
persons who had an enormous influence on democracy.
158.All materials that produce oxygen are things that sustain
animal life.
159.Some fraternities are not groups that conduct perilous
initiation rites.
160.No pricey French wines are not good beverages.
26

EXERCISE 1
1. An enthymeme is a syllogistic argument which is
composed of a single premise and a conclusion.
_____________
2. In an enthymeme, one premise is hidden or elided.
_____________
3. The education process illustrates the relationship among
the four propositional forms. _____________
4. The forms of proposition involved in contradictory
opposition are A and E propositions. _____________
5. I and O propositions are sub-contrary opposition.
_____________
6. If one of the propositions is true in a contrary opposition,
the other proposition is doubtful. _____________
7. If one of the propositions is false in a sub-contrary
opposition, the other proposition is true. _____________
8. In a contradictory opposition, if one proposition is true,
the other proposition is false. _____________
9. In a sub-altern opposition, if one universal proposition is
false, the other proposition is also false. _____________
10. If a particular proposition is true then the universal
proposition is doubtful. _____________
11. Eduction is a process of obtaining the logical opposite of
a proposition. _____________
12. In the eduction process of conversion, the educed
statement is called convertend. _____________
13. Only O propositions may be educed using conversion by
limitation. _____________
14. Only A and E Propositions may be educed using
complete inversion. ______________
15. In the eduction process of contraposition, the original
proposition is called contraponend. ______________
16. ______________ propositions are statements that refer
to the totality or entirety of a class of things.
17. ______________ refers to the combination of certain
quantities and qualities of propositions.
18. The I-proposition is ______________ and affirmative.
EXERCISE 2
Translate following statements into the standard form of
categorical proposition. Write your answer on the blank provided
after the number. Refer to the following example.
Example: A few mammals deal with humans.
Answer : Some mammals are animals that deal with humans.
16. Every fruit is not an animal.
________________________________________
17. An arthropod is an invertebrate animal having an
exoskeleton.
________________________________________
18. A few well-informed people are stubborn individuals.
________________________________________
19. If a person speaks with a British accent, then he is from
Great Britain.
________________________________________
20. All employers are not bad with their employees.
________________________________________
21. A newscaster is very articulate.
________________________________________
22. Only employees of that corporation appreciate how nice
it works there.
________________________________________
23. Economics professors are the only teachers who try to
teach their students how to be a make a rational
economic decision.
________________________________________
24. Several diseases are caused by viruses.
________________________________________
25. Dolphins are members of the mammal class.
________________________________________
Lingayen Campus
WORKTEXT 6: ENTHYMEMES
NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________________________
27

EXERCISE 3
Indicate whether each of the following is an enthymeme or not. Put
a checkmark (/) on the blank provided for if it is an enthymeme and
X if it is not before the item.
26. Vietnam rose is a flower. ____________
27. No cars with internal combustion engines are energy
efficient, so no Germany-made cars are energy efficient.
____________
28. All reptiles are coldblooded animals. Lizard is a
coldblooded animal. Therefore, lizard is a reptile.
____________
29. All desserts are fattening foods. Therefore, some
desserts are fattening food. ____________
30. The gun has the defendant’s fingerprints on the trigger.
Thus, he is certainly guilty. ____________
31. Where there is smoke, there is fire. ____________
32. All employed Filipinos are people who have quality
standard of living. ____________
33. All varieties of vegetables are plants. Therefore, all
varieties of vegetables are not non-plants.
____________
34. Val does well in the class. Thus, he pays attention.
____________
35. Building A is taller than Building B; but Building B is better
than Building C; thus, Building A is better than Building
C. ____________
EXERCISE 4
In each of these enthymemes, determine the missing or hidden
premise that is already understood to be elided or omitted. Write
your answer on the blank provide for.
36. Food containing proteins are nutritious.
Therefore, fish is nutritious.
____________________________________________
37. All individuals listening attentively are people who do
well.
Therefore, Erna is an individual listening attentively.
____________________________________________
38. James Bond is a human.
Therefore, he will die.
____________________________________________
39. Parrots make good pets
Therefore, they are gentle animals
____________________________________________
40. Mark is severely sick.
Therefore, he will be absent from work.
____________________________________________
41. Microsoft Corporation is a company.
Therefore, Microsoft Corporations earns a profit.
____________________________________________
42. Macroeconomic problems dramatically affect the
economy.
Therefore, inflation dramatically affects the economy.
____________________________________________
43. Joe is too bossy.
Therefore, we shouldn't elect Joe as leader of the
project.
____________________________________________
44. Mr. Matulungin is a selfless person.
Therefore, he helps charities.
____________________________________________
45. All people who follow their instinct are individuals who
do fine.
Therefore, she is an individual who does fine.
____________________________________________
EXERCISE 5
Determine the method used for the following enthymemes based
on the squares of oppositions. Write contrary, sub-contrary,
contradictory and sub-altern. Write your answer on the blank after
the item.
46. All triangles are three-sided.
Therefore, no triangles are three-sided
________________
47. Some SM Supermaket shoppers are wise consumers.
Therefore, no SM Supermaket shoppers are wise
consumers.
________________
48. No competent fresh graduates are persons who can
land a job quickly.
Therefore, some competent fresh graduates are not
persons who can land a job quickly.
________________
49. No economic activities are irrelevant.
Therefore, some economic activities are irrelevant.
________________
50. All consumer goods are durable.
Therefore, some consumer goods are not durable
________________
51. Some Filipino comedians are comic.
Therefore, some Filipino comedians are not comic.
________________
52. All hackers are critical thinkers.
Therefore, no hackers are critical thinkers
________________
53. No Third World countries are developed countries.
Therefore, some Third World countries are developed
countries.
________________
28

54. Some skin products are dermatology-tested.
Therefore, some skin products are not dermatology-
tested.
________________
55. All religious people are opponents of same-sex marriage.
Therefore, some religious people are not opponents of
same-sex marriage.
________________
56. No shy people are successful public speakers.
Therefore, some shy people are successful public
speakers.
________________
57. Some new smartwatches are economical means of
physical fitness.
Therefore, some new smartwatches are not economical
means of physical fitness.
________________
58. All birds are warm-blooded animals.
Therefore, no birds are warm blooded-animals.
________________
59. All foods containing mercury are toxic substances.
Therefore, some foods containing mercury are not toxic
substances.
________________
60. No news writers are persons with good penmanship.
Therefore, some news writers are not persons with good
penmanship.
________________
EXERCISE 6
Each item is furnished with a formulated enthymeme. Determine
the form of categorical proposition and the truth value in each
proposition in relation to the rules of the square of opposition. Write
the answer on the blank provided for after the proposition.
61. Some entrepreneurs are wealthy stock brokers.
_____________ ____________
Therefore, some entrepreneurs are not wealthy stock
brokers.
_____________ ____________
62. No arachnids are crustaceans.
_____________ ____________
Therefore, some arachnids are not crustaceans.
_____________ ____________
63. All carbohydrates are organic compounds.
_____________ ____________
Therefore, no carbohydrates are organic compounds.
_____________ ____________
64. All desserts are fattening foods.
_____________ ____________
Therefore, some desserts are fattening food.
_____________ ____________
65. Some Wikipedia information entries are not reliable.
_____________ ____________
Therefore, all Wikipedia information entries are reliable.
_____________ ____________
66. No productivity apps are things that streamline your life.
_____________ ____________
Therefore, some productivity apps are not things that
streamline your life.
_____________ ____________
67. Some fruits are sour.
_____________ ____________
Therefore, some fruits are not sour.
_____________ ____________
68. No birds are mollusks.
_____________ ____________
Therefore, some birds are mollusks.
_____________ ____________
69. Some computer software are not freeware.
_____________ ____________
Therefore, no computer software are freeware.
_____________ ____________
70. All agribusiness products are perishable.
_____________ ____________
Therefore, no agribusiness products are perishable.
_____________ ____________
EXERCISE 7
Read and analyze carefully the proposition in each item.
Construct the squares of opposition and determine its truth value.
Make sure to construct proposition using the standard structure
of a categorical proposition. Write the answer on the space
provided for after the item. Refer to the following example.
Example:
No infectious diseases are curable. (False)
Contradictory opposition: Some infectious diseases are curable
(True)
Sub-altern opposition: Some infectious diseases are not curable
(Doubtful)
71. Some Renaissance great artists are Italians. (True)
____________________________________________
72. All liquid substances are odorless. (False)
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
73. No normative economic statements are propositions
which make value judgements. (False)
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
29

74. All rational entrepreneurs are risk takers. (True)
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
75. Some life struggles are learning experiences. (True)
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
76. Some jellyfishes are crustaceans. (False)
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
77. All chemical elements are substances. (True)
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
78. No imported goods are products produced from other
countries. (False)
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
79. No Vice-presidentiables in the 2016 Philippine Election
are senators. (False)
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
80. All people who live in the Philippines are people who
drink coffee. (False)
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
EXERCISE 8
Each item is furnished with a formulated enthymeme. Determine
the eduction process or method used. Write conversion,
obversion, contraposition or inversion on the blank provided for
after the item.
81. Some digital cameras are DSLRs.
Therefore, some DSLRs are digital cameras.
_________________
82. All varieties of watermelons are fruits.
Therefore, all non-fruits are non-varieties of
watermelons.
_________________
83. All universities are outcomes-based educational
institutions.
Therefore, some non-universities are non-outcomes-
based educational institutions.
_________________
84. All businesses are profit-driven activities.
Therefore, all non-profit-driven activities are businesses.
_________________
85. All OFWs are Filipino citizens.
Therefore, some Filipino citizens are OFWs.
86. Some foreign tourists are not French citizens.
Therefore, some foreign tourist are non-French citizens.
_________________
87. No species of daisies are flowers
Therefore, no flowers are species of daisies.
_________________
88. Some Filipino delicacies are foods made from
Pangasinan.
Therefore, some Flilipino delicacies are not non-foods
made from Pangasinan.
_________________
89. No economic policies intended for economic
development are things that the Philippines needs.
Therefore, some non-things that the Philippines needs
are non-economic policies intended for economic
development.
_________________
90. Some typhoons in the Philippines are not catastrophic
calamities.
Therefore, some non-catastrophic calamities are not
non-typhoons in the Philippines.
_________________
91. All Ipad tablets are devices with built-in fingerprint
technology.
Therefore, some non-Ipad tablets are not devices with
built-in fingerprint technology.
_________________
92. No sports cars are vehicles intended to be driven at
moderate speeds.
Therefore, some non-sports cars are not vehicles
intended not to be driven at moderate speeds.
_________________
93. Some consumption spending are not food expenditures.
Therefore, some non-food expenditures are
consumption spending.
_________________
94. Mammals are not reptiles
Therefore, reptiles are not mammals.
_________________
95. Every woman is not a man.
Therefore, every woman is a non-man.
_________________
30

EXERCISE 9
In each item below, educe the correct proposition using the
prescribed eduction process. Write your answer on the blank
provided for below the proposition.
96. All cnidarians are animals.
Conversion:
____________________________________________
Obversion :
____________________________________________
Contraposition :
____________________________________________
Inversion :
____________________________________________
97. All Filipinos are people who eat rice.
Conversion by Limitation:
____________________________________________
Obversion :
____________________________________________
Contraposition :
____________________________________________
Inversion :
____________________________________________
98. No cars with internal combustion engines are energy
efficient.
Conversion :
____________________________________________
Obversion :
____________________________________________
Contraposition :
____________________________________________
Inversion :
____________________________________________
99. Several books are reference materials.
Obversion :
____________________________________________
Contraposition :
____________________________________________
Contraposition :
____________________________________________
100.All duals sports are fun games.
Limitation:
____________________________________________
Obversion :
____________________________________________
Contraposition :
____________________________________________
Inversion :
____________________________________________
101.Some skyscrapers are buidings with more than 100
storeys.
Conversion :
____________________________________________
Obversion :
____________________________________________
102.Some CEOs in tech companies are not excellent
planners.
Obversion :
____________________________________________
Contraposition :
____________________________________________
Contraposition :
____________________________________________
103.No happy people are persons with fewer friends.
Conversion :
____________________________________________
Obversion :
____________________________________________
Contraposition :
____________________________________________
Inversion :
____________________________________________
104.No pigs are animals that climb mountains .
Conversion :
____________________________________________
Obversion :
____________________________________________
Contraposition :
____________________________________________
Inversion :
____________________________________________
105.Some scientists are makers of various patents.
Simple Conversion :
____________________________________________
Obversion :
____________________________________________
31

EXERCISE 1
True or False. Write True if the statement is correct. If false,
change the underlined word/phrase to make the statement correct.
1. Categorical syllogism is a deductive argument consisting
of three categorical propositions, and containing three
distinct terms. _____________________
2. An epichreme has exactly three premises, one
functioning as a major premise, and the other as a minor
premise. ____________________
3. Mediate inference is characterized by immediacy in the
manner that a conclusion is drawn from a single premise.
____________________
4. The premise is the statement that the evidence is claimed
to support or imply. ____________________
5. The major premise of a standard-form categorical
syllogism contains the subject of the conclusion.
___________________
6. The minor premise contains the minor term.
____________________
7. The major term is the predicate term of the conclusion.
____________________
8. The conclusion provides the middle ground between the
major premise and minor premise. _________________
9. The middle term must appear in both premises but not in
the conclusion. ____________________
10. The mood of a categorical syllogism is determined by the
location of the two occurrences of the middle term in the
premises. ____________________
11. The figure of the syllogism is determined by the types (A,
E, I, or O) of standard-form categorical syllogism.
____________________
12. The mood-figure combination AAA – 2 is a valid
syllogism. ____________________
13. The mood-figure combination EAO – 3 is a valid
syllogism. ____________________
14. In accordance with the rules of the form-test method,
there are only 25 valid syllogistic forms. _____________
15. To determine the mood and figure of a categorical
syllogism, the syllogism must first be transformed into
standard form. ____________________
EXERCISE 2
Indicate whether the following is an immediate or mediate
inference. Write I if it is immediate inference and M if it is mediate
inference. Write the answer on the space provided after the item.
1. If taxes increase, consumer purchases decrease. If
consumer purchases decrease, the economy suffers.
Therefore, if taxes increase, the economy suffers.
___________
2. Pauline is allergic to seafood, so she cannot eat seafood
dishes in a Chinese seafood restaurant. ___________
3. His cancer disease is either leukemia or colon cancer.
His cancer disease in not a leukemia. Therefore, his
cancer disease is colon cancer. ___________
4. Smartphone is better than nothing. Nothing is better than
cellphone. Therefore, smartphone is better than nothing.
___________
5. He is a Filipino private employee, so he is entitled to SSS
social insurance program. ___________
6. All Filipino private employees are entitled to SSS social
insurance program. Juan is a Filipino. Therefore, Juan
is entitled to social insurance program. ___________
7. If the CEO is not guilty of wrongdoings, he would not
resign from the company. CEO did resign from the
company. Therefore, the CEO is guilty of wrongdoings.
___________
8. Food containing proteins are nutritious. Therefore, fish
is nutritious. ___________
9. He cannot be writing a blog and creating a software at
the same time. He is creating a blog. Therefore, he is
not writing a blog. ___________
10. If he is in Paris, today is Monday. Today is not Monday.
Therefore, he is not in Paris. ___________
11. This figure is a scalene triangle. Therefore, all sides of
the triangle are unequal. ___________
Lingayen Campus
WORKTEXT 7: CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM
NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________________________
32

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