Thermal treatment and Refuse derived fuel methods

1. Energy recovery
Thermal treatment
Refuse derived fuel

2. Thermal treatment
Plasma pyrolysis
 It is the process of “Molecular dissociation” using plasma or electrically
charged gas.
 It is referred as plasma gasification.

3. What is plasma ?
Plasma is a “fourth state of matter” ,is a very high
temparature and highly ionized gas capable of conducting
electric current.

4. Plasma gasification
It is the process which converts “organic matter into
synthesis gas”, which is used as a renewable fuel to produce
clean power.

5. Working of plasma gasification
Plasma gasification is the thermal disintegration
of carbonaceous materials into their elemental
compounds in an oxygen-starved environment
using “plasma”.

6. Plasma gasification can be used for
Sorting of
• Medical/hospital waste
• Chemical waste
• Hazardous waste
• Low-level radio active waste

7. “Plasma gasification is the ultimate solution
for handling most every waste stream that is now
going into landfills”

8. Advantages of plasma gasification
• Air blow and oxygen plant is not required
• Highly availability[>90%] of plasma
• Greater waste stream feed flexibility which enables coal, coal fines, mining waste,
lignite and other fuels [biomass and municipal solid waste] to be used as a fuel
without the need for pulverizing.
• High conversion [>99%] organic matter to synthesis gas.
• High thermal efficiency.
• Low carbon dioxide emission.
• Low estimated and operations and maintenance[O&M] costs.

9. Disadvantages of plasma gasification
• Large initial investment compared to cost relative and that of alternatives,
including landfill and incineration.
• Operations costs are high relative to that of incineration.
• Requires large electrical energy input if waste stream does not contains a
large fraction of un oxidised waste materials.
• Highly corrosive plasma flame may lead to frequent maintance and
component replacement with associated facility downtime.

10. Interesting thing
•USA is the country, which doesn’t have any
plasma gasification plants as commercial.

11. Refused derived fuel

12. What is refused derived fuel [RDF]?
• It is a product of processing municipal solid waste to separate the non-
combustible portion from combustible portion into a form that can be
effectively fired in the existing or new boiler.

13. Manufacturing process
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is processed through five important steps for
manufacturing Refused Derived Fuel.
The major steps involved.........
 preliminary liberation,
 size screening
Shredding
Air ballistic knife
 magnetic separation

14. Preliminary Liberation
o It involves separating the municipal waste into Bio degradable, Glass, Plastic,
Rags, Paper, Leather and Rubber, Metals and other domestic hazardous, etc.
From this to manufacture RFD the main particles involves Bio degradable,
paper, plastic, Leather and Rubber.

15. Size Screening
o Size screening involves separating the municipal waste based on the size and
shape of the particle. It helps in material handling comfortably.

16. Shredding
o Shredding involves the process of destructing the large amount of solid
waste into smaller pieces by crushing and cutting.
The process converts the large particles of municipal waste into smaller
particles for easy handling and transporting.

17. Air Ballistic knife
• The shredded waste contains some wet materials.
• That wet material contains some amount of moisture.
• To remove this moisture we use air ballistic knife.

18. Magnetic separation
o Magnetic separation is a process in which magnetically susceptible material is
extracted from a mixture using a magnetic force.
This process is useful in separating the metal particles from the crushed
particles. Because metal particles not suite for RDF.

19. Uses Of RDF
The important applications of RDF are found in the following spheres:
Cement kilns
RDF power plants
Coal-fired power plants
Industrial steam/heat boilers

20. Production of electric city through RDF
• The process of generating electricity from waste is converting municipal
waste into RDF and then it is replace to coal in boilers of thermal power
point. When the RDF is burn boiler in form of gas it produces temperature
of 1660 degree C. After by pulverized ash is formed which is utilized for
making cements in cement industries. The heat is utilized for converting the
steam into super heated steam and then it is expanded in the turbine. The
turbine is coupled with generator to produce electricity. For 750 tons of
garbage waste 192 tons of RDF is generated. With that RDF we able to
generate 7.5MW of electricity output.

22. Advantages
• Waste is utilize to generate electricity.
• RDF is one of the alternative and renewable resources of fuel which is
derived from municipal waste.
• Contains high CV compare to parent materials.
• The emission characteristics of RDF are superior compared to that of coal
with fewer emission of pollutants like NOx, SOx, CO2.
• Saving the land by using less landfills area.

23. Disadvantages
• A cost is associated with the pre-processing to recover the fuel fraction.
• Unit yield of energy (i.e., kJ per kg of MSW )in the case of RDF is less than
that of the parent MSW.

24. Conclusion
RDF is considered as one of the green fuel and
leads to green environment. It resolves both
problem exist with Municipal waste and energy
requirement.

25. Thank You