There are simple & exact definitions, exercises, funny facts, types, characteristics, examples, and all of these given through additional pictures to slides.

1. Synonyms and Antonyms
Islomjon Karimov

2. Synonyms
• Words that look and sound different, but have similar meanings.
hop
jump
Synonyms can be any part of speech (such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs or
prepositions), as long as both words are the same part of speech.

3. Here are more examples of English synonyms
• verb "buy" and "purchase“
• adjective "big" and "large“
• adverb "quickly" and "speedily“
• preposition "on" and "upon"
Synonyms are defined with respect
to certain senses of words
(student & pupil)
Word Picture Synonym
ill sick
silent quiet
begin start

4. The American Slang Dictionary lists over 400 synonyms for
drunk.
blind blitzed bombed buzzed capernoited hammered
high inebriated legless loaded looped merry
messed up nimptopsical pickled pifflicated plastered ripped
sloshed smashed snockered soused tight stewed
off the wagon tight tipsy trashed wasted wrecked

5. EXERCISE
• What is a synonym for mad?
a. happy
b. angry
c. smart

6. Antonyms
Words that have the opposite meaning.
Word Picture Antonym Picture
Happy Sad

7. Implicitly Gradable Pairs (Graded Antonym) refers to the words related to the object they
modify. The words themselves do not provide an absolute scale.
Examples:
big >< small
good >< bad Relatively comparable
fast >< slow c
young >< old
Thus, when we say that “a fly is bigger than another”, we imply that „big‟ is to be understood in
the context of „flies‟.
Another fact dealing with this type is that “a small elephant”, for example, is much bigger that “a
big mouse”.
A small elephant A big mouse

8. • Another characteristic of certain pairs of gradable antonyms is that one is
marked and the other is unmarked.
• The unmarked member is the one used in questions of degree.
We ask, ordinarily, “how high is the mountain?” (not “how low is it?”).
We answer, “ten thousand feet high”, but never “ten thousand feet low”,
except humorously or ironically or the topic of the conversation is in the
particular context.
Thus, „high‟ is the unmarked member of „high/low‟, similarly „tall‟ is
the unmarked member of „tall/short‟, or „fast‟ is the unmarked member
of „fast/slow‟

9. Complementary Pairs (Complemetarity) refers to the existence of pairs that the
denial of one, implies the assertion of the other.
Examples:
male >< female
alive >< dead Incomparable objects
present >< absent
awake >< asleep
Thus, if one is not male, then one is certainly female; if one is not present, then
he/she must be absent, and so on.

10. In English, there are a number of ways to form antonyms.
You can add the prefix {un-}:
Examples: likely >< unlikely
able >< unable
or you can add {non-}:
Examples: entity >< nonentity
descript >< nondescript
or you can add {in-}:
Examples: tolerant >< intolerant
visible >< invisible
Other prefixes may also be used to form negative words morphologically, such as
{mis-} or {dis-}.