Shikkha jatir merodanda by Mufti Delawar Hossain

kvqLyj Bmjvg gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx (`v. ev.)
Gi my`xN© 11 eQ‡ii mskªecÖvß I AZ¨š— gneŸ‡Zi cvÎ
Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb `v. ev.
Rxeb I Kg©
Ges Zuvi GK Abe`¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© eqvb
wk¶v RvwZi †gi“`Ê
Z‡e †Kvb wk¶v?
msKj‡b
gydZx gvÕm~g wej−vn
nv‡dh gynv. †gvi‡k` Avj-†nvmvBbx
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Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb `v. ev. Rxeb I Kg© - 2
Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb `v. ev. Rxeb I Kg©
msKj‡b: gydZx gvÕm~g wej−vn
Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb (`v. ev.)
Gi GK Abe`¨ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© eqvb
wk¶v RvwZi †gi“`Ê, Z‡e †Kvb wk¶v?
msKj‡b: nv‡dh gynv. †gvi‡k` Avj-†nvmvBbx
cÖKvkbvq
mvÕ` cÖKvkbx
(RvwgÔAv Bmjvwgqv `vi“j Dj~g XvKv, gmwR`yj AvKevi)
†mKkb-1, e−K- wm I B, c−U- g-3, wgicyi, XvKv-1216
cÖKvkKvj
Rygv`vj DLiv 1431 wn., Ryb Ô10 C.
MÖš’¯^Z¡ t me©¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z
K‡¤úvR I cÖ”Q`
Kw¤úDUvi wefvM
RvwgÔAv Bmjvwgqv `vi“j Dj~g XvKv, wgicyi-1, XvKv-1216
nvw`qvt 150.00 UvKv, US $ 10.00
Allama Mufti Delawar Hossain ar Jibon o Karmo (Biography of Allama
Mufti Delawar Hossain), Compiled by, Mufti Masum Billah.
Shikkha Jatir Merudando, Tabe Kon Shikkha? (Education is the
backbone of nation, but which education?) Orated by, 'Allama Mufti Delawar
Hossain, Principal of Jamia Islamia Darul Uloom Dhaka (Masjidul Akbar),
Mirpur-1, Dhaka-1216 and Founder Director of Markajul Buhus Al-Islamia
Dhaka, Mirpur-12, Dhaka-1216. Compiled by, Hafez Murshed Al Hossaini,
Published by Saad Prokashoni, Mirpur-1, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Pricet Tk. 150.00 Only, US $ 10.00, Jumadal Ukhra, 1431, June, 2010
Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb mv‡n‡ei eB¸wj B›Uvi‡b‡U
co‡Z eªvDR Ki“b: www.irdf.webs.com/downloads

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kvqLyj Bmjvg gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx (`v. ev.)
Gi my`xN© 11 eQ‡ii mskªecÖvß I AZ¨š— gneŸ‡Zi cvÎ
Rxeb I Kg©
msKj‡b
gydZx gvÕm~g wej−vn
gydZx I gynvwÏm, RvwgÔAv Bmjvwgqv `vi“j Dj~g XvKv
wgicyi-1, XvKv-1216
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Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb `v. ev. Gi
f~wgKv
:
gkv-gvwQi Rxebx †K wjL‡e? †KbBev wjL‡e? Aa‡gi Aw¯—Z¡
gkv-gvwQi †P‡q †gv‡UI AMÖMY¨ bq| Z`ycwi †mœnv¯ú` Rbve gydZx
gvÕm~g wej−vn (mvj−vgvû) Aa‡gi Rxeb I Kg© m¤ú‡K© wKQz wjL‡Z
PvB‡j Avwg Zv‡K wb‡la Kwiwb| KviY t
(K) G‡Z Aa‡gi c~e©cyi“l‡ì wKQz Av‡jvPbv msi¶Y n‡q hv‡e|
(L) eyhyM©v‡b Øx‡bi mv‡_ Aa‡gi wKwÂZ wbmeZ I m¤úK© i‡q‡Q Gi
cvkvcvwk Aa‡gi D¯—v`MY Aag‡K AmvaviY fvj evm‡Zb weavq
Aag m¤ú‡K© wKQz wjL‡j ev¯—‡e Zuv‡ì K…wZZ¡B cÖKvk cv‡e|
(M) G‡Z Aa‡gi AvK¡vB`, wdKn, Zvdmxi, nv`xm I ZvmvID‡di
mb`mg~n ZvnK¡x‡Ki mv‡_ †`qv n‡q‡Q, hv fwel¨Z cÖR‡b¥i Rb¨
DcKv‡i Avm‡e| BbkvAvj−vn!
(N) RxeÏkvq wKQz wjL‡j evovevwo †_‡K msi¶Y _v‡K| GQvov
wjLv¸‡jv †`‡L Avgvi Kv‡Q †Kvb wKQz AZz¨w³ g‡b n‡j Zv ev` w`‡q
w`‡qwQ Ges †Kvb fyj bR‡i co‡j Zv ms‡kvab K‡i w`‡qwQ|
`yÔAv Kwi Avj−vn cvK wjL‡Ki G kªg‡K Zvi, Avgvi I mKj
cvVKe„‡›ì DcKvix wn‡m‡e Keyj K‡i wbb| Avgxb!
w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb
RvwgÔAv Bmjvwgqv `vi“j Dj~g XvKv
wgicyi-1, XvKv-1216
Zvs- 28/06/2010 C.
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msKj‡Ki K_v
cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡ei gyKvwejv I ¯’vb-Kv‡ji cwieZ©b †_‡K
wb‡R‡ì gy³ ivLvi myweav‡_© Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv GB D¤§vn‡K `yÕwU
we‡kl `v‡b f~wlZ K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_gZ, nhiZ ivm~jyj−vn mvj−vj−vû
AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−vg; Ggb GKwU cwic~Y© I Rxeš— wk¶v `vb K‡i‡Qb
hv cÖwZwU Ø›Ø I m¼U Ges cÖwZwU cwieZ©b‡K AZ¨š— mnRfv‡e
gyKvwejv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zuvi wfZi cÖwZwU hy‡Mi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi
cy‡ivcywi †hvM¨Zv we`¨gvb|
wØZxqZ, Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv GI wb‡R `vwqZ¡ wb‡q‡Qb †h,
(BwZnvm Gi mv¶¨ †`q) wZwb GB Rxeš— ag©‡K i¶v ev D¾xweZ
Ki‡Z cÖwZwU hy‡M Ggb me Rxeš— e¨w³Z¡ `vb Ki‡eb huviv H me
†i‡L hvIqv wk¶vgvjv‡K Rxe‡bi gv‡S ¯’vbvš—i Ki‡Z _vK‡eb Ges
e¨w³MZ A_ev mgwóMZfv‡e GB ag©‡K Rxeš— I GB D¤§vn‡K
Kg©Zrci ivL‡eb| GB a‡g© e¨w³ m„wó Kivi GB †h †hvM¨Zv I kw³-
Zv Gi Av‡M Aci †Kvb a‡g© †Zgb cwijw¶Z nqwb| ZvB c~e© ag©
mg~‡n e¨w³‡Z¡i msi¶Y nqwb| Avi e¨w³‡Z¡i msi¶Y bv nIqvq
†mme ag©I msiw¶Z _v‡Kwb| c¶vš—‡i GB D¤§vn wek¦-BwZnv‡m
†hfv‡e Ômš—vb-cÖmweYxÕ cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q, e¨w³Z¡ h_vh_ msi¶Y
Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Q, `ywbqvi Ab¨ †Kvb D¤§vn I RvwZ-†Mvwôi wfZi Zvi
bwRi cvIqv `y®‹i| GUv AvKw¯§K †Kvb e¨vcvi bq, eis Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjvi we‡kl `vb †h, †h hy‡M †h iƒc †hvM¨Zv I kw³ m¤úbœ
†jv‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb wQj Zv G D¤§vn‡K `vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi G
Kvi‡YB G ag© AvRI msiw¶Z i‡q‡Q Ges wKqvgZ Aewa _vK‡e|
BbkvAvj−vn!

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Bmjv‡gi DlvjMœ n‡Z A`¨vewa †m `v‡bi aviv Ae¨vnZ
i‡q‡Q, hv‡ì Øx‡bi cÖPvi-cÖmvi, wndvhZ I msi¶‡Y i‡q‡Q mxgvnxb
Kzievbx, Avgiv Zv‡ì Rxeb I Kg© mvabv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z †M‡j wKQzB
Rvwb bv !
A_P GB mKj gnvgvbe Øx‡bi KvÊvix wn‰ZlxeM© ms¯‹viK
e¨w³Z¡ mg~‡ni Rxeb I Kg© mvabv DËim~ix‡ì Rb¨ wb‡`©wkKv wnmv‡e
KvR K‡i, AvZ¥vi †LvivK †hvMvo K‡i Ges K‡g© Aby‡cÖiYv `vb
K‡i|
BwZnv‡mi euv‡K euv‡K wki&K, we`ÔAvZ I Kzms¯‹v‡ii RÄvj Qvd
Ki‡Z, cwi‡ek-cwiw¯’wZ I ¯’vb-Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b bZzb bZzb m„ó
mgmvgwqK Bmyï mgvavb cÖ`v‡b †hme eyhyM©v‡b Øxb, wPš—vwe`
gbxlx‡ì c„w_ex‡Z Avwef©ve N‡U‡Q, evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg kxl©¯’vbxq
Av‡j‡g Øxb, gydvmwm‡i KziAvb, kvqLyj nv`xm, †kªô gydZx, dKxn,
wewkó Bmjvgx A_©bxwZwe` I Ava¨vwZ¥K e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix Avj−vgv
gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb `v. ev. Zuv‡ì Ab¨Zg|
Zuvi e¨¯—Zg Rxe‡b wZwb Bmjvgx Ávb-M‡elYv, hyM Pvwn`vi
kiqx mgvavb, wewfbœ wel‡q g~jëvb MÖš’ iPbv, Áv‡bi cÖPvi-cÖmvi I
c„ô‡cvlKZv, IqvR-bmxnZ Ges Ava¨vwZ¥KZvi GK weij e¨w³‡Z¡i
mv¶¨ enb Ki‡Qb|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k eyhyM©v‡b Øxb I Djvgv‡q wKivgM‡Yi Rxeb I
Kg© msMÖn I msi¶‡Yi †Zgb †Kvb D‡j−L‡hvM¨ D‡`¨vM †bB ej‡jB
P‡j| GgbwK Zuv‡ì Rxeb I K‡g©i A‡bK g~jëvb LÛwPÎ, Z_Ï
ivLv nq bv| Iqvh-bmxnZ, eqvb I gyL wbtm„Z `vgx `vgx evYxmg~nI
†ndvRZ Kiv nq bv| A_P Avgv‡ì Abym„Z c~e©m~ix A‡b‡KiB
GKvwaK RxebxMÖš’ Kv‡iv Kv‡iv RxeÏkv‡ZB msKwjZ n‡q cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q, d‡j Djvgv-Zjvevmn mvaviY gvbylI eû DcK…Z n‡q‡Q|
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nvKxgyj D¤§vZ gyRvwÏ‡` wgj−vZ kvn& Avkivd Avjx _vbfx in.
Gi RxebxI Zuvi RxeÏkvq ZuviB ZË¡veav‡b msKwjZ n‡q cÖKvk
†c‡q‡Q| kvqLyj Avie Iqvj AvRg nhiZ gvIjvbv mvwq¨` ûmvBb
Avngv` gv`vbx inI RxeÏkv‡Z AvZ¥Rxebx wj‡L‡Qb| kvqLyj nv`xm
hvKvwiqv KvÜjfx in. wb‡RB AvU L‡Ûi wekvj K‡je‡i ÔAvcexZxÕ
bvgK AvZ¥Rxebxg~jK MÖš’ Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb|
Avgv‡ì †`‡kI gydZx‡q Avhg evsjv‡`k gydZx dqRyj−vn in.
Zuvi AvZ¥Rxebx‡K msw¶ßvKv‡i msKjb K‡i †M‡Qb| GQvovI Av‡iv
A‡b‡KiB Rxebx cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q| Avjnvg`ywjj−vn! G `„óvš— AbymiY
K‡i AvgivI gydZx mv‡ne `v. ev. Gi Rxeb I Kg© msKjb I
cÖKv‡ki D‡`¨vM wb‡qwQ|
gydZx mv‡ne `v. ev. Gi g‡Zv we`» we`¨vb, M‡elK, dKxn I
Bmjvgx wPš—vwe‡ì Dci GKwU †gŠwjK I e¨vcK RxebxMÖš’ iPbv
Kivi j‡¶¨ c~Y©v½ M‡elYvi GKvš— cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
Avgvi G cy¯—KLvbv M‡elYvg~jK bv n‡jI G‡Z wKQz wKQz
Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q hv Øviv Avkv Kwi cvVKe„›` DcK…Z n‡eb, Zv‡ì
cvV-mgq G‡Kev‡iB e„_v hv‡e bv|
AÎ cyw¯—KvwU‡Z gydZx mv‡ne `v. ev. Gi ÔRxeb PwiZÕ
Av‡jvPbvq Zuvi we‡kl we‡kl D¯—v` g‡nv`qM‡Yi msw¶ß cwiwPwZ
we‡kl K‡i mb‡` Dwj−wLZ gbxlxM‡Yi Rb¥-g„Zzï mb g~jcv‡V
h_vmva¨ D‡j−L Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e AbymÜvb K‡iI huv‡ì
Rb¥ ZvwiL D×vi Kiv m¤¢e nqwb Zuv‡ì ïaygvÎ g„Zz¨ ZvwiLwUB D‡j−L
Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi huv‡ì Rb¥-g„Zzï †Kvb ZvwiL D×vi Kiv m¤¢e nqwb
†m¸‡jv Lvwj ivLv n‡q‡Q|
gydZx mv‡ne `v. ev. m¤ú‡K© Zuvi D¯—v`M‡Yi cÖksmvevK¨ I
gš—e¨ D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q| Zuvi †`k-we‡`‡ki eû D¯—v` I gvkv‡qL
†_‡K wkl¨Z¡ I BRvh‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖvß wewfbœ wel‡qi mb` (m~Îaviv)

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wiRvj kv¯¿ I mb` welqK wewfbœ wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_ëûj MÖš’ mg~n †_‡K
h_vmva¨ ZvnKx‡Ki mv‡_ D‡j−L Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Aag gydZx mv‡ne `v. ev. Gi GKRb bMY¨ QvÎ wn‡m‡e Ges
Zuvi `xN© Pvi eQ‡ii mvnPh© jv‡fi myev‡` G cyw¯—Kv iPbvq cÖZ¨¶
mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i‡Q ¯^qs gydZx mv‡ne `v. ev. †_‡K Ges ZuviB eû
eQ‡ii mvnPh©cÖvß we`» Av‡jg, wewkó gydZx, gviKvhyj eyn~m Avj-
Bmjvwgqv XvKv (wgicyi-12) Gi m¤§vwbZ wk¶vmwPe, ZvLvm&mym wdj
wdKwn Iqvj BdZv (Bmjvgx AvB‡bi D”PZi wk¶v I M‡elYv)
wefv‡Mi ZË¡veavqK, Aa‡gi kª‡×q D¯—v` nhiZ gvI. gydZx gynv¤§v`
nvi“b `v. ev. Gi Aviex fvlvq wjwLZ cvÛywjwc †_‡KI h‡_ó Z_¨-
DcvË msMÖn K‡i‡Q| Z`ycwi gydZx mv‡ne `v. ev. cyw¯—KvwU
Av‡`¨vcvš— c‡o fyj ms‡kvab I wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wUKv ms‡hvR‡bi gva¨‡g
cyw¯—KvwUi iPbvq A‡bK¸Y kw³e„w× K‡i‡Qb| Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zuv‡ì
nvqv‡Z Zvwqëvn‡Z AwaK eiKZ `vb Ki“b| Avgxb!
Aag †jLbxi RM‡Z cÖv_wgK ¯—‡ii| ZvB fvlv I Dc¯’vcbv
ˆkjx‡Z fyj-åvwš— I Acwic°Zvi Qvc ¯’v‡b-¯’v‡b cvIqvUv
¯^vfvweK| ZeyI h_vmva¨ wbf©yj Z_¨ AvniY m¤¢e n‡q‡Q| GUvB
Aa‡gi eo mvš—¡bv|
cyw¯—KvwU iPbvq hviv wewfbœ ch©v‡q mvgvb¨Zg mn‡hvMxZv
K‡i‡Qb Zuv‡ì‡K RvbvB K…ZÁZv Ges Zuv‡ì Rb¨ wi³n‡¯— GZUzKzB
Dcnvi †`B ً‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫اك‬
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Avgv‡ì mxi‡Z gy¯—vKx‡gi Dci AUj ivLyb|
Avgxb!
webxZ
gvÕm~g wej−vn
RvwgÔAv Bmjvwgqv `vi“j Dj~g XvKv
wgicyi-1, XvKv-1216
Zvs- 10 Ryb, 2010C.
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m~wPcÎ
welq c„ôv
f~wgKv .................................................................. 5
msKj‡Ki K_v ....................................................... 6
bvg I esk cwiPq .................................................. 13
†gvj−v `xIqvb kvn& in. ............................................. 13
†gvj−v `xIqvb kvn& in. Gi KvivgvZ ............................ 15
DaŸ©Zb c~e© cyi“l †gvj−v eì“Ïxb kvn in. ..................... 17
ci`v`v kvqL dvbvDj−vn wgqvRx in. ............................ 17
`v`v gybkx Qvgxi“Ïxb in. ......................................... 18
wcZv gvIjvbv Øxb †gvnv¤§v` in. ................................ 19
gvI. Øxb gynv¤§v` in. Gi KvivgZ .............................. 22
Rb¥ I Rb¥¯’vb ....................................................... 25
ˆkkeKvj ............................................................. 25
Bj&g AR©b I wk¶v Rxeb ......................................... 26
Bj‡g gvÕwidv‡Zi wccvmv I evqÔAvZ MÖnY ................... 28
D”PZi wk¶vR©‡b we‡`k Mgb .................................... 28
AvaywbK A_©bxwZ wk¶v ............................................. 30
mvaviY wk¶vq wWMÖx AR©b ......................................... 30
wk¶v cieZ©x Rxeb I Kg© ......................................... 31
gviKvhyÏvIqv Avj-Bmjvwgqv XvKv Gi cÖwZôv ................ 33
RvwgÔAv Bmjvwgqv `vi“j Dj~g XvKv Gi cÖwZôv .............. 34
gviKvhyj eyn~m Avj-Bmjvwgqv XvKv Gi cÖwZôv ............... 35
`vi“j Dj~g ev›`yqvBb Gi cÖwZôv ................................ 36
Ávb mvabv I Z¨vM-wZwZ¶v ...................................... 36
wgZe¨qxZv ............................................................ 38
†gav I eySkw³ ...................................................... 38

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welq c„ôv
wKZve ‡qi AvMÖn ................................................. 39
AvKx`v-wek¦vm ........................................................ 41
AvKvB` Gi mb` .................................................... 41
Zvdmx‡i Ae`vb ..................................................... 43
Zvdmxi Gi mb` .................................................... 44
nv`xm I wiRvj kv‡¯¿ `¶Zv ....................................... 45
nv`x‡mi mb` ......................................................... 46
mnxn eyLvix 1g LÊ (1g mb`) .................................... 46
mnxn eyLvix 1g LÊ (2q mb`) .................................... 47
mnxn eyLvix 2q LÊ .................................................. 48
mnxn gymwjg 1g LÊ ................................................. 49
mnxn gymwjg 2q LÊ ................................................. 50
mybvbyb bvmvC (1g I 2q LÊ) ..................................... 51
mybvby Avex `vD` (1g I 2q LÊ) ................................. 52
RvwgDZ wZiwghx 1g LÊ ........................................... 53
RvwgDZ wZiwghx 2q LÊ ........................................... 54
mybvby Be‡b gvRvn ................................................... 55
gyqvËv gvwjK .......................................................... 56
gyqvËv gynv¤§v` ........................................................ 58
kiû gvÔAvwbj AvQvi (Zvnvfx kixd) ........................... 59
wgkKvZzj gvmvexn ................................................... 60
wdK&n-dvZvIqv Ges AvaywbK gvmvBj I mgm¨vejxi
mgvavb cÖ`v‡b `¶Zv ................................................ 61
wdK‡n Bmjvgxi mb` (1g mb`) ................................. 61
wdK‡n Bmjvgxi 2q mb` .......................................... 63
AvaywbK wPwKrmvkv‡¯¿ AwfÁZv .................................... 65
evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx A_©bxwZi cw_K…r ............................. 65
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welq c„ôv
Kve¨ iPbv .............................................................. 66
¯^fve-PwiÎ ............................................................. 70
weP¶YZv I `~i`wk©Zv ................................................ 71
ZvKIqv I Bev`Z .................................................... 71
evqÔAvZ I ZvmvIDd ................................................ 71
ZvmvID‡di mb` ..................................................... 72
Iqvh-bmxnZ ........................................................... 73
D¯—v` I gvkv‡qL ...................................................... 76
D¯—v`‡`i `„wó‡Z Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb (`v.ev.) 78
c` I `vwqZ¡ ............................................................ 82
iPbvejx ................................................................. 83

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Rxeb I Kg©
bvg I esk cwiPq
Zuvi bvg w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb| wcZvi bvg gvI. Øxb †gvnv¤§v`|
Zuvi esk ZvwjKv GB- w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb web gvIjvbv Øxb †gvnv¤§`
web gybkx Qvgxi“Ïxb web kvqL dvbvDj−vn wgqvRx web kvqL eLwk
wgqvRx web kvqL Avãyj−vn wgqvRx web... †gvj−v eì“Ïxb kvn&... web
†gvj−v `xIqvb kvn&& in.|
†gvj−v `xIqvb kvn& in.
nhiZ †gvj−v `xIqvb kvn& in. gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb
mv‡n‡ei `kg wKsev GMviZg c~e© cyi“l| wZwb wQ‡jb nhiZ
kvn&Rvjvj gyRviiv‡` Bqvgvbx in. Gi m‡½ evsjv‡`‡k AvMgbKvix
360 Rb AvDwjqv †Kiv‡gi GKRb| wZwb nhiZ kvn&Rvjvj in. Gi
mv‡_ my`~i Bqvgvb †_‡K wn›`y¯’v‡bi ivRavbx w`wj− Av‡mb| Gici
w`wj− †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Aš—M©Z wm‡jU kn‡i 1254 C. mv‡j cÖ¯’vb
K‡ib| AZtci Øxb cÖPv‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjv I Avmvg mn wewfbœ
GjvKv mdi K‡ib| Ae‡k‡l Kywgj−v †Rjvi Aš—M©Z g‡bvniMÄ
_vbvaxb (c~‡e©i jvKmvg _vbvi GKvsk) ev›`yqvBb MÖvg‡K Zuvi Øxb
cÖPv‡ii †K›`ª wnmv‡e †e‡Q †bb Ges GLv‡bB Av¯—vbv cËb K‡ib|
wZwb GKRb eo gv‡ci Av‡jg, gnvÁvbx, ag©¸i“, D¯—v` I
c_cÖ`k©K wQ‡jb weavq Zv‡K Ô†gvj−vÕ1
Dcvwa‡Z fywlZ Kiv nq, ZvB
1
†gvj−v ZzwK©¯—vbx kã| hy‡Mi me‡P‡q eo Av‡jg, wkw¶Z, gnvÁvbx, ag©¸i“, c_cÖ`k©K, D¯—v`,
Bgvg I †kªôZg eyw×gvb‡K Ò‡gvj−vÓ ejv nq| †hgbt †gvj−v Rvgx, †gvj−v Avjx K¡vix, †gvj−v
wbhvgyÏxb I †gvj−v wndhyi ingvb wmInvifx cÖgyL| (gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb)
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wZwb †h evox‡Z Ae¯’vb K‡iwQ‡jb Zuvi Dcvwa Ô†gvj−vÕ wnmv‡e H
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†eva K‡ib, ZvB wZwb Zvi ¯^vgx dvbvDj−vn wgqvRx‡K GKwU wfbœ evox
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My”Q MÖvg evwb‡q †d‡jb| Avi evwK A‡a©K‡K miKvi wewfbœ
†jvKRb‡K cËb w`‡q †`q|
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3| wZwb ev‡Ni wc‡V A‡ivnb K‡i wewfbœ RvqMvq hvZvqvZ Ki‡Zb|
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KZUzKz Avj−vn cvKB fvj Rv‡bb| (gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb)

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DaŸ©Zb c~e© cyi“l †gvj−v eì“Ïxb kvn in.
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mgv‡Ri wk¶K I ag©¸i“| ZvB Zuvi c~e© cyi“lMYI ÔwgqvRxÕ wnmv‡e
L¨vZ wQ‡jb|
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`v`v gybkx Qvgxi“Ïxb in.
Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb (`v. ev.) Gi m¤§vwbZ `v`v
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miv‡jb ZLb wZwb P¶z`q Ly‡j nhiZ AvdZveyÏxb mv‡ne‡K †`‡L
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†jLK, wkw¶Z I Av‡jg e¨w³‡K gybkx ejv nq| (gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb)

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eQi †jLv-cov Kivi ci Kywgj−v kn‡ii `w¶‡Y eÆMÖvg gvìvmv n‡Z
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bv, †Zvgv‡K GLv‡b Avi _vK‡Z †Ìqv hv‡e bv| Gfv‡e Svj †L‡j
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n‡jvt
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gydZx mv‡n‡ei †mR fvB gvIjvbv b~i“j−vn mv‡n‡ei wPwVi K_v ej‡Qb|

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†Zgwbfv‡e wZwb Aa¨vcbvi Rxe‡bI `yÕwU cÖwZôv‡b I `yÕwU
jwRs‡q Rxeb KvwU‡q †`b| cÖ_‡g iscyi-bxjdvgvwi‡Z AvVvi eQi,
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cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi K_v ej‡Qb|
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‫ور‬ ‫د‬ (w`jvIqvi) Gi ms‡¶c|
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`~iZ¡ cÖvq GK wK‡jvwgUvi, cv‡q †nu‡UB Avmv-hvIqv Ki‡Zb| †iv`-
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Avi G evox‡Z Avm‡e bv †Zv? wR¡b ej‡jvt bv, ûhyi! Avi Avm‡ev bv,

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Avwg †Mjvg| Avmmvjvgy AvjvBKzg| G e‡j wR¡b P‡j †Mj, Avi
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wnRix, 15 Avlvp 1490 evs †gvZv‡eK 30 Ryb 1983 C.
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msL¨K gvby‡li gv‡S cvIqv hvq| Zuvi `yÔAv I G e¨wZ gagx©
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gv`vwbqv gybwkinvU gvìvmvq fwZ© nb Ges †mLv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡ki
KIgx gvìvmvi cÖPwjZ wm‡jevm Gi Aax‡b wn`vqvZzb bvne RvgvZ
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evM¥x Iqv‡qh, dvmx© I Aviex fvlvq eo cvi`kx© wQ‡jb| 1399 wn.
†gvZv‡eK 1978 C. mv‡j B‡Ënv`yj gv`vwim cwUqv evsjv‡`k (KIgx
gvìvmv wk¶v †evW©) Gi Aax‡b AbywôZ mßg gvinvjvi †K›`ªxq

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cix¶vq Ask MÖnY K‡i cÖ_g wefv‡M K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ DËxY© nb| G
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(2) gvìvmvi Ab¨vb¨ K¬vm mg~‡ni mKj QvÎ‡ì †_‡K †ewk
b¤î wb‡q cyiv gvìvmvq cÖ_g ¯’vb AR©b;
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(4) Kve¨ iPbv;
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Òw`jvIqvi AvR‡Ki me‡P‡q eo Iqv‡qh, KviY †m Iqvh
K‡i cyi¯‹vi †c‡q‡Q| Avgiv †KD cyi¯‹vi cvBwb|Ó
AZtci wZwb Øxbx Bj‡gi c~Y©Zv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ 1403 wn.
†gvZv‡eK 1982 C. m‡b evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg Bmjvgx we`¨vwcV I
Bjgx gviKvh RvwgÔAv KziAvwbqv Avivweqv jvjevM XvKvq Rvgv‡Z
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hveZ hZUzKz Bjg AR©b K‡i‡Qb Zv KL‡bv K‡iwb Zvi gb‡K

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cwiZ…ß, K‡iwb KL‡bv Zvi wccvmv wbeviY| eis me©`v Zuvi gb e‡j
†h, Av‡iv †ewk Bjg AR©‡bi Av‡Q wK †Kvb Dcvq ? ZvB wZwb Zuvi
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gvZ…f~wgi gvqv-fvjevmv wemR©b w`‡q 1405 wn. †gvZv‡eK 1985 C.
m‡b QzU‡jb we‡`k cv‡b Ges †cuŠ‡Q †M‡jb cvwK¯—v‡bi m‡e©v”P
we`¨vcxV Ges me©e„nr Bmjvgx gviKvh ÒRvwgqv `vi“j Dj~g KivPxÓ
hv‡K ejv nq ÒcvwK¯—v‡bi K‡W©vfvÓ I ÒcvwK¯—v‡bi AvhnviÓ|
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wdK&wn Iqvj BdZvÓ (Ph. D) Z_v Bmjvgx AvB‡bi D”PZi wk¶v I
M‡elYv wefv‡M fwZ© nb|
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Aa¨vemvq, cÖPzi Aa¨qb, M‡elYv I dvZvIqv Z_v ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi
mgm¨vejxi kiqx mgvavb cÖ`vb cÖwk¶‡Y wb‡ew`Z nb| _v‡Kb `ywbqv
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g‡bi Zxeª wccvmv‡K kvqLyj Bmjvg gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx (`v. ev.)
Gi Awe‡”Q`¨ m~`xN© 11 eQ‡ii mvwbœa¨ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g|
GLv‡bI wZwb `yB cix¶vq wØZxq ¯’vb Avi evwK mKj cix¶vq
cª_g ¯’vb AR©b K‡ib|
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kvqLyj Bmjvg gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx (`v. ev.) GB w_wmm cÎwUi
`yÕLÛ †`Lvi ci GKw`b Zvi wc‡V ggZv gvLv I Avì fiv nv‡Z
_vào w`‡q ej‡jbt
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ÒAvwg Gi `yÕLÊ c‡o †`‡LwQ Zv Avgvi gb‡K f‡i w`‡q‡Q
Lywk‡Z, Avi P¶z`q‡K c~Y© K‡i‡Q kxZjZvq|Ó
hLb wZwb Gi Qq LÊ c~Y© K‡i 1410 wn. †gvZv‡eK 1990 C.
m‡b kvqLyj Bmjv‡gi Kv‡Q Rgv †`b ZLb Zuvi cv‡k _vKv
gvKZvev‡q `vi“j Dj~g KivPxi bv‡hg e‡jwQ‡jbt
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nIqv w_wmmcÎ¸‡jvi ga¨ n‡Z me‡P‡q eo|Ó
Zvi G w_wmm ev gvKvjv †`‡LB nhiZ kvqLyj Bmjvg Avj−vgv
gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx (`v. ev.) Zuv‡K RvwgÔAv `vi“j Djyg KivPx‡Z
wb‡qv‡Mi cÖ¯—ve †`b I cieZx©‡Z Zv Kv‡h© cwiYZ Kiv nq|
AvaywbK A_©bxwZ wk¶v
1411 wn. †gvZv‡eK 1991 C. mv‡j kvqLyj Bmjvg gydZx ZvKx
Dmgvbx (`v. ev.) Gi Kv‡Q wZwb ÒAvaywbK A_©bxwZÓ †Kvm©I m¤úv`b
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mvaviY wk¶vq wWMÖx AR©b
wZwb Øxbx Bj&g nvwm‡ji cvkvcvwk miKvix mvaviY wk¶vqI
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mgv‡ek| wZwb cvwK¯—v‡bi mvaviY wk¶v †ev‡W©i Aax‡b AbywôZ
1987 C. †gvZv‡eK 1407 wn. m‡b Gm.Gm.wm. cix¶vq Ask MÖnY
K‡i cÖ_g wefvM AR©b K‡ib| Gici 1989 C. †gvZv‡eK 1409 wn.
m‡b GBP.Gm.wm. cix¶vq Ask MÖnY K‡i wØZxq wefv‡M DËxY© nb
Ges 1991 C. †gvZv‡eK 1411 wn. m‡b wWMÖx cix¶vq cÖ_g wefvM
AR©b K‡ib| G cix¶v¸‡jvi Rb¨ Zuv‡K gvìvmv †_‡K QzwU wb‡Z
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†hw`b BdZv 2q e‡l©i cix¶v †kl nq Gi ciw`b †_‡K Gm.Gm.wm
cix¶v ïi“ nq| Avi evwK GBP.Gm.wm I wWMÖx cix¶vi mgq wZwb

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iPbv wefv‡Mi m`m¨ I `vi“j Dj~‡gi D¯—v` wn‡m‡e wb‡qvwRZ
wQ‡jb| †hvni †_‡K gvMwie ch©š— gvìvmvi c¶ †_‡K Zvi Dci
†Kvb `vwqZ¡ wQj bv| Avi cix¶v¸‡jv n‡Zv 2Uv †_‡K 5Uv ch©š—|
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K‡ib I AZtci cix¶vq Ask K‡ib| d‡j Zuv‡K Gi Rb¨ Avi
†Kvb QzwU wb‡Z nqwb|
wk¶vcieZ©x Rxeb I Kg©
1990 C. †gvZv‡eK 1410 wnRix‡Z RvwgÔAv `vi“j Dj~g
KivPx †_‡K cvm K‡i †ei nIqvi ci wcÖq gvZ…f~wg‡Z cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi
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cuvPwU eQi we‡`‡k AwZ g K‡i‡Qb| ZvB wZwb Zuvi kvqL I gywk©`
kvqLyj Bmjvg gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx (`v. ev.) Gi Kv‡Q hvb I g‡bi
Awfe¨w³‡K e¨³ K‡ib| kvqLyj Bmjvg GZ eQi hveZ Zuvi gv‡S
j¶ K‡i‡Qb Avkvi wb`k©b, AvwfRvZ¨ I †kªô‡Z¡i Qvc, wbix¶Y
K‡i‡Qb Zuvi Bjg-Avgj I ZvKIqv Ges ch©‡e¶Y K‡i‡Qb Zuvi
DrKl© ¯^fve-PwiÎ I f`ªZv| ZvB wZwb Zuv‡K ej‡jbt Ò†Zvgvi
fwel¨Z cwiKíbv Kx?Ó Z`yË‡i wZwb e‡j‡Qbt GLb †Zv †`‡k †h‡Z
gb Pvq, cieZ©x‡Z gyieŸx‡ì hv civgk© nq| GK_v ï‡b wZwb
ej‡jbt
Òcybivq wd‡i G‡mv, Zzwg GLv‡bB _vK‡e|Ó
Gw`‡K Zuvi eyLvix I wZiwghx kix‡di D¯—v` I gyieŸx nhiZ
kvqLyj nv`xm Avj−vgv AvwRRyj nK mv‡ne `v. ev. KivPxi GK md‡i
wM‡q Zuv‡K e‡jwQ‡jbt
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Òw`jvIqvi! †`‡k wd‡i Avm‡j Avgvi mv‡_ K_v ejv
e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kv_vI †L`g‡Zi Rb¨ K_v wÌbv|Ó
ZvB wZwb ¯^‡`k I gvZ…f~wg evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i G‡m Zuvi gyieŸx
kvqLyj nv`xm Avj−vgv AvwRRyj nK (`v. ev.) Gi mv‡_ mv¶vZ Ki‡Z
hvb| nhiZ kvqLyj nv`xm ZLb RvwgÔAv ivngvwbqvi mvg‡b e‡m Dh~
KiwQ‡jb| Zuv‡K †`‡LB ej‡jbt Zzwg †`‡k G‡mQ? fwel¨‡Z Kx
cwiKíbv? wZwb DË‡i nhiZ kvqLyj Bmjvg Avj−vgv gydZx ZvKx
Dmgvbx (`v. ev.) Gi K_vwU ïbv‡jb †h, wZwb `vi“j Djyg KivPx
wd‡i hvIqvi Rb¨ e‡j‡Qb| Zuvi K_vwU ïbv gvÎ wZwb ej‡jbt
ÒcywU gv‡Qi Kj−v LvIqvi †P‡q KvZj gv‡Qi †jR LvIqv fvj|Ó
G K_v e‡j wZwb cybivq cvwK¯—vb hvIqvi w`‡K Bw½Z Ki‡jb|
A_©vr G †`‡k _vK‡j eo eo wKZve cov‡bvi my‡hvM n‡e| Avi
†mLv‡b nqZ cÖ_‡g †QvU wKZve cov‡Z n‡e, Z_vwcI †mLv‡b _vKv
fvj n‡e|
Gici wZwb Zuvi kvqL I gywk©` kvqLyj Bmjvg gydZx ZvKx
Dmgvbx (`v. ev.) Gi Kv‡Q cÎ gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Zuvi mvwbœ‡a¨
cybivq wd‡i hvIqvi Awfe¨w³ D‡j−L K‡ib| AZtci hLb `vi“j
Dj~g KivPx‡Z wM‡q Dcw¯’Z nb ZLb kvqLyj Bmjvg Zuvi †cÖwiZ
c‡Îi cv‡k Zuv‡K RvwgÔAvi `vi“Z Zvmbxd wefv‡Mi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e
wb‡qvM `v‡bi K_v wj‡L †`b| hv‡Z wZwb ÒAvj Avkevn Iqvb
bvhvwqiÓ )‫وا‬ ‫ا‬( wKZv‡ei Aewkóvs‡ki e¨vL¨vi KvR †kl
Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges cy‡iv As‡ki e¨vL¨v GKB wbqg I auv‡P mw¾Z
nq| ZvB wZwb 1991 C. †gvZv‡eK 1411 wnRixi 15B iweDj
AvIqvj ZvwiL †_‡K GB gnwZ KvR m¤úv`‡b AvZ¥wb‡qvM K‡ib
Ges D³ wKZv‡ei ïi“ n‡Z wØZxq Kvq`vi †kl ch©š— e¨vLvi KvR
wekvjvKvq Pvi L‡Ê evik c„ôvq m¤úv`b K‡ib| Gi cvkvcvwk
gydZx‡q Avhg cvwK¯—vb gydZx idx Dmgvbx (`v. ev.) I kvqLyj

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Bmjvg gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx (`v. ev.) Gi wewfbœ gvKvjv I
iPbvejx‡Z mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Zb|
G mKj Kv‡R e¨¯— _vKv m‡Ë¡I QvÎ‡ì Ges wewfbœ D¯—v‡ì
Rb¨ wewfbœ RwUj I `y‡e©va¨ gvmAvjv mg~‡ni mgvavb †ck Ki‡Z I
Gi D×„wZ-wKZve Ly‡R w`‡Z A‡bK mgq e¨q Ki‡Zb| hvi Kvi‡Y
Zuvi D¯—v` nhiZ gvIjvbv gydZx Avãyj−vn mv‡ne (evgx©) Zuvi bvg
†i‡LwQ‡jb ÒDK`v njÓ Z_v RwUj I `y‡e©va¨ wel‡qi mgvavbKvix|
ZvQvovI 1414-1416 wnRix ch©š— `yB eQi Bj‡g bvne I Bj‡g
mid cÖf„wZ kv‡¯¿i wewfbœ wKZve cov‡bvi `vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡ib|
GLv‡b me©cÖ_g cÖvß †eZ‡bi wKQz Ask me©cÖ_g `vi“j Dj~g
KivPxiB †evwW©s G Avj−vn ZvÔAvjvi mš‘wó K‡í `vb K‡ib|
Gfv‡e `xN© Qq eQi KvUv‡bvi ci wZwb Zuvi gv‡qi mv‡_
mv¶v‡Zi j‡¶¨ 1995 C. †gvZv‡eK 1416 wn. †`‡k wd‡i Av‡mb|
AZtci Zuvi †mœn civqY I ggZvgqx gv Zuv‡K Avi cvwK¯—v‡b wd‡i
†h‡Z †`bwb|
gviKvhyÏvIqv Avj-Bmjvwgqv XvKv Gi cÖwZôv
Zuvi wbKUZg eÜz I mncvVx gydZx Aveyj nvmvb gynv¤§v`
Ave`yj−vn I ZvuiB m‡nvì gydZx Ave`yj gv‡j‡Ki KvivPx _vKv Kv‡j
Zuviv †`‡k wd‡i G‡m my›ì I gvb m¤úbœ GKwU wk¶v cÖwZôvb M‡o
†Zvjvi cwiKíbv Ki‡Zb| GB cwiKíbv‡K mg‡b †i‡L gyieŸx‡ì
civgk© ‡g Zuviv Avj−vn cv‡Ki Dci fimv K‡i DcKiYwenxb
Ae¯’vq XvKvi gynv¤§v`cy‡i GKwU fvov evox‡Z 1995 C. †gvZv‡eK
1416 wn. m‡b ÒgviKvhy` `vIqvn Avj Bmjvwgqv XvKvÓ bv‡g GKwU
cÖwZôv‡bi m~Pbv K‡i Zv‡ì c~‡e©i cwiKíbv ev¯—evqb K‡ib| Zuviv
mK‡j GB cÖwZôv‡b Øxbx Bj‡gi cÖPvi-cÖmv‡ii j‡¶¨ wb‡R‡ì Rvb-
gvj‡K wemR©b †`b|
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AviI Avð‡h©i welq n‡jv †h, Zviv G wel‡q GKgZ wQ‡jb †h,
GK eQi ch©š— Zuviv ìm `v‡bi †Kvb wewbgq MÖnY Ki‡eb bv|
Zuv‡ì GB Z¨vM-wZwZ¶vi d‡j GB cÖwZôvb AvR evsjv‡`‡ki
Avbv‡P Kvbv‡P eis we‡`‡kI mybvg-myL¨vwZ AR©b Ki‡Z m¶g
n‡q‡Q| nhiZ gvIjvbv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb mv‡ne (`v. ev.)
†mLv‡b `xN© QqwU eQi Ae¯’vb K‡i wk¶KZv, ìm, dvZvIqv Z_v
mviv †`‡ki wewfbœ mgm¨vejxi mgvavb cÖ`vb Ges RbmvaviY‡K Lye
my›ì Dc¯’vcbv I mvejxj fvlvq Iqvh-bmxnZ Gi g‡a¨ wb‡R‡K iZ
†i‡L‡Qb| we‡klfv‡e AvaywbK gvmvBj I be D™¢vweZ mgm¨vejx Ges
RwUj I `y‡e©va¨ welqvejxi mgvavb †c‡k mK‡ji Kv‡Q mgv`„Z n‡Z
_v‡Kb| hvi d‡j Zuvi mvnP‡h© G‡m eû Bjg wccvmyiv ïay Zv‡ì
wccvmvB wbeviY K‡iwb eis Ab¨ Bjg wccvmy‡ì wccvmv wbevi‡Yi
cv‡_qI †RvMvo K‡i wb‡q‡Qb|
RvwgÔAv Bmjvwgqv `vi“j Dj~g XvKv Gi cÖwZôv
GiB gv‡S wZwb 2000 C. m‡b wgicy‡ii 1bs †mKk‡b M‡o
Zzj‡jb GKwU e„nr Bmjvgx cÖwZôvb, hvi bvg ivL‡jb ÒRvwgÔAv
Bmjvwgqv `vi“j Dj~g XvKvÓ| GB cÖwZôvbwUi evDÛvwii wfZi¯’
gmwR‡` (gmwR`yj AvKevi) wZwb 1998 C. mb †_‡K A`¨vewa LZxe
wnmv‡e wb‡qvwRZ i‡q‡Qb| GLv‡b wZwb cª_g ¯—i †_‡K m‡e©v”P ¯—i
`vIiv‡q nv`xm I ZvLvm&mym wdj wdKwn Iqvj BdZv wefvM ch©š—
K¬vm Pvjy K‡ib| Avj−vn cv‡Ki A‡kl K…cvq gvÎ `yÕeQ‡ii g‡a¨B GB
cÖwZôvbwU Av‡jg-Djvgv, gvìvmvi Zvwj‡e Bjg, †Rbv‡ij wkw¶Z-
Awkw¶Z me©‡kªYxi gvby‡li Av¯’vi cÖwZK I mKj mgm¨vi kiqx
mgvav‡bi Avkªq‡K‡›`ª cwiYZ n‡q‡Q Ges G hveZKvj ch©š— Zvi
HwZn¨ I mybvg-myL¨vwZ a‡i ivL‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q|

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Gfv‡e K‡qKwU eQi AwZ vš— nIqvi ci 2007 C. mv‡j
Bj‡g Øx‡bi D”PZi M‡elYvg~jK wk¶vi m‡e©v”P¯—‡ii cuvPwU wefvM
Pvjy K‡ib| wefvM¸‡jv h_v ‡g-
[1] AvZ ZvLvm&mym dx Dj~wgj KziAvb Iqv Zvdmxwinx (Zvdmxi
wefvM)
[2] AvZ ZvLvm&mym wdj nv`xwmk kixd (nv`xm wefvM)
[3] AvZ ZvLvm&mym wdj wdKwn Iqvj BdZv (wdKn I BdZv
wefvM)
[4] AvZ ZvLvm&mym wdj jyMvwZj Avivweq¨v Iqv Av`vwenv
(Aviex fvlv I mvwnZ¨ wefvM) I
[5] AvZ ZvLvm&mym wdm mxivwZ IqvZ ZvixL (BwZnvm wefvM)
cÖwZwU wefvMB `yÕeQ‡ii †gqv‡` myD”P gv‡bi KvwiKzjv‡g
mwbœ‡ewkZ Ges myPvi“iƒ‡c cwiPvwjZ| Zb¥a¨ n‡Z 5g wefvMwU
Avgv‡ì Rvbv g‡Z A`¨vewa GB fviZ Dcgnv‡`‡k Avi †Kv_vI Pvjy
Kiv nqwb|
wZwb AwZ mybvg-myL¨vwZi mv‡_ AÎ RvwgÔAvi wcÖwÝcvj, kvqLyj
nv`xm Ges AvZ ZvLvm&mym wdj wdKwn Iqvj BdZv wefv‡Mi
†Pqvig¨vb I cÖavb gydZx wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Avm‡Qb|
gviKvhyj eyn~m Avj-Bmjvwgqv XvKv Gi cÖwZôv
evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨Zg D”PZi M‡elYvg~jK Øxbx wk¶v cÖwZôvb
ÒgviKvhyj eyn~m Avj Bmjvwgqv XvKvÓ| 2006 C. mv‡ji ighvb gv‡m
G cÖwZôvbwUi m~Pbv nq| Avj−vn cv‡Ki A‡kl ing‡Z GwUI eZ©gv‡b
Bjgx ZvnKxK, D”PZi M‡elYv I AvaywbK mgm¨vi mgvav‡b me©¯—‡ii
I me©‡kªYxi gvby‡li Kv‡Q mgvbfv‡e mgv`„Z n‡q‡Q| m~PbvjMœ †_‡KB
GLv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki wefbœ AÂj †_‡K †gavex I Ávbwccvmy Zvwj‡e
Bjgiv wfo Rgv‡”Q Ges Qwo‡q co‡Q Bjgx ZvnKxK I M‡elYvi
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SvÊv wb‡q| Gme wKQz g~jZt Avj−vn cv‡Ki A‡kl K…cvq Avi gydZx
w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb mv‡ne Gi BLjvQ, ZvKIqv-ci‡nhMvix, webq-
bgªZv I Bjgx gq`v‡b cvwÊZ¨ Ges AMva Áv‡bi AwaKvix nIqvi
eiK‡Z| Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zuvi nvqvZ I Øxbx †L`g‡Z AviI †ewk
ieKZ `vb Ki“b| Avgxb!
`vi“j Dj~g ev›`yqvBb Gi cÖwZôv
2000 C. m‡b wZwb wbR MÖvg ev›`yqvB‡b Ò`vi“j Dj~g
ev›`yqvBbÓ bv‡g GKwU gvìvmv cÖwZôv K‡ib|
G QvovI wZwb AviI K‡qKwU gvìvmv cÖwZôv K‡i‡Qb| me¸wj
ZuviB ZË¡veav‡b I wb‡`©kbvq cwiPvwjZ nq Ges †m¸wji cÖwZôvZv
cwiPvjK wnmv‡eI wZwb AwawôZ Av‡Qb|
Ávb mvabv I Z¨vM-wZwZ¶v
wZwb ˆkkeKvj †_‡KB cov-‡jLvq wQ‡jb K‡Vvi cwikªgx I
Aa¨vemvqx| wZwb QvÎRxe‡bi ïi“‡Z hLb Kzwgj−vi g‡bvniMÄ
_vbvaxb gybwkinvU ûmvBwbqv gvìvmvq co‡Zb ZLb cÖwZw`b evox
†_‡K gvìvmvq hvIqv-Avmvi Rb¨ cuvP-cuvP (5+5) †gvU `k
wK‡jvwgUvi c_ cv‡q †nu‡U hvZvqvZ Ki‡Zb| GB c‡_ 11wU Lvj I
fvsw³ wQj, GB GMviwU Lvj I fvsw³‡Z el©vi ïi“ j‡Mœ †Kvb †mZz
_vKZ bv| wZwb cvwb‡Z wf‡R wKsev muvZvi †K‡U GB GMviwU Lvj
cvi n‡Zb| el©vKv‡j hLb iv¯—v-NvU PjvP‡ji Abychy³ n‡q coZ
ZLb hvZvqvZ c‡_ GMvi evi cvwb‡Z bvgv I muvZvi KvUvi cvkvcvwk
RvqMvq RvqMvq A‡bK j¤^v iv¯—v nuvUz cvwb Avi gv‡S g‡a¨ †Kvgi
cwigvY cvwb D‡c¶v K‡iI nuvU‡Z nZ| ZviciI gvìvmvq Abycw¯’Z
_vK‡Zb bv|

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†Loxni gvìvmvq _vKv Kvwjb mg‡q cÖvq cÖwZ e„n¯úwZevi
gv‡qi Uv‡b evox P‡j Avm‡Zb, ZLb †Kvb Mvox-†Nvovi eë¯’v wQj
bv| cÖvq 20/22 wK‡jvwgUvi iv¯—v cv‡q †nu‡U AwZ g Ki‡Zb|
kwbevi dRi c‡o N‡i G‡m †`L‡Zb †h, Zuvi Av¤§v Lvevi ˆZwi K‡i
Zuvi A‡c¶vq e‡m Av‡Qb| Lvevi †L‡q Avevi cybivq 20/22
wK‡jvwgUvi iv¯—v cv‡q †nu‡U AwZ g K‡i K¬vm ïi“ nIqvi GK N›Uv
c~‡e© gvìvmvq wM‡q Dcw¯’Z n‡Zb|
Gme m¤¢e n‡q‡Q Zuvi Bjg AR©b I wbqwgZ gvìvmvq Mg‡bi
`„p msKí I DbœZgbv AwfcÖv‡qi gva¨‡gB| wZwb me©`v cov‡jLvq
gMœ _vK‡Zb Ges gvìvmvq _vKvKvjxb me mgq gvìvmv‡ZB
_vK‡Zb| `ywbqv I wewfbœ KvR-Kg© Ges wPš—v-fvebv †_‡K _vK‡Zb
wegyL| Zuvi Bj‡g eªZx _vKvi GK weij `„óvš— nj †h, wZwb RvwgÔAv
Avivweqv †Loxni kvn&iv¯—x‡Z covKvjxb `xN© Pvi eQ‡i wb‡Ri
e¨w³MZ Kv‡R gvÎ ÔPviÕ evi Qvov Avi KL‡bv evRv‡i hvbwb|
gybwkinvU gvìvmvq †jLv covi mgq `xN© cuvP eQ‡i wZwb †Kvb
†`vKv‡b e‡m wKQy Lvbwb| ïaygvÎ GKevi gvìvmvi gvnwd‡ji w`b
weKv‡j Zuvi D¯—v` nhiZ gvIjvbv Avãyj gvbœvb mv‡ne in. Zuv‡K
†`‡L eyS‡Z cvi‡jb †h, G †Zv mKv‡j evox †_‡K G‡m‡Q, G ch©š—
wKQy Lvqwb, ZvB Zuv‡K wb‡q GK †`vKv‡b Pvi Avbvi gywo wK‡b †`b
Ges Zv †mLv‡bB e‡m †L‡Z eva¨ K‡ib|
wZwb cov-†jLvi Aemi mg‡q _vK‡Zb PzcPvc I wbie|
Rb¥MZfv‡eB wZwb wkïm~jf †Ljv-a~jvi cÖwZ †Zgb Avm³ nbwb|
gvìvmv QywU n‡j we‡K‡j evox‡Z G‡m †Ljv-a~jvq gMœ bv n‡q KL‡bv
KL‡bv Zuv‡ì cvwjZ Mi“ Piv‡Zb| GB mgqI Zuvi nv‡Z _vK‡Zv
wKZve| wZwb wKZve co‡Zb Avi Mi“ Nvm †LZ|
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wgZe¨qxZv
wZwb AZ¨š— Aí e¨‡qB Zuvi QvÎ Rxeb KvwU‡q‡Qb| cÖ_g †kªYx
†_‡K `vIiv nv`xm ch©š— †Kvb gv‡m KZ UvKv e¨q n‡q‡Q, wZwb GKwU
LvZvq Zv wjwce× K‡i †i‡L‡Qb| †`Lv †M‡Q gybwkinv‡U cvuP eQ‡i
†Kvb gv‡m wKZve q e¨ZxZ 3 UvKvi †ekx LiP nqwb| †Loxn‡ii 4
eQ‡i Kvwdqv †_‡K †n`vqv ch©š— †Kvb gv‡m 10 UvKvi †ekx LiP
nqwb| Avi jvjev‡Mi 3 eQ‡i RvjvjvBb †_‡K `vIiv nv`xm ch©š—
160 UvKvi D‡aŸ© †Kvb gv‡m LiP nqwb|
†gav I eySkw³
wZwb n‡jb cÖLi †gav, Zx¶è eySkw³ I w¶cÖeyw×i AwaKvix
e¨w³Z¡| hvi d‡j KwVb I RwUjZi Ges `~‡e©va¨ welq¸wj wZwb AwZ
mn‡R AvqZ¡ I ü`qv½g K‡i †dj‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb wb‡Ri m¤ú‡K©
e‡j‡Qb †h,
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K‡i‡Qb| †QvU‡ejv‡Z Avwg GKevi ev `yÕevi
co‡jB †h †Kvb welq gyL¯— n‡q †hZ|Ó
GB cÖLi †gav I w¶cÖeySkw³i Kvi‡YB wZwb m¶g n‡q‡Qb
`ª“ZMwZ‡Z cÖPzi Aa¨qb Ki‡Z| ZvB‡Zv wZwb RvwgÔAv `vi“j Dj~g
KivPx‡Z fwZ© n‡q cÖ_g mvgwqK cix¶vqB RvwgÔAv `vi“j Dj~g
KivPxi gZ cÖwZôv‡b GKRb we‡`kx QvÎ n‡qI cÖ_g ¯’vb AwaKvi
Ki‡Z m¶g nb Ges G eQ‡iB `k nvRvi c„óv Mfxi gb‡hv‡Mi mv‡_
c‡ob| GiB gva¨‡g D×vi K‡ib Bj‡gi g~jëvb Lwb| hvi d‡j
wewfbœ wel‡q A‡bK `~i ch©š— cvi½gZv AR©b K‡i‡Qb| †KbB ev
cvi‡eb bv ? eû ivwÎ KvwU‡q‡Qb wewb`ªvq, Wy‡e wQ‡jb wKZve I eB-
cy¯—‡Ki cvZvi gv‡S|

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AviI Avðh© I we¯§‡qi welq nj, wZwb QvÎ Rxeb †_‡K
A`¨vewa ìm, Zvìxm, Zvmbxd I Iqvh-bQxnZ Dh~i mv‡_ K‡ib|
GUv Zuvi Kvivg‡Zi ga¨ n‡Z GKwU| GUv wZwb Zuvi ˆcZ…Km~‡Î AR©b
K‡i‡Qb| †h‡nZz Zuvi AveŸvRvbI Ggb wQ‡jb|
Bj&‡gi †cÖ‡g `» _vKvq Ges wb‡Ri Dci ZvKIqv-
ci‡nhMvixi c~Y© Av¯’v _vKvi ì“b wZwb g‡b g‡b msKí K‡iwQ‡jb
†h, wZwb weevn-kv`x Ki‡eb bv| †h‡nZz weevn-kv`x GKwU eÜb I
¸i“`vwqZ¡| ZvQvov ¯¿x-mš—vb BZ¨vw` Bj&‡gi c‡_ A‡bK mgq evav
n‡q ùvovq|
wZwb Zuvi kvqL I gywk©` kvqLyj Bmjvg gydZx ZvKx Dmgvbx
(`v. ev.) Gi Kv‡Q GB msK‡íi K_v e¨³ Ki‡j wZwb Zuv‡K GB
msKí Z¨vM K‡i weevn eÜ‡b Ave× nIqvi wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ib|
gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb (`v. ev.) Zuvi kvq‡Li wb‡`©k cvj‡b
Ae‡njv K‡ibwb| eis wZwb H msKí‡K Z¨vM K‡i weevn K‡ib|
wKZve ‡qi AvMÖn
Zuvi wbKU me‡P‡q wcÖq I g~jëvb e¯‘ nj Bjg I wKZve| ZvB
wZwb mg‡q mg‡q wewfbœ `yj©f I `y®cÖvc¨ wKZvev`x q K‡i‡Qb|
wZwb KivPx _vKv Kvjxb mg‡q cÖvq cvwK¯—vbx GK j¶ i“cxi wKZve
q K‡i‡Qb|
Zuvi A‡bK mv_x-m½x RvwgÔAvZyj Dj~g Avj Bmjvwgqv Avj−vgv
webœ~ix UvDb KivPx‡Z cov-†jLv Ki‡Zb| Zvuiv gydZx mv‡n‡ei mv‡_
†`Lv-mv¶vr Ki‡Z `vi“j Dj~g KivPx‡Z Avm‡Zb| `yiZ¡ wQj 18
wK.wg.| A‡b‡KB U¨vw· K¨ve fvov K‡i Avm‡Zb| ZLb U¨vw· K¨v‡ei
wgUv‡i 30 i“cx fvov DVZ| wKš‘ wZwb webœ~ix UvDb †M‡j gvÎ AvovB
i“cx fvovq ev‡m hvZvqvZ Ki‡Zb| KviY wZwb fve‡Zb †h, ev‡m
hvZvqvZ KóKi nIqv m‡Ë¡I G‡Z †h mv‡o 27 i“cx †eu‡P hv‡e| Zv
w`‡q wKZve q Kiv hv‡e|
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Zuvi RvgvAv‡Z ki‡n Rvgx (`kg †kªYx) †Z covKvjxb wKZve
‡qi NUbv †_‡KI Abyaveb Kiv hvq Zuvi wKZve ‡qi Avmw³i
cwigvY| G eQi wZwb GKmv‡_ cÖvq 1400 UvKvi wKZve evKx‡Z
†K‡bb| A_P Zuvi GZ UvKv †`qvi mvg_© wQj bv| ZviciI Avj−vn
ZvÔAvjvi Dci c~Y© Av¯’v †i‡L wZwb wK‡b †d‡jb Ges Avj−vni
ZvIdx‡K me UvKv cwi‡kva Ki‡ZI mvg_© nb| GLv‡b GKwU K_v bv
ej‡jB bq †h, wZwb 1400 UvKvi wKZve wK‡b Zuvi Kv‡Q _vKv 50
UvKv we‡ Zv‡K w`‡q 1350 UvKv evKx †i‡LwQ‡jb| G w`‡K Zuvi
Kv‡iv Kv‡Q UvKv-cqmv PvIqvi Af¨vm wQj bv| wZwb †Kvb w`b Zuvi
gv‡qi Kv‡QI UvKv cqmv Pvbwb|
Zuvi AveŸvRv‡bi B‡š—Kv‡ji ci Zvi †gR fvB Rbve AvjnvR¡
Wvt Ave~ BDmyd mv‡neB Zuvi AwaKvsk LiP enb Ki‡Zb| wZwb Zuvi
Kv‡QI †Kvb w`b UvKv-cqmv Pvbwb| †¯^”Qvq w`‡j Ges cÖ‡qvRb
_vK‡j MÖnY Ki‡Zb Avi cÖ‡qvRb bv _vK‡j †diZ w`‡Zb| ZvB
AveŸvRv‡bi Kv‡Q UvKv-cqmv bv †P‡q c‡Îi gva¨‡g ïay 1400 UvKvi
wKZve wKbvi msev` Rvbv‡jb| ZLb Zuvi AveŸv 3/4 kZ UvKvi
†eZ‡b gvìvmvq †L`gZ Ki‡Zb| wZwb Zuvi †Q‡ji wKZve wKbvi
msev‡ì DË‡i wPwV‡Z wjL‡jbt
Òevev! †Zvgvi wPwVi ai‡Y eyS‡Z †c‡iwQ †h, Zzwg
GZ UvKvi wKZve wK‡b Avgv‡K fq cv”Q| bv, evev!
fq cvevi †Kvb KviY †bB| ’’‫ا‬ ‫د‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﮨ‬‘‘
ev›`v mvnm Ki‡Z cv‡i, mvnvh¨‡Zv Avj−vn cvKB
Ki‡eb| Avwg †Zvgvi Rb¨ 50 UvKv cvVvjvg| cÖvwß
msev‡` Lywk Ki‡e|Ó
evKx 1300 UvKv K‡qK gv‡mi g‡a¨B Avj−vn cvK eë¯’v K‡i
w`‡q‡Qb|
ki‡n †eKvqvi eQi GKw`b jvKmvg evRv‡ii gymwjg
jvB‡eªix‡Z GKwU eo wKZve †`L‡Z †c‡q 98 UvKv w`‡q wKZvewU

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q K‡i evox‡Z wb‡q Av‡mb| wKZvewU wQj ‫وا‬ ‫ا‬ Gi
cyivZb, `~jf© I mnxn bymLv| cieZx©‡Z †h‡nZz Avj−vn cvK Zuvi Øviv
wKZvewUi kivn& Z_v e¨vL¨v wjLvi KvR wb‡eb ZvB eû eQi c~e©
†_‡KB Gi DcKi‡Yi eë¯’v K‡i w`‡q‡Qb| `vIiv nv`x‡mi eQi
wK‡b †d‡jb )‫م‬ ‫ا‬ ‫دار‬ ‫وى‬‫د‬( dvZvIqv‡q `vi“j Dj~g
†Ìe›` hv 12 L‡Ûi GKwU my-wekvj dvZvIqvi wKZve|
AvKx`v-wek¦vm
gydZx mv‡ne `v.ev. ivm~jy&j−vn mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−vg Gi
ZixKv Ges mvnvev‡q wKivg‡ì (iv.) AvKx`v-wek¦vm I Av`‡k©
wek¦vmx| KziAvb-nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K mwVK AvKx`vi Dci AUj,
eyhyM©v‡b Øx‡bi gvmjv‡Ki Dci AwePj Ges we`ÔAvZ I åvš— gZv`k©
LÛ‡b LoM n¯—, evwZ‡ji mv‡_ Av‡cvlnxb|
AvKvB` Gi mbÀvKvB` Gi mbÀvKvB` Gi mbÀvKvB` Gi mb`
Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb )‫زة‬ ‫وإ‬ ‫اءة‬(
kvqLyj Bmjvg Avj−vgv ZvKx Dmgvbx (Rb¥: 1362 wn.)
gydZx Avhg gynv¤§v` kdx †Ìe›`x (1314-1396 wn.)kvqLyj Bmjvg hdi Avngv` Dmgvbx(1310-1394 wn.)
nvKxgyj D¤§vZ Avkivd Avjx _vbfx(1280-1362 wn.)Ljxj Avngv` Avm mvnvivbd~ix (1269-1346 wn.)
BqvK‚e Avb bvbyZvfx (1249-1302 wn.) Bgv‡g ieŸvbx ikx` Avngv` Mv½ynx(1244-1323 wn.)
gvgj~K Avjx (-1267 wn.)
ikx`yÏxb Lvb Av` w`njfx (1169-1249 wn.)
kvn Ave`yj AvRxR gynvwÏm Av` w`njfx (1159-1239 wn.)
kvn IqvwjDj−vn Avngv` web Avãyi inxg gynvwÏm Av` w`njfx (1114-1176 wn.)
kvn Ave`yi inxg gynvwÏm Av` w`njfx (1054-1131 wn.)
gxi gynv¤§v` hvwn` web gynv¤§v` Avmjvg Avj nvivex (-1101 wn.)
gxi gynv¤§v` dvwhj Avj ev`vLkx (-1050 wn.)
gyj−v gynv¤§v` BDmyd web gynv¤§v` Rvb Avj KvImvRx Avj KvivevMx (-1030/1035 wn.)
nvexeyj−vn web Avãyj−vn wgh©v Rvb Av` w`njfx Avk kxivhx (-994 wn.)
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gvng~` web gynv¤§v` Avk kxivhx (-932 wn.)
gynvw°K RvjvjyÏxb gynv¤§v` web AvmÔAv` Av` `vIqvbx (830-918 wn.)
mvÔAv`yÏxb AvmÔAv` Av` `vIqvbx (...)
Avjx web gynv¤§v` web Avjx mvwq¨` mb` kixd Avj RyiRvbx Avj nvbvdx(740-810 wn.)
AvKgvjyÏxb gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` web gvng~` Avj eveviZx (712/714-786 wn.)
[wn`vqvi fvl¨MÖš’ Avj-Bbvqv Gi MÖš’Kvi]
wKIqvgyÏxb gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` Avj KvKx (-749 wn.)
[wgÕivRy` wìvqvn Gi MÖš’Kvi]
ûmvBb web Avjx Avm wmMbvKx (-710/711/714 wn.)
[wn`vqvi cÖ_g fvl¨MÖš’ Avb-wbnvqv Gi MÖš’Kvi]
nvwdhyÏxb Ave`yj−vn web Avngv` web gynv¤§v` Avb bvmvdx (-701/710 wn.)
[Kvbhy` `vKvBK I Avj Kvdx kiûj Iqvdx MÖš’Ø‡qi †jLK]
gynv¤§v` web Ave`ym mvËvi Avj Kvi`vix (599-642 wn.)
eyinvbyÏxb Avjx web Ave~ eKi Avj-gviMxbvbx (530-593 wn.)
[wn`vqvi MÖš’Kvi]
Dgi web Ave`yj Avhxh web Dgi Be‡b gvhvn(483-536 wn.)bvRgyÏxb Dgi web gynv¤§v` Avb-bvmvdx (461-537 wn.)
eyinvbyÏxb Ave`yj Avhxh web Dgi Be‡b gvhvn (...) Avjx web gynv¤§v` dLi“j Bmjvg Avj evh`vex(400-482 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Avngv` kvgmyj AvB¤§v mvivLmx(-483/490wn.) BmgvBj web Avãym mvw`K web Avãyj−vn Avj LZxe (...)
[gvem~Z kiû gyLZvmvwij nvwKg Gi MÖš’Kvi] Avãyj Kvixg web g~mv Avj evh`vex (-390 wn.)
Ave`yj Avhxh web Avngv` web bvm&i Avj ûjIqvbx(-456wn.)Ave~ gvbm~i gynv¤§vÀve~ gvbm~i gynv¤§vÀve~ gvbm~i gynv¤§vÀve~ gvbm~i gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` Avj gvZzix`xweb gynv¤§v` Avj gvZzix`xweb gynv¤§v` Avj gvZzix`xweb gynv¤§v` Avj gvZzix`x(270-333wn.)
Ave~ eKi gynv¤§v` web Dgi web nvg`vb (...) Ave~ eKi Avngv` web BmnvK Avj RyhyRvbx (...)
Ave~ Beivnxg gynv¤§v` web mvC` Avj Bqvh`x (...) Ave~ myjvqgvb g~mv web myjvqgvb Avj RyhyRvbx(-200 wn. cieZx©)
Ave~ RAve~ RAve~ RAve~ RvÕdi Avngv` web gynv¤§v` AvZ Z¡nvexvÕdi Avngv` web gynv¤§v` AvZ Z¡nvexvÕdi Avngv` web gynv¤§v` AvZ Z¡nvexvÕdi Avngv` web gynv¤§v` AvZ Z¡nvex
(229/230/239-321 wn.) [Z¡nvex kix‡di MÖš’Kvi]
ev°vi Be‡b KzZvqev Avj emix (182-270 wn.)
wnjvj Be‡b BqvnBqv Avj emix (-245 wn.)
Bgvg Ave~ BDmyd(113-182 wn.)Bgvg hydvi web ûhvBj(110-158 wn.)Bgvg gynv¤§v` web nvmvb Avkkvqevbx(131-189 wn.)
Bgvg AvÕhg Ave~ nvbxdv byÕgvb web mvweZ (80-150 wn.)
nv¤§v` web Ave~ myjvqgvb Avb-bvqmve~ix (-120 wn.)
Beivnxg web Bqvhx` Avb-bvLC Avj K‚dx (46/47-95/96 wn.)
AvjKvgv web Kvqm Avj K‚dx (-61/62 wn.)
Ave`yj−vn web gvmD` iv.(-32wn.)Dgi web LvËve iv.(-24wn.)Avjx web Ave~ Zvwje iv.(-40wn.)Av‡qkv iv.(wn.c~e©:9-57wn.)
gynv¤§v` ivm~jyj−vn mvj−vj−vû AvjvBwn Iqv mvj−vg (wn. c~e©: 53-11 wn.)

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Zvdmx‡i Ae`vb
wewkó gydvmwm‡i KziAvb Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb `v.
ev. eZ©gvbKv‡ji gymwjg D¤§v‡ni GK D¾j b¶Î| wewfbœ wel‡q
Zuvi Ae`vb _vK‡jI Zvdmx‡i i‡q‡Q Zuvi me©‡kªô KxwZ©, Agi
ˆkwíKZv|
wZwb †`‡ki Avbv‡P-Kvbv‡P AbywôZ wewfbœ Zvdmxi gvnwd‡j
Ges XvKvi wgicyi-1 G Aew¯’Z gmwR`yj AvKev‡i cÖwZ ï evi ev`
gvMwie KziAv‡b Kvix‡gi Zvdmxi †ck K‡ib|
wZwb mvewjj, mnR-mij fvlv I fveavivq KziAv‡b Kvix‡gi
Zvdmxi GZ AvaywbK I MwZgqfv‡e Zz‡j a‡ib, hv †kªvZv‡K Zvi
gb-gvbwmKZvi Mfx‡i wb‡q hvq| d‡j †m Bmjvg‡K `ywbqvi ey‡K
Rxeš— GKwU mZ¨ wn‡m‡e †g‡b †bq Ges KziAv‡b Kvix‡gi Qvqvq
cÖ‡ek K‡i Gi Avkxe©v`cyó KwZcq e¨w³i wfZi wb‡R‡K kvwgj
Ki‡Z DØy× nq|
KziAv‡b Kvix‡gi Zvdmxi Ki‡Z †h‡q wZwb GK_v dzwU‡q
†Zv‡jb †h, KziAv‡b Kvixg GKwU gyÕwRhv, Gi mgK¶ †Kvb wKQz
iPbv Ki‡Z gvbyl m¶g bq Ges gvby‡li cÖwZ Øx‡bi K‡g© I wek¦v‡m
Gi ¸i“Z¡ KZUzKz Zv wbY©q K‡ib|
G Zvdmx‡i wZwb cvðvZ¨ mf¨Zvi Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib,
Zv‡ì wPš—vaviv, `k©b I ˆbwZKZvi Am¤ú~Y©Zv Zz‡j a‡ib| AvaywbK
hy‡Mi wewfbœ gZev` Z_v cuywRev`, mgvRZš¿, ag©wbi‡c¶Zvev`,
†mKz¨jvwiRg, RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿mn gvbeiwPZ me gZev` †h
Amvi, wZwb KziAv‡b Kvix‡gi Zvdmxi Ki‡Z wM‡q Zv cÖgvY K‡ib|
Zvi Zvdmx‡i bvix AwaKvi, Bmjvgx A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ I
mgvRbxwZmn mgmvgwqK Bmyï PgrKvi we‡k−lY †ck K‡ib| Zvi
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Zvdmx‡i kvwãK, ZvwË¡K we‡k−lY, cÖvPxb-AvaywbK gvmAvjv-gvmvB‡ji
Av‡jvPbvI ¯’vb †c‡q _v‡K|
GK K_vq wZwb KziAv‡b Kvix‡gi Zvdmx‡ii gva¨‡g †kªvZv‡ì
ü`‡q Ggb Av‡eM m„wó K‡ib, †h Av‡e‡M †kªvZv KziAv‡b Kvix‡gi
QvqvZ‡j Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z DØy× nq|
wb‡gœ Zuvi Zvdmx‡ii mb` †ck Kiv njt
Zvdmxi Gi mb`Zvdmxi Gi mb`Zvdmxi Gi mb`Zvdmxi Gi mb`
Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb )‫زة‬ ‫إ‬(
kvBL Ave`yj dvËvn Ave~ ¸Ïvn (-1417 wn.)
gynv¤§v` hvwn` web Avj nvmvb Avj KvDmvix (1296-1371 wn.)
Avjx hvqbyj Avwe`xb web nvmvb Avj Avjvm~bx (1268-1336 wn.)
nvwdh Avngv` kvwKi web Ljxj (-1315 wn.)
nvwdh gynv¤§v` Mvwje web gynv¤§v` Avgxb Avj B¯—v¤^yjx (-1286 wn.)
myjvqgvb web nvmvb Avj wKix`x (...)
Beivnxg web gynv¤§v` Avj Bmexix (-1255 wn.)
Avjx wdKix web gynv¤§v` mvwjn Avj AvwLmLvex (-1236 wn.)
gydZx hv`vn Kvexi gynv¤§v` Avgxb web BDmyd AvbZvjx(1112-1212 wn.)
Ave~ gynv¤§v` Avãyjvn web gynv¤§v` BDmyd Avwd›`xhv`vn(1080-1167 wn.)
myjvqgvb Avj-dvwhj web Avngv` (-1134 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web myjvqgvb Avi i“`vbx (1037-1094 wn.)
Ave~ Dmgvb mvC` web Beivnxg RvhvBix KÏ~ivn (-1066 wn.)
mvC` web Avngv` Avj gv°vix (-1010 wn.)
Ave~ hv‡q` Ave`yi ingvb web Avjx my°vqb (-956 wn.)
hvBbyÏxb Avngv` hvKvwiqv web gynv¤§v` AvbQvix kv‡dC (823-926 wn.)
Avngv` web Avjx Be‡b nvRvi AvmKvjvbx wgmix kv‡dC (773-852 wn.)
wknveyÏxb Beivnxg web Avngv` AvZ ZvbyLx Avk kvgx (-800 wn.)
Aveyj AveŸvm Avngv` web Ave~ Zvwje nv¾vi Avj nvbvdx(624-730 wn.)
Aveyj dhj RvÕdi web Avjx Avj nvg`vbx (...)

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Ave~ Zvwni Avngv` web gynv¤§v` web wmjvdvn Avm&wmjvdx (478-576 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Avngv` Avi ivhx (...)
gynv¤§v` web Avngv` Avm mvÕ`x (...)
Avj LvZxe gynv¤§v` web Ave`yjvn Avj Lvmxe (300-348 wn.)
Ave`yjvn web gynv¤§v` Avj dviMvbx (...)
BgvgyZ Zvdmxi Ave~ RvÕdi gynv¤§v` web Rvixi Zvevix(224/225-310 wn.)
Ave~ Ave` gynv¤§v` web nvgx` web nvq¨vb Avi ivhx (-248 wn.)
mvjvgvn web Avj dhj (-191 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web BmnvK web Bqvmvi (-150/151/152 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Avex gynv¤§v` mvjvgvn gvIjv hvwq` web QvweZ iv. (-91 wn.)
Ave~ Avãyj−vn BKivgvn (-104 wn.) I mvC` web Ryevwqi (-95 wn.)
ZiRygvbyj KziAvb Avãyj−vn web AveŸvm iv. (-68 wn.)
gynv¤§v` ivm~jyjvn mvjvjvû AvjvBwn Iqv mvjvg (wn. c~e©: 53-11 wn.)
nv`xm I wiRvj kv‡¯¿ `¶Zv
nv`xm kv‡¯¿I AmvaviY `¶Zv, cÖMvp Ávb I we¯—…Z gvÕj~gv‡Zi
AwaKvix n‡jb Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb (`v. ev.)| Zuvi
Aviex fvlvq wjwLZ ÒAvm mvivnv dx jvBjvwZj evivAvnÓ I D`©~
fvlvq iwPZ ÒAvZ wZeqvb dx jvqjvwZb wbmwd wgb kvÕevbÓ MÖš’Øq
`ª‡ó fvjfv‡e Abyaveb Kiv hvq †h, Zuvi ivex PwiZ I wiRvjkv¯¿
Ges nv`x‡mi ZvnKxK I Rivn-ZvÕ`x‡ji †¶‡ÎI i‡q‡Q wK cwigvY
cvi½gZv I †hvM¨Zv| GQvovI Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ iPbvejx G K_vi mv¶¨
cÖ`vb K‡i|
nv`x‡mi mb`
wZwb †`kx-we‡`kx, Aviex-Abviex eû cÖL¨vZ nv`xm
wekvi`M‡Yi †_‡K nv`x‡mi mb` AR©b K‡i‡Qb| Z¤§a¨ n‡Z
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we‡klfv‡e D‡j−L‡hvM¨t (1) Avj−vgv †n`v‡qZzj−vn in. (2) kvqL
Avãyj dvËvn Ave~ ¸Ïvn in. (3) kvqL Avãyi ikx` byÕgvbx in. (4)
Avj−vgv midivR Lvb mvd`vi in. (5) kvqLyj nv`xm Avj−vgv
AvRxRyj nK `v. ev. (6) kvqLyj Bmjvg ZvKx Dmgvbx `v. ev. (7)
Avj−vgv AvbRvi kvn Kvk¥xix `v. ev. (8) Avj−vgv Avãyj gRx` XvKzfx
in. (9) gydZx Avhg cvwK¯—vb gydZx gynv¤§v` idx Dmgvbx `v. ev.
(10) Avj−vgv kvgmyj Avjg Bmjvgvev`x `v. ev. [D¯—vhyj nv`xm
nvUnvRvix gv`ivmv] (11) Avj−vgv gydZx dRjyj nK Avgxbx `v. ev.
(12) Avj−vgv Avãyj gvbœvb [Kvwkqvbxi ûhyi] in.|
wb‡gœ nv`x‡mi mb` D‡j−L Kiv njt
mnxn eyLvix 1g LÊmnxn eyLvix 1g LÊmnxn eyLvix 1g LÊmnxn eyLvix 1g LÊ
(1g mb`)
kvqLyj nv`xm Avj−vgv AvRxRyj nK `v. ev.
kvqLyj Bmjvg Avj−vgv kveŸxi Avngv` Dmgvbx (1305-1369 wn.)
kvqLyj wn›` gvngy` nvmvb †`Ie›`x (1268-1339 wn.)
û¾vZzj Bmjvg Avj−vgv Kvwmg bvbyZvex (1248-1297 wn.)
kvn Ave`yj Mbx gyRvwÏ`x gynvwÏm Av` w`njfx (1235-1296 wn.)
kvn BmnvK gynvwÏm Av` w`njfx (1196/1197-1262 wn.)
kvn IqvwjDj−vn Avngv` web Avãyi inxg gynvwÏm w`njfx(1114-1176 wn.)
Ave~ Zvwni gynv¤§v` web Beivnxg Avj K‚ivbx Avj Kzi`x (1081-1145 wn.)
Beivnxg web nvmvb Avj K‚ivbx Avj Kzi`x Avk kv‡dC (1025-1101 wn.)
mvBwq¨` Avngv` web gynv¤§v` Avj Kzk&kvkx Avj gv`vbx (-1071 wn.)
Avngv` web Avjx Be‡b Ave`yj KzÏym wkbœvfx wgmix gv`vbx(975-1028 wn.)
kvgmyÏxb gynv¤§v` Be‡b Avngv` igjx wgmix kv‡dC (919-1004 wn.)

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Aveyj AveŸvm Avngv` web Ave~ Zvwje nv¾vi nvbvdx (624-730 wn.)
wmivRyÏxb ûmvBb web gyeviK Avh hvex`x evM`v`x nvbvdx (546-631 wn.)
Aveyj IqvKZ Ave`yj AvDqvj web Cmv wmRhx nvivfx (458-533 wn.)
Aveyj nvmvb Ave`yi ingvb web gyRvd&di `vD`x nvivfx (374-467 wn.)
Ave~ gynv¤§v` Avãyj−vn web Avngv` Avm mvivLmx Avj nvgyqx(293-381 wn.)
Ave~ Ave`yj−vn gynv¤§v` web BDmyd Avj wdive&ix Avj eyLvix(231-320 wn.)
Bgvg Ave~ Avãyj−vn gynv¤§v` web BmgvCj Avj eyLvix (194-256 wn.)
gv°x web Beivnxg Avj evjLx (25-115 wn.)
Bqvhx` web Ave~ Devwq` Avj Avmjvgx (-147 wn.)
mvjvgvn web Avgi web Avj AvKIqvÕ Avj Avmjvgx (-74 wn.)
mnxn eyLvimnxn eyLvimnxn eyLvimnxn eyLvix 1g LÊx 1g LÊx 1g LÊx 1g LÊ
(2q mb`)
kvqLyj Bmjvg hdi Avngv` Dmgvbx (1310-1394 wn.)
Ljxj Avngv` Avm mvnvibcyix (1269-1346 wn.)
gynv¤§v` Avwe` web Avngv` Avm wm›`x (-1257 wn.)
mvwjn web gynv¤§v` Avj dzj−vbx Avj Dgvix (1166-1218 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` web wmbœvn Avj Dgvix (1042-1186 wn.)
Avngv` web gynv¤§v` Avj AvwRj Avj Bqvgvbx (-1065 wn.)
KzZeyÏxb gynv¤§v` web Avngv` Avb bvniIqvjx (-988 wn.)
Avngv` web gynv¤§v` web KvhxLvb gvng~` Avb bvniIqvjx (...)
b~i“Ïxb Aveyj dzZ‚n gynv¤§v` web Ave`yj−vn AvZ ZvDmx (...)
Avj gyÔAvw¤§i evev BDmyd Avj nvivfx (...)
Ave~ Avãyi ingvb gynv¤§v` web kvhveLZ Avj dviMvbx (...)
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Ave~ jyKgvb BqvnBqv Be‡b Av¤§vi web gyKwej web kvnvb LyËvjvbx (...)
mnxn eyLvix 2q LÊmnxn eyLvix 2q LÊmnxn eyLvix 2q LÊmnxn eyLvix 2q LÊ
kvqL Ave`yj gvbœvb dwi`cyix (...)
Aveyj nvmvb h‡kvix (-1993 C.) BDmyd webb~ix (1326-1397 wn.)
ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx(1296-1377wn.)AvbIqvi kvn Kvk¥xix(1292-1352wn.)dLiÏxb gyiv`vev`x(1307-1392wn.)
kvgQzÏxb gynv¤§v` Be‡b Avngv` igjx wgmix kv‡dC (919-1004 wn.)
Aveyj AveŸvm Avngv` web Ave~ Zvwje nv¾vi nvbvdx (624-730 wn.)

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wmivRyÏxb ûmvBb web gyeviK Avh hvex`x evM`v`x nvbvdx (546-631 wn.)
Aveyj IqvKZ Ave`yj AvDqvj web Cmv wmRhx nvivfx (458-533 wn.)
Aveyj nvmvb Ave`yi ingvb web gyRvd&di `vD`x nvivfx (374-467 wn.)
Ave~ gynv¤§v` Avãyj−vn web Avngv` Avm mvivLmx Avj nvgyqx(293-381 wn.)
mnxn gymwjg 1g LÊmnxn gymwjg 1g LÊmnxn gymwjg 1g LÊmnxn gymwjg 1g LÊ
Avj−vgv Ave`yj gvbœvb dwi`cyix (...)
Avj−vgv gynv¤§v` Beivnxg Avj evwjqvex (1304-1387wn.)
myjZvb web Avngv` Avj gvh&hvnx wgmix kv‡dC (985-1075 wn.)
wknveyÏxb Avngv` web Ljxj Avm myeKx wgmix kv‡dC (939-1032 wn.)
bvRgyÏxb gynv¤§v` web Avngv` Avj MvqZx wgmix kv‡dC (910-981 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Avngv` Ii‡d mvjvûÏxb Be‡b Ave~ Dgi gvKw`mx (-780 wn.)
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dLi“Ïxb Avjx web Avngv` Bebyj eyLvix Qv‡jnx nv¤^jx (595-690 wn.)
Aveyj nvmvb Avj-gyAvqqv` web gynv¤§v` Zzmx Avb bvqmve~ix(524-617 wn.)
Ave~ Ave`yj−vn gynv¤§v` web dhj dvivfx Avb bvqmve~ix (441-530 wn.)
Aveyj nvmvb Ave`yj Mv‡di web gynv¤§v` dv‡imx bvqmve~ix (353-448 wn.)
Ave~ Avngv` gyn¤§` web Cmv Ryjy`x Avb bvqmve~ix (288-368 wn.)
Ave~ BmnvK Beivnxg web gynv¤§v` Ryjy`x Avb bvqmve~ix nvbvdx(-308 wn.)
Bgvg gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR Avj Kykvqix Avb bvqmve~ix (204-261 wn.)
Ave~ hvKvwiqv BqvnBqv web BqvnBqv web eKi bvqmve~ix (142-226 wn.)
Bgvg gvwjK web Avbvm Avj gv`vbx (95-179 wn.)
Ave~ Avãyjvn bvwdÕ gvIjv Be‡b Dgi (-117/119/120 wn.)
Avãyjvn web Dgi iv. (wn. c~e©: 10-73 wn.)
mnxn gymwjg 2q LÊmnxn gymwjg 2q LÊmnxn gymwjg 2q LÊmnxn gymwjg 2q LÊ
Avj−vgv Ave`yi ingvb dwi`cyix (...)
Avj−vgv Ave`yj gvRx` XvKzex in. (...)
gynv¤§v` AvmÔAv`yj−vn web ikx`yj−vn ivgcyix (1314-1399 wn.)
gynv¤§v` gvhnvi Avb bvbyZvex (1232-1302 wn.)

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gynv¤§v` web Avngv` Ii‡d mvjvûÏxb Be‡b Ave~ Dgvi gvKw`mx(-780 wn.)
Aveyj nvmvb Avj-gyAvqqv` web gynv¤§v` Zzmx Avb bvqmve~ix(524-617 wn.)
Ave~ Ave`yj−vn gynv¤§v` web dhj dvivfx Avb bvqmve~ix (441-530 wn.)
Aveyj nvmvb Ave`yj Mv‡di webgynv¤§v` dv‡imx bvqmve~ix (353-448 wn.)
Ave~ Avngv` gyn¤§` web Cmv Ryjy`x Avb bvqmve~ix (288-368 wn.)
Ave~ BmnvK Beivnxg web gynv¤§v` Ryjy`x Avb bvqmve~ix nvbvdx(-308 wn.)
Bgvg gymwjg Bebyj nv¾vR Avj Kykvqix Avb bvqmve~ix (204-261 wn.)
Ave~ hvKvwiqv BqvnBqv web BqvnBqv web eKi bvqmve~ix (142-226 wn.)
mybvbyb bvmvC (1g I 2q LÊ)mybvbyb bvmvC (1g I 2q LÊ)mybvbyb bvmvC (1g I 2q LÊ)mybvbyb bvmvC (1g I 2q LÊ)
gynv¤§v`yj−vn nv‡d¾x ûhyi in. (-1407 wn.)
Ave`yi ingvb Kv‡gjcyix in. (...)
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BhhyÏxb Ave`yi inxg web gynv¤§v` Bebyj dzivZ wgmix nvbvdx(759-851 wn.)
Dgvi Be‡b Aveyj nvmvb Avj gvivMx (-778 wn.)
Avngv` web gynv¤§v` Avj jvebvb web Avj dhj Avj Avmevnvbx(-543wn.)
Ave~ Avjx nvmvb web Avngv` Avj nvÏv` Avj Avmevnvbx (419-515 wn.)
KvRx Ave~ bvm&i Avngv` web ûmvBb web gynv¤§v` Avj Kvm&mvi (-433 wn.)
Ave~ eKi Avngv` web gynv¤§v` web BmnvK ÔBebym mybœxÕ (284-364 wn.)
Bgvg Avngv` web ïÔAvBe web wmbvb Avb bvmvC (215-303 wn.)
Aveyj nvmvb Avjx web ûR&i Avj gviIqvhx Avm mvÕ`x (154-244 wn.)
Ave~ BmnvK BmgvCj web RvÕdi Avj Avbmvix Avj hyivKx (-180 wn.)
Ave~ Ave`yi ingvb Ave`yj−vn web `xbvi Avj gv`vbx (127 wn.)
Ave`yj−vn web Dgi iv. (wn.c~e©:10-73 wn.)
mybvby Avex `vD` (1g I 2q LÊ)mybvby Avex `vD` (1g I 2q LÊ)mybvby Avex `vD` (1g I 2q LÊ)mybvby Avex `vD` (1g I 2q LÊ)
Avj−vgv Ave`yj gvRx` XvKzex in. (...)
kvqLyj nv`xm hvKvwiqv web BqvnBqv Avj KvÜjex(1315-1402 wn.)
kvn IqvwjDjvn Avngv` web Avãyi inxg gynvwÏm w`njfx(1114-1176 wn.)
Ave~ Zvwni gynv¤§v` web Beivnxg Avj K‚ivbx Avj Kzi`x(1081-1145 wn.)
nvmvb web Avjx Avj DRvqgx Avj gv°x Avj nvbvdx (1049-1113 wn.)
Cmv web gynv¤§v` Avj gvMwiex Avj gvwjKx (1020-1080 wn.)
wknveyÏxb Avngv` web gynv¤§v` Avj LvdvRx wgmix nvbvdx(977-1069 wn.)
e`i“Ïxb nvmvb web RvÕdi Avj AvÕwgjx Avj KviKx (-933 wn.)

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RvjvjyÏxb Avãyi ingvb web Ave~ eKi myq~Zx wgmix kv‡dC(849-911 wn.)
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gynv¤§v` web Avngv` Ii‡d mvjvûÏxb web Ave~ Dgi gvKw`mx (-780 wn.)
dLi“Ïxb Avjx web Avngv` Bebyj eyLvix mv‡jnx nv¤^jx (595-690 wn.)
Dgvi web gynv¤§v` Be‡b Zevihv` Avj evM`v`x (516-607 wn.)
Aveyj dvZ&n gymwjn web Avngv` AvÏ~gx (457-537 wn.) I Beivnxg web
gynv¤§v` web gvbm~i KviLx kv‡dC(450-539wn.)
Ave~ eKi Avngv` web Avjx web mvweZ Avj LZxe evM`v`x(392-463 wn.)
Ave~ Avgi Kvwmg web RvÕdi Avãyj Iqvwn` nvwkgx emix (322-414 wn.)
Ave~ Avjx gynv¤§v` web Avngv` Avgi Avj jyÕjyC emix (-333 wn.)
Bgvg Ave~ `vD` myjvqgvb web AvkÔAvm AvmwmwR¯—vbx (202-275 wn.)
Ave~ Dgi nvdm web Dgi Avj Avh`x Avbœvgvix (-225 wn.)
ïÕevn web nv¾vR Avj Avh`x (80/82-160 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web whqv` Avj Kzivkx (-120 cieZx©)
Ave~ ûivqiv Avãyi ingvb web mvLvi iv. (-57 wn.)
RvwgDZ wZiwghx 1g LÊRvwgDZ wZiwghx 1g LÊRvwgDZ wZiwghx 1g LÊRvwgDZ wZiwghx 1g LÊ
kvqLyj Bmjvg Avj−vgv kveŸxi Avngv` Dmgvbx (1305-1369 wn.)
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Aveyj dvZ&n Ave`yj gvwjK Be‡b Ave~ mvnj Kvi“Lx nvivfx(462-548 wn.)
KvRx hvwn` Ave~ Avwgi gvng~` web Kvwmg Avh`x nvivfx kv‡dC(400-487wn.)
Ave`yj RveŸvi web gynv¤§v` Avj Rviivnx Avj gviIqvhx (331-412 wn.)
Aveyj AveŸvm gynv¤§v` web Avngv` gvne~e Avj gviIqvhx (249-346 wn.)
Bgvg gynv¤§v` web Cmv web mvIivn AvZ wZiwghx (209/210-279 wn.)
Ave~ gynv¤§v` BmgvCj web g~mv Avj dvhvix Avj K‚dx (-245 wn.)
Dgi web kvwKi Avj evmix (-180 wn.)
Avbvm web gvwjK iv. (-92/93 wn.)
RvwgDZ wZiwghx 2q LÊRvwgDZ wZiwghx 2q LÊRvwgDZ wZiwghx 2q LÊRvwgDZ wZiwghx 2q LÊ
kvqL kvgmyj Avjg Bmjvgvev`x (...)
Ave`yj AvRxR PvUMvgx (1912-2000C.) kvqL B`ªxm KvÜjfx (1317-1394 wn.)
ûmvBb Avngv` gv`vbx(1296-1377wn.)KvRx Ave~ BqvÕK‚e f~cvjx (...)kvqL im~j Lvb nvhviex (1323-1391wn.)

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Aveyj dvZ&n Ave`yj gvwjK Be‡b Ave~ mvnj Kvi“Lx nvivfx(462-548 wn.)
KvRx hvwn` Ave~ Avwgi gvng~` web Kvwmg Avh`x nvivfx kv‡dC(400-487 wn.)
Ave`yj RveŸvi web gynv¤§v` Avj Rviivnx Avj gviIqvhx (331-412 wn.)
Aveyj AveŸvm gynv¤§v` web Avngv` gvne~e Avj gviIqvhx (249-346 wn.)
Bgvg gynv¤§v` web Cmv web mvIivn AvZ wZiwghx (209/210-279 wn.)
Ave~ gynv¤§v` BmgvCj web g~mv Avj dvhvix Avj K‚dx (-245 wn.)
Dgi web kvwKi Avj evmix (-180 wn.)
mybvby Be‡b gvRvnmybvby Be‡b gvRvnmybvby Be‡b gvRvnmybvby Be‡b gvRvn
Avj−vgv Ave`yi ingvb dwi`cyix (...)
gvbhyi Avngv` Lvb mvnvibcyix (-1388 wn.)
mvweZ Avjx Avj eviKvhvfx (1277-1342 wn.)
ikx`yÏxb Lvb Av` w`njfx (1169-1249 wn.)
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Aveyj nvmvb Avjx web Aveyj gvR` Av` w`gvkKx (-800 wn.)
Aveyj AveŸvm Avngv` web Ave~ Zvwje nv¾vi Avj evM`v`x(619-709 wn.)
Ave~ nvwg` AvbRve web Aveym mvÔAv`vZ Avj evM`v`x (554-635 wn.)
Ave~ hyiAv Zvwni web gynv¤§v` web Zvwni Avj gvKw`mx (481-566 wn.)
Ave~ gvbm~i gynv¤§v` web Avj nvmvb gyKvIwfgx Kvhfxbx (398-484 wn.)
Ave~ Zvjnv Kvwmg web Avj gybwhi Avj LZxe Kvhfxbx (-409 wn.)
Aveyj nvmvb Avjx web Beivnxg Avj KvËvb Kvhfxbx (254-345 wn.)
Bgvg Ave~ Avãyjvn gynv¤§v` web Bqvhx` Be‡b gvRvn Kvhfxbx(209-273 wn.)
Ave~ gynv¤§v` Ryevivn Bebyj gyMvwjm Avj wn¤§vbx Avj K‚dx (-141 wn.)
Kvmxi web myjvwqg (-170 wn.)
gyqvËv gvwjKgyqvËv gvwjKgyqvËv gvwjKgyqvËv gvwjK
- - - - - - - -

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gynv¤§v` Iqvd`yjvn web gynv¤§v` web myjvqgvb iƒ`vbx g°x gv‡jKx (...)
Cmv web gynv¤§v` Avj gvMwiex Avj gvwjKx (1020-1080 wn.)
Avk kid Ave`yj nK web gynv¤§v` Avm&mybevZx wgmix kv‡dC (-930 wn.)
Avj e`i“j nvmvb web gynv¤§v` web AvBq~e nvmvbx kv‡dC (-866 wn.)
Ave~ gynv¤§v` nvmvb web AvBq~e (-809 wn.)
Ave~ Ave`yjvn gynv¤§v` web Rvwei Iqvw`qvkx Av›`vjymx(673-749/779 wn.)
Ave~ gynv¤§v` Ave`yjvn web gynv¤§v` web nvi“b Avj KziZzex(603-702 wn.)
Aveyj Kvwmg Avngv` web Bqvhx` Avj KziZzex Avj gvwjKx(537-625 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Ave`yj nK Avj LvhivRx Avj KziZzex Avj gvwjKx(-560 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` web dvivR BebyZ Zj−vÕ KziZzex gv‡jKx(404-497 wn.)
BDbym web Ave`yjvn Be‡b gyMxm Avm md&dvi KziZyex(338-419/429 wn.)
Ave~ Cmv BqvnBqv web Ave`yjvn Avj gvmg~`x (287-367 wn.)
DevB`yjvn web BqvnBqv Avj gvmg~`x (-298 wn.)
BqvnBqv web BqvnBqv Avj jvqmx Avj gvmg~`x(151/152-233/234 wn.)
gyqvËv gynv¤§v`gyqvËv gynv¤§v`gyqvËv gynv¤§v`gyqvËv gynv¤§v`
- - - - - - - -
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gynv¤§v` ZvRyÏxb web Avãyj gynwmb web mvjxg Avj nvbvdx (...)
Lvqi“Ïxb Avngv` Avi igjx Avj nvbvdx (993-1081 wn.)
Avngv` Be‡b AvgxbyÏxb nvbvdx wgmix (...)
AvgxbyÏxb Be‡b Ave`yj Avwj nvbvdx wgmix (-971 wn.)
Aveyj evivKvZ Ave`yj evi web gynv¤§v` Bebyk kvnbvn nvbvdx(851-921 wn.)
Aveyj dhj gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` Bebyk kvnbvn Avm&mMxi(804-890 wn.)
gywneŸyÏxb Aveyj Iqvjx` gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` Bebyk kvnbvn nvjvex(749-815 wn.)
AvKgvjyÏxb gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` web gvng~` eveviZx(712/714-786 wn.)
wKIqvgyÏxb gynv¤§v` Be‡b gynv¤§v` Avj KvKx (-749 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` web bmi Avj eyLvix (615-693 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Ave`ym mvËi Avj Kvi`vix Avj nvbvdx (599-642 wn.)
Aveyj gvKvwig bvwmi web Avãym mvwq¨` gyZviwihx nvbvdx (536-610 wn.)
LZxe gyIqvd&dvKzÏxb Avngv` web gynv¤§v` Avj gv°x(484-568/598 wn.)
gvng~` web Dgi Rvi“jvn Avh hvgvLkvix (467-528/538 wn.)
hvKx nv‡dh ûmvBb web gynv¤§v` Avj ejLx (-522 wn.)
Avjx web Avj ûmvBb web Avjx web AvBq~e Avj evh&hvi(410/411-492 wn.)
Ave~ Zvwni Ave`yj Mvd&dvi web gynv¤§v` gyAvÏve evM`v`x(345-428 wn.)
Ave~ Avjx gynv¤§v` web Avngv` web Avj evM`v`x (-359 wn.)
weki web g~mv mvwjn Avj Avmv`x Avj evM`v`x (190-288 wn.)
Avngv` web gynv¤§v` web wgnivb bvmvfx (...)
Bgvg gynv¤§v` Bebyj nvmvb Avk kvqevbx (131-189 wn.)

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kiû gvÔAvwbj AvQvi (kiû gvÔAvwbj AvQvi (kiû gvÔAvwbj AvQvi (kiû gvÔAvwbj AvQvi (Zvnvfx kixdZvnvfx kixdZvnvfx kixdZvnvfx kixd))))
Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb )‫وإ‬ ‫اءة‬‫زة‬(
kvgmyj Avjg Bmjvgvev`x `v. ev.
gydZx Rvgxj Avngv` web mvC` Avngv` _vbfx (1322- wn.)
Avãyj jZxd web RvgxÔAvn Avjx Avj eviKvhvex (-1377 wn.)
Ave`yjvn web mvwjg emix kv‡dC (1048-1134 wn.)
Avngv` web gynv¤§v` Avb bvLjx (1040-1130 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web AvjvDÏxb Avj eveyjx wgmix kv‡dC(1000-1077/1080 wn.)
Ave`yjvn web gynv¤§v` Avbwbnixix nvbvdx (-1026 wn.)
BDmyd web hvKvwiqv web gynv¤§v` wgmix kv‡dC (-927 wn.)
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hvqbve web‡Z KvgvjyÏxb Avngv` Avj gvKw`wmqv (646-740 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Ave`yj nv`x web BDmyd Avj nv¤^jx (-658 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Ave~ eKi Avj gv`xbx (501-581 wn.)
Aveyj dvZ&n BmgvCj web dhj Avm mviivR Avmevnvbx (436-524 wn.)
Aveyj dvZ&n gvbm~i web ûmvBb AvZ&Zvbx Avmevnvbx (-450 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Beivnxg Ave~ eKi Bebyj gyKix (-381 wn.)
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Bgvg Ave~ RvÕdi Avngv` web gynv¤§v` AvZ&Zvnvfx (229-321 wn.)
Ave~ g~mv BDbym web Avãyj AvÕjv Avm&mv`vdx emix (168-264 wn.)
Ave~ gynv¤§v` Avãyjvn web Iqvnve web gymwjg Avj Kzivkx (125-197 wn.)
wgkKvZzj gvmvexnwgkKvZzj gvmvexnwgkKvZzj gvmvexnwgkKvZzj gvmvexn
Avj−vgv gydZx w`jvIqvi †nvmvBb )‫زة‬ ‫إ‬(
Ave`yj dvËvn Ave~ ¸Ïvn (-1417 wn.)
gynv¤§v` hvwn` web nvmvb KvDQvix (1296-1371 wn.)
Avjx hvqbyj Avwe`xb web nvmvb Avj Avjvm~bx (1268-1336 wn.)
nvwdh Avngv` kvwKi web Ljxj (-1315 wn.)
nvwdh gynv¤§v` Mvwje web gynv¤§v` Avgxb Avj B¯—v¤^yjx (-1286 wn.)
myjvqgvb web nvmvb Avj wKix`x (...)
Beivnxg web gynv¤§v` Avj Bmexix (-1255 wn.)
Avjx wdKix web gynv¤§v` mvwjn Avj AvwLmLvex (-1236 wn.)
gynv¤§v` gybxe Avj AvqbvZvex (-1234/1238 wn.)
BmgvCj web gynv¤§v` Avj K‚bvex (-1195 wn.)
Ave`yj Kvixg Avj K‚bvex Avj Avwg`x (-1150 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Ave`yj evKx Avh hyiKvbx (1055-1122 wn.)
Ave`yj evKx Avh hyiKvbx (1020-1099 wn.)
Avjx Avj DRn~ix (967-1066 wn.)
dvZûjvn web gvng~` evqj~bx (977-1042 wn.)
gvng~` evqj~bx (...)
Beivnxg web Ave`yi ingvb Bgv`x (...)
Avngv` web Beivnxg Avk&kv¤§vÕ nvjvex (...)
Ave`yj Avhxh web bvRg gynv¤§v` Dgi web AvZ&ZvKx (850-920 wn.)

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AvZ&ZvKx gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` Be‡b dvnv` Avj gv°x (787-871 wn.)
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Avjx web gyeviK kvn (...)
IqvwjDÏxb gynv¤§v` web Avãyj−vn AvZ wZeixhx (-740 wn.)
wdK&n-dvZvIqv Ges AvaywbK gvmvBj I mgm¨vejxi mgvavb
cÖ`v‡b `¶Zv
Avj−vn ZvÔAvjv Zuv‡K GK AmvaviY wdK&nx i“wP I cÖeYZv `vb
K‡i‡Qb| GKw`‡K †Zv wZwb cÖwZcvwjZ n‡q‡Qb Av‡jg-Djvgv,
dvZvIqv I wKZv‡ei cwi‡e‡k| wØZxqZt Zuvi wdK&nx †hvM¨Zv I
we‡klZ AvaywbK gvmvB‡ji mgvav‡b c~Y© `¶Zvi cÖgvY nj eZ©gv‡b
Zuvi ¯^n‡¯— wjwLZ ÒAvj Avmevn Iqvb bvhvwqiÓ Gi KvIqvwq` As‡ki
e¨vL¨vMÖš’ ÒAvk kviûb bvwhiÓ hv `k L‡Êi mywekvj cvÊywjwc‡Z
myweb¨¯—| GB wKZvewU co‡j cvVK wb‡RB Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡e ïay
ZvB bq eis †m GK ev‡K¨ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡e Zuvi wdKnx
i“wP‡eva I †hvM¨Zv| G QvovI Zuvi Ab¨vb¨ wKZve I iPbvejx Gi
D¾j cÖgvY enb K‡i| wb‡gœ Zuvi wdK&‡n Bmjvgxi mb` D‡j−L Kiv
njt
wdK‡n Bmjvgxi mb`wdK‡n Bmjvgxi mb`wdK‡n Bmjvgxi mb`wdK‡n Bmjvgxi mb` (1g mb`)
kvqLyj Bmjvg Avj−vgv ZvKx Dmgvbx (Rb¥: 1362 wn.)
gydZx Avhg gynv¤§v` kdx †Ìe›`x (1314-1396 wn.)
gydZx Avhxhyi ingvb †Ìe›`x (1275-1347 wn.)
Bgv‡g ieŸvbx ikx` Avngv` Mv½ynx (1244-1323 wn.)
kvn IqvwjDj−vn Avngv` web Avãyi inxg gynvwÏm Av` w`njfx (1114-1176 wn.)
kvn Ave`yi inxg gynvwÏm Av` w`njfx (1054-1131 wn.)
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gxi gynv¤§v` hvwn` web gynv¤§v` Avmjvg Avj nvivex (-1101 wn.)
gxi gynv¤§v` dvwhj Avj ev`vLkx (-1050 wn.)
gyj−v gynv¤§v` BDmyd web gynv¤§v` Rvb Avj KvImvRx Avj KvivevMx (-1030/1035 wn.)
nvexeyj−vn web Avãyj−vn wgh©v Rvb Av` w`njfx Avk kxivhx (-994 wn.)
gvng~` web gynv¤§v` Avk kxivhx (-932 wn.)
gynvw°K RvjvjyÏxb gynv¤§v` web AvmÔAv` Av` `vIqvbx (830-918 wn.)
mvÔAv`yÏxb AvmÔAv` Av` `vIqvbx (...)
Avjx web gynv¤§v` web Avjx mvwq¨` mb` kixd Avj RyiRvbx Avj nvbvdx(740-810 wn.)
AvKgvjyÏxb gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` web gvng~` Avj eveviZx (712/714-786 wn.)
[wn`vqvi fvl¨MÖš’ Avj-Bbvqv Gi MÖš’Kvi]
wKIqvgyÏxb gynv¤§v` web gynv¤§v` Avj KvKx (-749 wn.)
[wgÕivRy` wìvqvn Gi MÖš’Kvi]
[wn`vqvi cÖ_g fvl¨MÖš’ Avb-wbnvqv Gi MÖš’Kvi]
nvwdhyÏxb Ave`yj−vn web Avngv` web gynv¤§v` Avb bvmvdx (-701/710 wn.)
[Kvbhy` `vKvBK I Avj Kvdx kiûj Iqvdx MÖš’Ø‡qi †jLK]
gynv¤§v` web Ave`ym mvËvi Avj Kvi`vix (599-642 wn.)
eyinvbyÏxb Avjx web Ave~ eKi Avj-gviMxbvbx (530-593 wn.)
[wn`vqvi MÖš’Kvi]
Dgi web Ave`yj Avhxh web Dgi Be‡b gvhvn(483-536 wn.) bvRgyÏxb Dgi web gynv¤§v` Avb-bvmvdx (461-537 wn.)
eyinvbyÏxb Ave`yj Avhxh web Dgi Be‡b gvhvn (...) Avjx web gynv¤§v` dLi“j Bmjvg Avj evh`vex(400-482 wn.)
gynv¤§v` web Avngv` kvgmyj AvB¤§v Avm mvivLmx (-483/490 wn.)
[gvem~Z kiû gyLZvmvwij nvwKg Gi MÖš’Kvi]
Ave`yj Avhxh web Avngv` web bvm&i Avj ûjIqvbx (-448/449/452/456 wn.)
Ave~ eKi gynv¤§v` web Dgi web nvg`vb (...) Ave~ Avjx ûmvBb web Lvwhi Avb bvmvdx (424 wn.)
Ave~ Beivnxg gynv¤§v` web mvC` Avj Bqvh`x (...) Ave~ eKi gynv¤§v` web dhj Avj Kzgvix Avj eyLvix (-381 wn.)
Ave~ RvÕdi Avngv` web gynv¤§v` AvZ Z¡nvex Ave`yj−vn web gynv¤§v` Avj nvwiQx Avm-mvevhg~bx (258-340 wn.)
(229/230/239-321 wn.) [Z¡nvex kix‡di MÖš’Kvi] gynv¤§v` Ave~ Avãyj−vn web Avngv` web nvdm Avm mMxi(-264 wn.)
ev°vi web KzZvqev Avj emix (182-270 wn.) Ave~ nvdm Avngv` web nvdm AvjKvexi (150-217 wn.)
wnjvj web BqvnBqv Avj emix (-245 wn.)
Bgvg Ave~ BDmyd(113-182 wn.)Bgvg hydvi web ûhvBj(110-158 wn.)Bgvg gynv¤§v` web nvmvb Avkkvqevbx(131-189 wn.)
Bgvg AvÕhg Ave~ nvbxdv byÕgvb web mvweZ (80-150 wn.)
nv¤§v` web Ave~ myjvqgvb Avb-bvqmve~ix (-120 wn.)
Beivnxg Be‡b Bqvhx` Avb-bvLC Avj K‚dx (46/47-95/96 wn.)

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