Water-Food-Energy Nexus in the context of groundwater use in India: Experience from three Indian States
A presentation by Aditi Mukherji
Presented at an ‘Expert Group Meeting on Improving Access to Water, Sanitation and Energy Services in Asia and the Pacific’ in Bangkok, Thailand on 20 March 2013
This document examines the food-energy-irrigation nexus in three Indian states - West Bengal, Punjab, and Karnataka. It finds that while the broad issues are the same across states, with agriculture dependent on unsustainable groundwater extraction and electricity subsidies, each state manages this nexus differently. West Bengal has implemented a hi-tech metering system with time-of-day pricing that has improved efficiency. Punjab has taken steps like rationing that have reduced losses but subsidy burdens rise. Karnataka shows utter mismanagement as groundwater extraction and pumps continue increasing rapidly. Effective management of this nexus depends on political will and governance that states like West Bengal and Punjab have demonstrated to some extent but is lacking in Karnataka
This document discusses concerns about a proposed wind farm project in Auglaize County, Ohio called the Mainstream project. It outlines concerns about the impact on the local landscape including farmland and the "Land of the Cross Tipped Churches". It also discusses potential negative impacts of wind turbines on nearby property values, health concerns from noise and shadows, and a lack of local control in the approval process. The document advocates for larger setbacks from residences, property value guarantees, and more local zoning authority to address these issues.
This document discusses groundwater use in Eastern India, specifically West Bengal. It notes that while much of India faces groundwater depletion and scarcity, some areas of West Bengal have potential for underutilized groundwater resources that could help alleviate rural poverty. However, West Bengal has highly restrictive groundwater policies and high electricity costs that have led to low rates of groundwater irrigation development. Research presented suggests intensive groundwater use in West Bengal may have positive externalities through increased recharge, lower flood risk, and providing an alternative to surface storage. The document argues arsenic contamination should not be an obstacle to groundwater development given its natural occurrence and lack of viable alternatives to groundwater in the region.
Integrating urban water management through green infrastructure by shashi she...Shashi Singh
Integrating urban water management through green infrastructure
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India, putting strain on water resources and sanitation. Green infrastructure can help address these problems by managing stormwater and recharging groundwater. Examples of green infrastructure include rain gardens, permeable pavement, green roofs, and wetland conservation. Case studies show how green infrastructure projects in India have effectively captured and recharged stormwater runoff from roads and buildings. An integrated urban water management approach is needed to sustainably manage water resources through practices like water reuse, rainwater harvesting, and awareness campaigns.
Sri Lanka; Rainwater Harvesting In Sri Lanka: Lessons LearnedV9X
This document provides an overview of rainwater harvesting in Sri Lanka, including lessons learned over time. It discusses how rainwater harvesting has been implemented in Sri Lanka since 1995 through various projects, with over 15,000 systems currently existing. The technology and designs have improved, resulting in better water quality and more affordable systems. Key lessons include increasing tank sizes for drier areas, adding lids, filters, and flush systems to improve water quality, and promoting community involvement for stronger project outcomes.
This document discusses irrigation suitability in Malawi. It finds that while there is potential for irrigation, current development is inadequate given climate risks and benefits. Suitability was assessed based on factors like topography, groundwater access, proximity to water and markets. While large areas are suitable, market access is the most restrictive constraint. Expanding irrigation requires improving access to markets, credit, and promoting agricultural water management technologies, especially targeting women and youth.
Evaluating economic impacts of agricultural research ciatCIAT
This document discusses key issues in evaluating the economic impacts of agricultural research through examples and lessons. It covers:
1) Identifying the counterfactual scenario of what would have happened without the research through various estimation approaches.
2) Managing the assessment of multiple objectives like productivity, poverty reduction, environment, and health.
3) Addressing aggregation of impacts at different levels from field to national.
4) The importance of integrating impact assessment with institutional research data management systems.
This document discusses rural development policies in both developed and developing countries. It covers trends like population growth and urbanization putting pressure on resources. Challenges include feeding the global population and adapting to climate change. The EU's rural development policy aims to support agriculture and rural economies, though it still focuses mainly on farms. Developing countries rely heavily on agriculture but have neglected rural development, needing improvements like property rights, training, and technology investment. Food security impacts can include socio-political instability, as seen with recent high food prices sparking unrest.
This document examines the food-energy-irrigation nexus in three Indian states - West Bengal, Punjab, and Karnataka. It finds that while the broad issues are the same across states, with agriculture dependent on unsustainable groundwater extraction and electricity subsidies, each state manages this nexus differently. West Bengal has implemented a hi-tech metering system with time-of-day pricing that has improved efficiency. Punjab has taken steps like rationing that have reduced losses but subsidy burdens rise. Karnataka shows utter mismanagement as groundwater extraction and pumps continue increasing rapidly. Effective management of this nexus depends on political will and governance that states like West Bengal and Punjab have demonstrated to some extent but is lacking in Karnataka
This document discusses concerns about a proposed wind farm project in Auglaize County, Ohio called the Mainstream project. It outlines concerns about the impact on the local landscape including farmland and the "Land of the Cross Tipped Churches". It also discusses potential negative impacts of wind turbines on nearby property values, health concerns from noise and shadows, and a lack of local control in the approval process. The document advocates for larger setbacks from residences, property value guarantees, and more local zoning authority to address these issues.
This document discusses groundwater use in Eastern India, specifically West Bengal. It notes that while much of India faces groundwater depletion and scarcity, some areas of West Bengal have potential for underutilized groundwater resources that could help alleviate rural poverty. However, West Bengal has highly restrictive groundwater policies and high electricity costs that have led to low rates of groundwater irrigation development. Research presented suggests intensive groundwater use in West Bengal may have positive externalities through increased recharge, lower flood risk, and providing an alternative to surface storage. The document argues arsenic contamination should not be an obstacle to groundwater development given its natural occurrence and lack of viable alternatives to groundwater in the region.
Integrating urban water management through green infrastructure by shashi she...Shashi Singh
Integrating urban water management through green infrastructure
Urbanization is increasing rapidly in India, putting strain on water resources and sanitation. Green infrastructure can help address these problems by managing stormwater and recharging groundwater. Examples of green infrastructure include rain gardens, permeable pavement, green roofs, and wetland conservation. Case studies show how green infrastructure projects in India have effectively captured and recharged stormwater runoff from roads and buildings. An integrated urban water management approach is needed to sustainably manage water resources through practices like water reuse, rainwater harvesting, and awareness campaigns.
Sri Lanka; Rainwater Harvesting In Sri Lanka: Lessons LearnedV9X
This document provides an overview of rainwater harvesting in Sri Lanka, including lessons learned over time. It discusses how rainwater harvesting has been implemented in Sri Lanka since 1995 through various projects, with over 15,000 systems currently existing. The technology and designs have improved, resulting in better water quality and more affordable systems. Key lessons include increasing tank sizes for drier areas, adding lids, filters, and flush systems to improve water quality, and promoting community involvement for stronger project outcomes.
This document discusses irrigation suitability in Malawi. It finds that while there is potential for irrigation, current development is inadequate given climate risks and benefits. Suitability was assessed based on factors like topography, groundwater access, proximity to water and markets. While large areas are suitable, market access is the most restrictive constraint. Expanding irrigation requires improving access to markets, credit, and promoting agricultural water management technologies, especially targeting women and youth.
Evaluating economic impacts of agricultural research ciatCIAT
This document discusses key issues in evaluating the economic impacts of agricultural research through examples and lessons. It covers:
1) Identifying the counterfactual scenario of what would have happened without the research through various estimation approaches.
2) Managing the assessment of multiple objectives like productivity, poverty reduction, environment, and health.
3) Addressing aggregation of impacts at different levels from field to national.
4) The importance of integrating impact assessment with institutional research data management systems.
This document discusses rural development policies in both developed and developing countries. It covers trends like population growth and urbanization putting pressure on resources. Challenges include feeding the global population and adapting to climate change. The EU's rural development policy aims to support agriculture and rural economies, though it still focuses mainly on farms. Developing countries rely heavily on agriculture but have neglected rural development, needing improvements like property rights, training, and technology investment. Food security impacts can include socio-political instability, as seen with recent high food prices sparking unrest.
Introduction to image processing (or signal processing).
Types of Image processing.
Applications of Image processing.
Applications of Digital image processing.
The document provides instructions and content for a geometry course, including:
- A checklist of tasks to complete like constructions, solving problems, and proving theorems 11-13.
- Information on deductive reasoning and how it is used in mathematical proofs, establishing conclusions with certainty from given premises.
- Definitions of key terms like theorem, converse, and corollary.
- Examples of proofs, including Euclid's proof of the converse of Pythagoras' theorem and a proof that the square root of 2 is irrational.
Un sistema de e-learning está compuesto por tres elementos fundamentales: una plataforma, contenidos y herramientas de comunicación. La plataforma automatiza y gestiona las actividades formativas, los contenidos deben ser de calidad y adecuados a las necesidades de los alumnos, y las herramientas de comunicación permiten la interacción entre alumnos, tutores y la resolución de dudas.
This document provides an overview of equations in one variable, including:
- Defining equations and expressions, and distinguishing between the two
- Identifying linear equations and determining if a number is a solution
- Explaining properties of equality like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
- Outlining the steps to solve linear equations in one variable
- Describing types of linear equations like conditional, identity, and contradiction
• Understanding the ideal project lifecycle of a successful CMS implementation
• How to create truly exceptional, results-driven Web experiences
• Early considerations for building traffic through your website i.e. how to architect your website for maximum traffic, engagement and repeat visits and the feature sets you should look for in a CMS to make these happen
• Strategies for bridging social technologies into your CMS for maximum visibility, audience engagement and business benefit
• Current business and technology trends in Web Content Management
• The most common Web CMS pitfalls, and Best Practices for avoiding them.
This document discusses sources of error in numerical calculations. It identifies two main types: round-off error, due to limitations in precision, and truncation error, due to approximations in numerical methods. Round-off error accumulates through repeated calculations and can dominate final results. Truncation error depends on how well the solution can be represented by the approximation. Care must be taken to evaluate errors and ensure results have enough significant figures to be meaningful for the problem.
This document discusses the food-energy-water security nexus. It begins with an introduction to the scarcity of food, energy, and water worldwide and the interlinkages between these sectors. It then provides an overview of the topics to be covered, including the concept of the nexus, definition, nexus interventions, challenges in applying the nexus approach, and an example related to the nexus in Malawi. It discusses drivers that affect the nexus such as governance and exchange rates. It defines the nexus as encompassing synergies and trade-offs between food, energy and water security. It also provides examples of nexus interventions and discusses challenges in applying the nexus approach for policymakers, researchers and the
Behavioral Economics and the Design of Agricultural Index Insurance in Develo...BASIS AMA Innovation Lab
UC Davis Professor Michael Carter presented, "Behavioral Economics and the Design of Agricultural Index Insurance in Developing Countries" at the 2014 International Agricultural Risk, Finance, and Insurance Conference (IARFIC).
The document discusses issues related to international trade, including the theory of comparative advantage, limitations of trade models, barriers to trade such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers, and the impact of trade policies on developing countries. It notes that while free trade can expand global output, it also risks trapping countries in low-value production and limits opportunities for industrialization. Trade liberalization in agriculture has slowed due to policies in rich nations that affect world prices and new non-tariff barriers introduced.
MedSpring: the Nexus Water-Energy-Food (W-E-F) to strengthen the EU-Mediterranean Cooperation on Research & Innovation
Dr. PhD Gaetano Ladisa - CIHEAM - Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari
This document discusses using river basin modeling to analyze the water-food-energy nexus in Egypt. It describes how river basin models represent water systems as networks of nodes and links and can be used for simulation or optimization modeling. Examples of scenarios analyzed include adding hydropower, assessing climate change impacts, and changing water allocation rules. Modeling results are presented for Pakistan under different temperature increase and precipitation change scenarios, comparing historical and optimized allocation. River basin models are concluded to be useful for assessing impacts of changes in food, water, and energy policies and allocations across these sectors.
Early warning systems for food water-energy nexus in GMS regionPrabhakar SVRK
For a full paper on this subject, please refer to the links below:
http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/view.php?docid=3390
http://gis.gms-eoc.org/GMS2020_WS-MATERIALS/2.1.4%20Prabhakar_Climate_Risks_to_Agriculture.pdf
This document discusses drivers in agricultural markets and debates around bio/organic versus conventional and GM foods. It addresses several topics:
- The main drivers that influence agricultural prices and production, including population, wealth, technology, policies, trade, and climate.
- Issues with partial or biased analyses that don't properly test hypotheses against facts.
- Whether recent food price changes constitute a crisis or normal market fluctuations.
- Impacts of price changes on consumers and producers around the world.
- Challenges around agricultural policy addressing issues like diets and how policy affects them.
- Common beliefs around bio/organic foods and debates around their safety, health impacts, relationship to GMOs and family farms, and role
Drupal is a web-based content management system that stores text and other content in a database and dynamically retrieves it to present to users based on their requests. It can be used to build various websites including discussion sites, corporate sites, intranets, blogs, e-commerce sites, and directories. The document outlines Drupal's features for content management, user management, templating, blogging, multi-language and server support, administration, and scalability. It then provides a guide to installing Drupal with steps for downloading, configuring databases, modifying files, running the installation, and troubleshooting potential issues.
PHP6 will include improvements like unicode support, code clean-up by removing unused features, and changes to extensions, while HTML5 introduces new elements like <video>, <audio>, and <canvas> for playing video and audio and drawing images directly in the browser, and also improves forms with new input types and attributes. Both PHP6 and HTML5 are works in progress with partial browser support currently.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture and strategies for adaptation and mitigation. It outlines how climate change will increase global food demand while reducing arable land. Adaptation strategies discussed include developing insurance programs, improving water efficiency, and trading water rights. Mitigation strategies addressed in agriculture include use of biogas and biofuels (though first generation biofuels have issues), and farm practices that reduce emissions like fertilizer management and no-till farming. The Paris Agreement's goals of limiting warming to 1.5C and increasing country commitments over time are also mentioned.
Agricultural Economics Mid Term Progress SubmissionAnirudh Jayaraman
The document discusses using an econometric technique from Bai and Perron (2003) to endogenously identify structural breaks in time series data for India's agricultural sector since independence. The objective is to determine if different crops experienced significant changes in productivity trends at different times, rather than assuming uniform break points. Yield data for 26 major crops from 1950-present will be analyzed to identify break points for individual crops using the Bai Perron technique. This will provide a more granular understanding of agricultural performance than prior studies based on aggregate GDP growth.
The document discusses the impact that increasing water scarcity will have on global food security. It provides historical examples of overexploitation of water resources in the Middle East, India, Australia, and other regions to meet growing demands. Reasons for rising water scarcity include population growth, changing diets, urbanization, biofuel production, and climate change. To ensure future food security, the document calls for adaptive responses like improving water storage and irrigation systems, increasing water productivity, and developing new policies around water allocation and management.
The document discusses water challenges and management in Andhra Pradesh, India. It notes that India is already water stressed and will become more so by 2020. Andhra Pradesh receives average annual rainfall of 500-1100mm but faces issues like depleting groundwater, overexploitation of resources, and a growing population. Various government initiatives aim to improve irrigation infrastructure, promote crop diversification, water conservation, and establish water user associations. Recommendations include expanding micro-irrigation, low-input sustainable agriculture, improved crop insurance and water harvesting, and facilitating contract farming and market access for farmers.
Introduction to image processing (or signal processing).
Types of Image processing.
Applications of Image processing.
Applications of Digital image processing.
The document provides instructions and content for a geometry course, including:
- A checklist of tasks to complete like constructions, solving problems, and proving theorems 11-13.
- Information on deductive reasoning and how it is used in mathematical proofs, establishing conclusions with certainty from given premises.
- Definitions of key terms like theorem, converse, and corollary.
- Examples of proofs, including Euclid's proof of the converse of Pythagoras' theorem and a proof that the square root of 2 is irrational.
Un sistema de e-learning está compuesto por tres elementos fundamentales: una plataforma, contenidos y herramientas de comunicación. La plataforma automatiza y gestiona las actividades formativas, los contenidos deben ser de calidad y adecuados a las necesidades de los alumnos, y las herramientas de comunicación permiten la interacción entre alumnos, tutores y la resolución de dudas.
This document provides an overview of equations in one variable, including:
- Defining equations and expressions, and distinguishing between the two
- Identifying linear equations and determining if a number is a solution
- Explaining properties of equality like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
- Outlining the steps to solve linear equations in one variable
- Describing types of linear equations like conditional, identity, and contradiction
• Understanding the ideal project lifecycle of a successful CMS implementation
• How to create truly exceptional, results-driven Web experiences
• Early considerations for building traffic through your website i.e. how to architect your website for maximum traffic, engagement and repeat visits and the feature sets you should look for in a CMS to make these happen
• Strategies for bridging social technologies into your CMS for maximum visibility, audience engagement and business benefit
• Current business and technology trends in Web Content Management
• The most common Web CMS pitfalls, and Best Practices for avoiding them.
This document discusses sources of error in numerical calculations. It identifies two main types: round-off error, due to limitations in precision, and truncation error, due to approximations in numerical methods. Round-off error accumulates through repeated calculations and can dominate final results. Truncation error depends on how well the solution can be represented by the approximation. Care must be taken to evaluate errors and ensure results have enough significant figures to be meaningful for the problem.
This document discusses the food-energy-water security nexus. It begins with an introduction to the scarcity of food, energy, and water worldwide and the interlinkages between these sectors. It then provides an overview of the topics to be covered, including the concept of the nexus, definition, nexus interventions, challenges in applying the nexus approach, and an example related to the nexus in Malawi. It discusses drivers that affect the nexus such as governance and exchange rates. It defines the nexus as encompassing synergies and trade-offs between food, energy and water security. It also provides examples of nexus interventions and discusses challenges in applying the nexus approach for policymakers, researchers and the
Behavioral Economics and the Design of Agricultural Index Insurance in Develo...BASIS AMA Innovation Lab
UC Davis Professor Michael Carter presented, "Behavioral Economics and the Design of Agricultural Index Insurance in Developing Countries" at the 2014 International Agricultural Risk, Finance, and Insurance Conference (IARFIC).
The document discusses issues related to international trade, including the theory of comparative advantage, limitations of trade models, barriers to trade such as tariffs and non-tariff barriers, and the impact of trade policies on developing countries. It notes that while free trade can expand global output, it also risks trapping countries in low-value production and limits opportunities for industrialization. Trade liberalization in agriculture has slowed due to policies in rich nations that affect world prices and new non-tariff barriers introduced.
MedSpring: the Nexus Water-Energy-Food (W-E-F) to strengthen the EU-Mediterranean Cooperation on Research & Innovation
Dr. PhD Gaetano Ladisa - CIHEAM - Istituto Agronomico Mediterraneo di Bari
This document discusses using river basin modeling to analyze the water-food-energy nexus in Egypt. It describes how river basin models represent water systems as networks of nodes and links and can be used for simulation or optimization modeling. Examples of scenarios analyzed include adding hydropower, assessing climate change impacts, and changing water allocation rules. Modeling results are presented for Pakistan under different temperature increase and precipitation change scenarios, comparing historical and optimized allocation. River basin models are concluded to be useful for assessing impacts of changes in food, water, and energy policies and allocations across these sectors.
Early warning systems for food water-energy nexus in GMS regionPrabhakar SVRK
For a full paper on this subject, please refer to the links below:
http://enviroscope.iges.or.jp/modules/envirolib/view.php?docid=3390
http://gis.gms-eoc.org/GMS2020_WS-MATERIALS/2.1.4%20Prabhakar_Climate_Risks_to_Agriculture.pdf
This document discusses drivers in agricultural markets and debates around bio/organic versus conventional and GM foods. It addresses several topics:
- The main drivers that influence agricultural prices and production, including population, wealth, technology, policies, trade, and climate.
- Issues with partial or biased analyses that don't properly test hypotheses against facts.
- Whether recent food price changes constitute a crisis or normal market fluctuations.
- Impacts of price changes on consumers and producers around the world.
- Challenges around agricultural policy addressing issues like diets and how policy affects them.
- Common beliefs around bio/organic foods and debates around their safety, health impacts, relationship to GMOs and family farms, and role
Drupal is a web-based content management system that stores text and other content in a database and dynamically retrieves it to present to users based on their requests. It can be used to build various websites including discussion sites, corporate sites, intranets, blogs, e-commerce sites, and directories. The document outlines Drupal's features for content management, user management, templating, blogging, multi-language and server support, administration, and scalability. It then provides a guide to installing Drupal with steps for downloading, configuring databases, modifying files, running the installation, and troubleshooting potential issues.
PHP6 will include improvements like unicode support, code clean-up by removing unused features, and changes to extensions, while HTML5 introduces new elements like <video>, <audio>, and <canvas> for playing video and audio and drawing images directly in the browser, and also improves forms with new input types and attributes. Both PHP6 and HTML5 are works in progress with partial browser support currently.
This document discusses the impacts of climate change on agriculture and strategies for adaptation and mitigation. It outlines how climate change will increase global food demand while reducing arable land. Adaptation strategies discussed include developing insurance programs, improving water efficiency, and trading water rights. Mitigation strategies addressed in agriculture include use of biogas and biofuels (though first generation biofuels have issues), and farm practices that reduce emissions like fertilizer management and no-till farming. The Paris Agreement's goals of limiting warming to 1.5C and increasing country commitments over time are also mentioned.
Agricultural Economics Mid Term Progress SubmissionAnirudh Jayaraman
The document discusses using an econometric technique from Bai and Perron (2003) to endogenously identify structural breaks in time series data for India's agricultural sector since independence. The objective is to determine if different crops experienced significant changes in productivity trends at different times, rather than assuming uniform break points. Yield data for 26 major crops from 1950-present will be analyzed to identify break points for individual crops using the Bai Perron technique. This will provide a more granular understanding of agricultural performance than prior studies based on aggregate GDP growth.
The document discusses the impact that increasing water scarcity will have on global food security. It provides historical examples of overexploitation of water resources in the Middle East, India, Australia, and other regions to meet growing demands. Reasons for rising water scarcity include population growth, changing diets, urbanization, biofuel production, and climate change. To ensure future food security, the document calls for adaptive responses like improving water storage and irrigation systems, increasing water productivity, and developing new policies around water allocation and management.
The document discusses water challenges and management in Andhra Pradesh, India. It notes that India is already water stressed and will become more so by 2020. Andhra Pradesh receives average annual rainfall of 500-1100mm but faces issues like depleting groundwater, overexploitation of resources, and a growing population. Various government initiatives aim to improve irrigation infrastructure, promote crop diversification, water conservation, and establish water user associations. Recommendations include expanding micro-irrigation, low-input sustainable agriculture, improved crop insurance and water harvesting, and facilitating contract farming and market access for farmers.
This document discusses an autonomous solar powered irrigation system. It aims to supply water for fields through a solar powered water pump and automate the system for better resource management. Farmers can water fields remotely using GSM technology, which provides status messages. The system optimizes power usage through water management and saves subsidized electricity. It provides an efficient and cost-effective way to automate irrigation in agriculture.
1) China faces challenges of growing population, decreasing farmland, increasing water competition and climate change which threaten its food security.
2) To address these challenges, China is improving integrated water resource management at national, basin, irrigation scheme and farm levels through strategies like South-North Water Diversion, reinforcing reservoirs, upgrading canals and introducing water user associations.
3) The government is increasing investment in the water sector, clarifying management roles, and encouraging national and international cooperation to ensure sustainable water and food resources.
Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Studies(IGIDR), and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) on
‘Harnessing Opportunities to Improve Agri-Food Systems’ on July 24-25 , 2014 in New Delhi.
The two day conference aims to discuss the agricultural priority of the government and develop a road map to realise these priorities for improved agri food systems.
Potential benefits of sharing water from the yali hydropower reservoir, vietnamCPWF Mekong
This document summarizes a study on sharing water from the Yali hydropower reservoir in Vietnam. It finds that:
1) Local communities rely heavily on wells and rainwater for domestic use, but the reservoir is important for fishing.
2) Agriculture and fishing contribute most to household income.
3) Surface water shortages may increase with development, making the reservoir crucial in drought.
4) Allowing limited community access would slightly reduce hydropower, but increase much higher local economic benefits.
5) More research is needed, but reallocating some reservoir water could significantly improve livelihoods with modest hydropower impacts.
The document discusses the global food and water paradox of needing to produce more food with less available water resources due to population growth, increasing wealth, and climate change. It notes that water withdrawals have increased much faster than population over the 20th century. Solutions proposed to address the paradox include improving irrigation efficiency, building water storage, recycling/reuse, improving urban/industrial efficiency, water reforms, reducing food waste, and enhancing agricultural supply chains.
Water and Wastewater Mangement in India 2010 - SampleNetscribes, Inc.
Water is one of the most invaluable resources of nature and increasing water consumption is leading to its depletion. Various sectors across India are rapidly increasing and are actively contributing to the pollution of surface as well as groundwater. This calls for the active need of water management. Although water has been one of the most thriving and important issues amongst the government concerns, the private players are actively granting their support to market efficient techniques and equipments to manage water. The wastewater treatment market in India is growing at 20% and techniques like watershed management, rainwater harvesting, desalination, filtration, river-interlinking, effluent treatment and sewage treatment are finding huge importance in major cities which are the major contributors to water pollution in India.
The report begins with an overview of water situation and consumption structure in India across various sectors namely, agriculture, domestic and industries showing the growth in water consumption across the masses in India. This is followed by a section which depicts the amount of wastewater generated across sectors and the level of degradation.
It also highlights the lakes and water bodies that are under threat of depleting and being polluted.
The market overview section gives the size and growth of the wastewater treatment market and shows the various techniques of water and wastewater treatment. It also gives an in-depth analysis of the various techniques and their status in India. The characteristics and trends in the market have been analyzed and include increasing urbanization, initiatives taken at the corporate level, initiatives of various research and training institutes, increasing licensing agreements, various summits and seminars, initiatives for consumer awareness and public private partnerships. A brief analysis of the issues/challenges hindering growth are also highlighted including policy failures and institutional weaknesses, coordination and technological loopholes, multiplicity of organizations and inadequacy in generation of revenue to meet costs.
Various government bodies and programmes as well as initiatives by the NGOs that have been actively involved in conserving water and regulating its consumption and pollution have been showcased.
The competitive landscape provides a look into the nature of the market and the activities of the players and the level of competition between them. It also compares the private players according to the products and services provided by them. Brief profile with short description of the major domestic and foreign players is also included. Furthermore, key developments in the market over the last one year have also been highlighted.
Presented at the 2nd Phase Planning and Review Workshop of the Indo-Ganges Basin Focal Project, 24-25 February, 2009, Haryana, India. Visit http://cpwfbfp.pbwiki.com for additional information
Dr shelat conference climate change and groundwaterJaspreet Aulakh
The document summarizes a national seminar on climate change, water resource management, and livelihood adaptation. It discusses how climate change will impact hydrology and agriculture in India, with more intense rainfall, droughts, and floods. It is noted that groundwater irrigation has become widespread in India since the 1960s. The document outlines how power subsidies have driven unsustainable groundwater use, and presents strategies like managed aquifer recharge and solar pumps connected to the grid as ways to adapt to climate change impacts while mitigating further groundwater depletion. Connecting many solar pumps to the grid could help India meet its renewable energy targets while saving on subsidies and reducing groundwater extraction.
WorldFish scientist Yumiko Kura presents on findings from the Yali Falls Hydropower Dam in Vietnam, making a strong case for local communities to gain access and use rights to the reservoir for multiple uses. This research was part of the Challenge Program for Water and Food and now falls under the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems.
Find out more about our work in the Mekong: http://wle.cgiar.org/focal-regions/southeastasia/
Groundwater Management in Pakistan, by Dr Asad Sarwar Qureshi, IWMI PakistanGlobal Water Partnership
Groundwater is an important source of water in Pakistan, supplying over 57.9 BCM annually which is 40% of total water usage. It has led to increased crop yields and incomes but is now being overexploited in many areas. Over 1.2 million irrigation pumps extract groundwater, with depletion rates of 1.5 m/year on average. This poses many challenges including water quality deterioration, soil salinization, and non-compliance with water laws. Sustainable groundwater management is complex and requires solutions like improved surface water supplies and storage, rationalized cropping, increased use of alternative waters, and context-specific approaches depending on groundwater conditions. Climate change impacts will exacerbate water shortages unless urgent
The document discusses water resource management in Malawi, outlining some key challenges including defunct infrastructure, health and sanitation issues, and the need for maintenance of new infrastructure provided by NGOs. It also discusses partnerships between Malawi and Scotland aimed at investing in the right areas to maximize impact. Some specific projects mentioned include providing clean water supplies to health offices and introducing new technologies. Climate change is noted as a potential threat given Malawi's heavy reliance on agriculture and projected population growth.
Understanding the Water Demand Implication of Socioeconomic Development Strat...CPWF Mekong
The document discusses water demand projections for the Central Highland provinces of Gia Lai and Kon Tum based on their socioeconomic development strategies. It introduces a model to project integrated water demand by sector, season, and district based on social and economic inputs. Initial test results show that water demand will significantly increase in both provinces to meet development targets. Agriculture will remain the largest user but demand from other sectors will also grow rapidly. Upstream areas may face higher demand growth than downstream areas. Future development strategies should take an integrated approach to water use and management across regions.
This document summarizes water usage statistics for Georgia in 2005 and discusses water usage terminology. It shows that in 2005, 50% of water withdrawals in Georgia were for thermoelectric power generation, while 57% of total water consumption was for irrigation. It also discusses that virtually all water consumption for thermoelectric power is from evaporation from cooling towers, and provides estimates of typical water consumption rates for different types of power plants. Finally, it briefly outlines Georgia Power's future generation water usage projections and the role of the State Water Research Center.
1. While crop yields have generally kept pace with demand, increasing production further will require greater cross-sector cooperation and sustainable intensification practices.
2. Managing water allocation between agriculture, urban, and industrial sectors is necessary but possible through benefit-sharing agreements and infrastructure to enable transfers of water between uses.
3. Improving irrigation efficiency and developing flood-resilient rice varieties can help increase production with less water usage, while reuse of wastewater and recycling of nutrients from urban and agricultural waste can further stretch limited water resources.
This document discusses energy trends in sub-Saharan Africa. It notes that while the region accounts for 13% of the global population, it only accounts for 4% of global energy demand. Half of the region's energy demand is met by biomass. The region has significant oil, gas, coal, hydro, and solar resources that remain largely untapped. Two-thirds of energy investment since 2000 has been in developing resources for export rather than domestic use. The document outlines pathways for increasing energy access through a combination of grid extensions, mini-grids, and off-grid solutions utilizing the region's renewable resources. An upgraded power sector integrating regional cooperation could help realize an "African Century" with increased prosperity.
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Water-Food-Energy Nexus in the context of groundwater use in India: Experience from three Indian States
1. Water-Food-Energy
Nexus in the context of
groundwater use in
India:
Experience from three
Indian States
Aditi Mukherji, IWMI
Photo :Tom van Cakenberghe/IWMI
Photo: Tom van Cakenberghe/IWMI
Photo: David Brazier/IWMI
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
2. WEF issues in the Ganges-Brahmaputra
basin
• Trans boundary basin shared by India, Nepal,
Bangladesh and China
• Relatively water abundant compared to most other
basins in Indian sub-continent
• Large hydro-electricity potential
– Civil society protests against hydro-power in North East India
– India-Nepal unable to enter into amicable power generation
agreement, but India-Bhutan has
– China’s plans to harness hydro-power in Brahmaputra and
concerns of downstream countries
• Groundwater is used intensively for food production and
energy is implicated– main focus of my ppt today
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
3. The irrigation story of India….
Since 1970s,
groundwater irrigated
area has increased, as
has number of wells
and tubewells….
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
8. Rising contribution of groundwater in agriculture
60
1970-73
% A i u ua GP
o g c l rl D
40
f r t
20
BUT, depletion, scarcity
and over-exploitation have
0
1
emerged as serious problems
21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241
Districts
60
2000-03
P r e t g t Arc l ua G P
e c na e o g i u r l D
40
t
20
0
1 21 41 61 81 101 121 141 161 181 201 221 241
Districts
% contribution of SWI to Agricultural GDP % contribution of GWI to Agricultural GDP
9. Leading to groundwater over-exploitation in many states……
Districts depicted in red
and yellow are the
districts with over‐
exploitation problems
10. Growth in electricity consumption in agriculture has
outpaced growth in other sectors
There has been 12 fold
increase in overall
electricity demand in India
from 1950 to 2010, but 25
fold increase in
agricultural electricity
demand
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
11. Electricity subsidy as percentage of state fiscal deficits is
very high in some states
Bihar
West Bengal Agriculture is often blamed for
U.P (Power corp) poor state of electricity utilities
Maharashtra
Punjab
Tamil Nadu
Rajasthan (Transco)
Karnataka Yet farmers receive
Andhra Pradesh poor quality service
Gujarat
Haryana
Madhya Pradesh
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage
BRISCOE, 2005, Data pertains to 2002
12. And requirement for subsidy keeps rising…
Net electricity
subsidy in India is
close to USD 9 billion
and is rising year by
year
Source: ICRA
13. Farmers get free or highly subsidized electricity in
most states (though not all).
2500 2160
2000
Rs/HP/Year
1512
1500
850
1000
420
500
0
0
Punjab Haryana Gujarat Uttarakhand West Bengal
States
Flat rate tariff (Rs/HP/year)
Even when farmers pay for electricity, they pay it on a flat tariff basis. Only
exception is the state of West Bengal where agricultural tubewells are
Metered and farmers pay a time of the day (TOD) tariff
15. To sum up…what is this food-irrigation and energy
nexus?
• India’s irrigation sector is dependent on groundwater
• Much of this groundwater is pumped using electricity
• Groundwater use is more than sustainable recharge in most
states leading to groundwater over-exploitation
• Electricity is subsidized in most (though not all) states
• This creates a nexus where one sector (agriculture) is
dependent on unsustainable trends groundwater and
electricity sectors
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
16. The Food-Energy Support price policy/
AGRICULTURE
Assured market
Irrigation Nexus Re-aligning food procurement
Uncertain markets for
Choice of crops
policies
crop diversification
Providing incentives to grow low
Agriculture
water consuming crops
Better field water management
techniques
Ene
r
n
ate
atio
rgy
Wa d Agr
op oundw
an
ific
stag icul
ers
e/M ture
Gr
div
ng
isdi Sub
leti
Water‐
rec
f cr
D ep
Energy ‐
ted idies
k o
Agriculture
Lac
s
Nexus
Low recoveries and
GROUNDWATER ELECTRICITY
low investment in
Limited reach of
GW laws and regulations Demand side management
infrastructure
surface irrigation/
Supply augmentation
uncertain rainfall Supply management through Poor quality and
Lucrative through MAR Long hours of pumping rationing
Energy unreliable power
Groundwater Supply
groundwater Demand management Increasing efficiency of pumps
markets
Low awareness community
Wastage of water and energy Institutional reforms
through Highly subsidised/
regarding optimal
participation
irrigation
free power
17. How are different states in India managing this
nexus through energy side interventions?
• West Bengal – Eastern India
• Punjab – Northern India
• Karnataka – Southern India
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
18. West Bengal: Alluvial aquifers, low
groundwater use and high recharge
Water tables recover after
monsoons and average
depth to water table in 88%
of villages less than 10 m.
42% of GW resources are
used and none of the blocks
are over‐exploited
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
19. Managing the nexus in West Bengal through
Universal TOD and hi-tech metering
• Universal Time of the Day (TOD) metering of all agricultural
tubewells in the state. Till March 2010, 90% TWs metered
• High tech metering with remotely read meters
20. Impacts of metering
Pump owners:
Largely winners
Same hours of pumping
for own use– Less
electricity bill
Less hour of selling water
– Higher or same revenue
Higher bargaining power
vis-à-vis water buyers
Win – win situation
21. Water buyers:
Losers
Increase in water charges by 30-50%
Lesser hours sold by pump owners
Adverse terms & condition of buying water
22. Groundwater
use efficiency:
Winner
Increased adoption of plastic pipes for
conveyance
Better maintenance of field channels
Construction of underground pipelines
But will it save water?
23. Food-irrigation-energy nexus in Punjab
Unsustainable rates of GW depletion Rice Wheat crop combination matches
over-exploited zones in Punjab
WRSu
WR WMRSu
WR
WR
WRM
WR
WRC WRC
WR
WR
CR
Rice-Wheat Crop System in Punjab
is at the heart of its agrarian prosperity CROP COMBINATIONS
and also contributes to its GW crisis TWO CROP COMBINATION
THREE CROP COMBINATION
FOUR CROP COMBINATION
Alluvial aquifers and low rainfall
24. Steps taken by Punjab to manage the nexus
These measures are reasonably
successful in improving quality of
electricity to farmers, but severe
rationing pushes them to use
diesel. Fiscal discipline within the
utilities has improved. Has not
affected crop yields adversely yet.
25. Transmission and distribution losses have
reduced marginally…
T&D losses based
on AP
T&D loss level consumption
T&D loss level fixed reported by the approved by the
Year by the Commission Board Commission
2004‐05 23.25 24.27 24.59
2005‐06 22 25.07 25.38
2006‐07 20.75 23.92 24.25
2007‐08 19.5 22.53 25.12
2008‐09 19.5 19.92 22.21
2009‐10 22 19.5 22
2010‐11 20 18 19.5
2011‐12 19
2012‐13 18
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
26. But subsidy burden for agricultural
consumption keeps rising….
This is because the state keeps
issuing new electricity
connections for farmers. There
are 1.1 million farm households
and around 1.2 million electric
pumps in the state!
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
27. Food-energy-irrigation nexus in Karnataka
Area under groundwater irrigation continues to
rise…
As does number of electric pumpsets..
Hard rock aquifers and low rainfall
29. Conclusions
• While the broad issues are same, different states
have managed this nexus differently
• Ranging from very hi-tech and text-book solution
in West Bengal, to second best solution in Punjab
to utter anarchy in Karnataka
• Much depends on political will and overall
governance at state level since both water and
electricity are state subjects in India
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org
30. Thank You
a.mukherji@cgiar.org
Water for a food-secure world
www.iwmi.org