Abdul Ghafar Hotak

1. Bibliography and Conducting Original research
 By: Abdul Ghafar Hotak
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2. What is bibliography?
A bibliography is an orderly list of resources on a particular subject
A bibliography provides the full reference information for all the
sources which you may have consulted in preparing a particular
project
The purpose of a bibliography is to allow the reader to trace the
sources used
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3. Annotated bibliography
An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles,
and documents. Each citation is followed by a brief (usually about
150 words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the annotation.
The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the
relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
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4. Annotated Bibliography (in APA format)
Balkrishna, A., Guar, V., Telley, S. (2009). Effect of a yoga practice session and
yoga theory session on state anxiety. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 109 (3), 924-
930.
This study took 300 participants who were unfamiliar with yoga and tested
the effects of this ancient method on reducing the participants’ State
Anxiety. Participants were Page 2 of 2 ©2013 University Writing Center
University of Nevada, Reno www.unr.edu/writing-center assigned to either
the yoga practice group or the yoga theory group. Before and after a 2
hour session, participants’ State Anxiety scores were tested via the State-
Trait Anxiety Inventory. Both groups showed significant decrease in
anxiety symptoms after the session. The anxiety scores of the yoga practice
group decreased by 14.5% and the yoga theory group’s scores declined by
3.4%.
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5. How to Write an Annotated Bibliography
What is it?
An annotated bibliography is a list of sources (books, journals, websites,
periodicals, etc.) one has used for researching a topic that includes a
summary and evaluation of each of the sources.
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6. Purpose
The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the
relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.
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Excellent Preparation
When you have to write annotations for each source, you're forced to
read each source more carefully. You begin to read more critically
instead of just collecting information.

7. Format of the annotation
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Use the third person – do not use “I”, “me”, or “my.”
 Use the literary present tense.
Examples:
“This article discusses…”
“In this article the author supports…”
“This book gives a detailed view on…”
“This article describes…”

8. Format
Source #1
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Citation
One paragraph –specifically what was learned that further
expanded ideas about my thesis or clarified questions about my
book.
Paraphrased notes (page numbers from books)
Direct quotations – statements that are written in a way that they
would lose impact if I tried to paraphrase (page numbers from
books)
One paragraph - evaluation of the source – specifically why it was
helpful

9. Conducting Original Research
Original research is research you conduct rather than find in books or
articles. It is also called primary research because it starts with you.
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Methodology can include
 A steps by steps sequence performed by an experiment.
 Questions to be asked in personal interviews.
 The names or profile of people you plan to interview.
 The questionnaire you will use in the interview.
 A demographic profile that segments people you will survey by such things
as age range, gender, educational levels, income brackets, geographic
location or common interests.

10. Surveys
Structuring your survey
 Give your survey a title.
 State the purpose of the survey.
 Tell respondents where the information will be published
 Include a privacy statement explaining with whom you will share the
information and how it will be used.
 Get the respondents’ permission to use the data they provide.
 Describe how the survey will be conducted.
 Set a deadline for when you need the results.
 Tell the respondent how to complete the survey. (Clear answers and
questions)
 Thanks respondents.
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11. Questionnaire formats
 Yes or no/ true or false
 Multiple choice
 Rating on a scale, usually 1 to 10.
 Ranking in order on importance or preference.
 Comments
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12. Interviews
Arranging interviews
Identify whom you will interview
Locate and contact the person
Invite his/her participation
Determine how you will interview the person-by phone, in person, or
by e-mail.
Assemble the questions you will ask.
Forward the questions to your interviewee.
Request the right to ask follow-up questions
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13. Guidelines for requesting interviews
Identify your self by full name and title.
Explain your assignment/project.
Explain your topic.
State your time format.
Offer an idea of how much time the person should allow for the interview.
Ask for the interview, requesting either someone who is able to speak to
your topic or a specific interviewee by name.
Provide your contact information.
Finish with a cordial closing as you would in your letter. (Sincerely yours)
A day or two before send them a reminder massage.
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