ETAP - etap real-time overview

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Real-Time
ETAP Real-Time
Operations Maintenance
Engineering
Planning
Financial
As a component of the Enterprise Resource Planning
(ERP) system, ETAP optimizes the exchange of
information between diverse tiers of an organization
while channeling domain sensitive information.
ETAP Real-Time

 Oil & Chemical Refineries
 Oil Production Fields
 Oil Platforms
 Mining
 Cement & Paper Facilities
 Manufacturing Plants
 Generation Plants
 Switchgear & Relay Manufacturers
 Distribution Systems
 Transmission Systems
Market Solutions
ETAP Real-Time

 Support Normal Operation
 Support Transient Conditions
 Prevent Downtime
 Minimize System Losses
 Minimize Energy Costs
 Train & Assist Operators
 Prevent Outage Due to Operator Error
 Safe Operation & Avoid Penalties
 Improve Equipment Life Time
 Provide Data Accessibility
Real-Time Objectives
ETAP Real-Time

 One Centralized Solution
 Knowledge of System Topology, Ratings, & Limits
 Intelligent One-Line Diagram
 Powerful Electrical Calculation Engines
 Smart Optimization Engines
 Enforce Complex Time-Dependent Logic
 Capability to Predict System Response
 User-Friendly Graphical Interface
Advantages
ETAP Real-Time

Architecture Requirements
 Seamless Integration
 Robust Client/Server
 Multi-Redundant Server
 OPC Interface
 ODBC/SQL Compliant
 Fast Data Transfer
 Fast Calculation Time
 Enterprise-Wide Access
 Windows Platform
 Multi-Tiered User
Access Management
 Scalable Modular
Design
 Hardware Independent
ETAP Real-Time

V&V Requirements
ISO 9001 Certified
ETAP Real-Time

System Architecture
ETAP Real-Time

Multi Server-Client Architect
System
ETAP Servers ETAP Consoles
ETAP Real-Time

Protocols & Standards
 MMS
 ModBus
 NetBeui
 DNP
 ICCP
 IEC 60870
 IEC 61850
 T103
 NetDDE
 UCA
 IPX/SPX (Netware)
 TCP/IP
 OPC
ETAP Real-Time

Power System Monitoring & Simulation
 Advanced Monitoring
 Energy Accounting
 Real-Time Simulation
 Event Playback
 Load Forecasting
Power System Monitoring
& Simulation

 Intelligent Graphical One-Line & User-Interface
 Voltage, Current, Power, Energy, Frequency,
Tap Settings, Switching Status, Operating
Modes, …
 State Estimation & Load Distribution
 Operation, Process & Performance Monitoring
 Alarm & Notification Management
 On-Demand Control
 Trending
Advanced Monitoring
Power System Monitoring & Simulation© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Real-Time

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Real-Time Power System Monitoring & Simulation
Advanced Monitoring

 Multi-Console Server/Client Monitoring
 Graphical Monitoring via ETAP One-Line Diagram
 Visual Monitoring via Watch Windows (MMI)
 Archived (Historical) Data Retrieval / Display
 Electrical & Non-Electrical Metering Tags
 OPC Interface Layer
 Multi-Access Levels
Monitoring Capabilities

Virtual Monitoring

 Display Data on Static Images and Objects
 High Costs to Setup & Maintenance MMI
 Require Hardware for Every Monitored Point
 Modifications Require New Static Images
 Does Not Recognize Bad Data
 Lack Electrical Intelligence
 Primitive Data Reconciliation
Standard Monitoring Systems
Shortcomings

Load
Estimator /
Distributor
Advanced Monitoring

 State Estimator
 Load Estimator / Distributor
 Error Detection
 Global (Server) & Local Alarm & Warning
 Alarm & Warning Acknowledgement
 Equipment Overload Detection
 Over-Voltage & Under-Voltage Detection
 Graphical Notification via One-Line Diagrams
 Pinned Data (Override Monitored Data)
Advanced Monitoring

Flow Rate /
Pressure
RPM Daily Energy
Consumption
(Max/Min)
Advanced Monitoring

Process & Performance
Monitoring

GIS System Interface

 Energy Tariff Builder
 Customizable Reports
 Real-Time Energy Cost Tracker
 Cost & Consumption Summary
Energy Accounting

Energy Accounting

 Simulate Circuit Breaker Operation
 Identify Potential Operating Problems
 Simulate Motor Starting & Load Change
 Predict Operating Time of Protective Devices
Real-Time Simulation

 Predict System Response Based on
Operator Actions
 Perform “What If” Operating Scenarios
 Simulate Real-Time & Archived Data
 Operator Assistance & Training

 Load Flow
 Motor Acceleration
 Short-Circuit ANSI/IEC
 Arc Flash
 Device Coordination &
Selectivity
 Sequence-of-Operation
 Harmonics
 Transient Stability
 Reliability Assessment
 More...
Simulation Modules

 Replay Archived Historian Data
 Investigate Cause & Effect
 Explore Alternative Actions
 Replay “What If” Scenarios
Event Playback

Event Playback

Playback Forward
Playback Reverse
Set Speed/Scan Rate
Pause
Step Forward
Step Reverse
Next Event
Previous Event
Scan Forward
Scan Reverse
Display Options
Event Playback

 Replay Archived Historian Data
 Improve Operator Knowledge
 Predict System Behavior On-Demand
 Investigate Cause & Effect
 Explore Alternative Actions
 Replay “What If” Scenarios
Event Playback

 Adaptive Bus Load Forecasting
 Real-Time Trending
 Load Profile Library
 Forecasting Scenario Archiving
Load Forecasting

Load Forecasting

 Predict Loading Up to Seven Days Ahead
 Forecast Multiple Load Areas per Individual Meters
 User-Adjustable Weather Variables & Load Profiles
 Revise Forecasts Based on Loading & Weather
Conditions
 Pattern & Load Profile Libraries
 Import & Export Historical Forecast Data
 Unlimited Forecast Views
Load Forecasting

Adaptive Forecasting
Load Forecasting

Load Forecasting
Trending

 View Up to 20 Trends in One Window
 Create & View Unlimited Trend Windows
 Auto-Scale Trends & Auto-Center Plots
 Movable Cross-Hair for Reading Data Values
 Zooming, Scrolling Backward / Forward in Time
 Choose Background, Grid, & Plot Styles
 Overlap Different Time Frames in a Single View
Load Forecasting
Trending

 Automatic Generation Control
 Economic Dispatch
 Supervisory / Advisory Control
 Interchange Scheduling Management
 Spin Reserve Management
Energy Management System

P‟+jQ‟
Gen1
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4
Load 5
Load 6
Initial Condition
P1+jQ1
P”+jQ”
P2+jQ2
P3+jQ3
Pn+jQn
Gen2
Gen3
Genn

P‟+jQ‟
Gen1
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4
Load 5
Load 6
Optimized Condition
P‟1+jQ‟1
P”+jQ”
P‟3+jQ‟3
P‟n+jQ‟n
Gen2
Gen3
Genn

 Handle Multi-Area Control
 Perform Load Frequency Control
 Optimize Generation Levels
 Coordinate MW & Mvar Generation
 Automate System Operation
 Meet NERC Performance Standard
Major Capabilities of EMS

 Reduce Demand & Energy Costs
 Automatic Interchange Control
 Improve System Operation & Stability
 Increase Equipment Life Time
 Increase System Capacity
Saving Objectives

 Maintain Frequency at the Scheduled Value
 Maintain Net Scheduled Power Interchanges
 Operate System with Adequate Security & Economy
 Maintain Scheduled Power Exchange
 Minimize Operating Costs
Automatic Generation Control

 Primary Control
 Immediate (automatic) action to sudden change of load
 Secondary Control
 Control tie-line flows to meet schedules
 Generation Power (MW & Mvar) Sharing
 Adjust AVR and Governor Set Points
 Identify and Close on „Incoming‟ Generator
 Identify and Open on Generator Stop Command
Main Components of AGC

Secondary Control
f

 Difference between actual flow out of an area and
the scheduled flow, plus a frequency component
ACE = Pinterchange – Pscheduled + 10β∆f
 Ideally, ACE should be always zero
 Because the load is constantly changing,
generation must constantly be changed to “chase”
the ACE
Area Control Error (ACE)

ED?
AGC?
Do ED
Do MW
Sharing
Calculate ACE
Calculate
MW Change
Distribute
MW
Do MW
Sharing
{ Fuel Costs,
Flow Constraints,
MW Limits,
… }
{ Scheduled Frequency,
Scheduled Interchange,
Measured Frequency,
Measured Interchange,
… }
{ New
Base
Generation
Settings }
{ New Generation Settings }
No
No
G1 G2 Gn… … …
Control Flow Chart

Control Function Block Diagram

Freq. Freq.
MW MWP2P1 = Pload – P2
Gen. 1 Gen. 2
Isoch Droop
F1
∆ P = - 1/R ∆f
Primary Generation Control

Freq. Freq.
MW MWP2 = ½ PloadP1 = ½ Pload
Gen. 1 Gen. 2
Isoch Droop
F1

Freq. Freq.
Gen. 1 Gen. 2
F1
DroopDroop

Freq. Freq.
Gen. 1 Gen. 2
F1
F2
DroopDroop

Freq. Freq.
Gen. 1 Gen. 2
Droop
F1
Droop
F2

Freq. Freq.
MW MWP2P1 = Pload – P2
Gen. 1 Gen. 2
Isoch
F1
Isoch

Freq. Freq.
MW MWP1 = ½ Pload
Gen. 1 Gen. 2
Isoch
F1
Isoch
P2 = ½ Pload
EMS Action

Control Selections

Define Control Areas and Zones

 Minimize Area Control Error (ACE)
 Minimize Operating Costs
 Maintain Generation at Fixed (Base load) Values
 Ramp Generation in a Linear Fashion per
Interchange Schedule
Use AGC to Achieve

 Minimize Fuel Costs
 Optimize Energy Costs
 Fast Solution
 Robust Algorithms
Economic Dispatch

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Real-Time Energy Management System
Economic Dispatch
Generating Cost Generation Dispatch

 Optimization Objectives
 Bus Voltage Constraints
 Branch Flow Constraints
 Control Movement Constraints
 User-Definable Constraints (Macros)
 Energy Costs (Generation & Exchange Power)
Optimization Control
Economic Dispatch

Economic Dispatch

 Detailed Nonlinear Cost Function Modeling
 Considers All Losses (cable, transmission lines,
transformer, etc.)
 Maintains Adequate Reserve Margins
 Considers Line Constraints
Economic Dispatch

 Generation Constraints to Maintain Adequate
Online Reserves
 Transmission Line Congestion Limits to Prevent
Overloads
 Incremental Heat Rate Characteristics for Each
Generation Unit
 Detailed Nonlinear Cost Function Modeling
Economic Dispatch

Real-Time
Data
Automation
Requirements
System
System
Topology
Auto Ctrl
Supervisory Control

 System Automation
 Supervisory & Advisory Control
 Software-Based User-Defined System Logic
 Simple or Complex Breaker Interlock Logic
 User-Friendly Logic
 C# Logic
 Active Inhibition Control of Load & Generation
 Permissive Control of Load & Generation
Supervisory Control
Energy Management System© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Real-Time

 Evaluate Control System Settings
 Reduce Control System Commissioning Time
 Design More Efficient & Robust Controls
 Operator Training for Emergency Situations
 User-Defined Dynamic Models
Operation & Process Control
Supervisory Control

 Tariff Analyzer
 Rate Structure Builder
 Transaction Scheduling
 Transaction Contract
 Invoicing
Interchange Scheduling

 Create Detailed “Buy” & “Sell” Transaction
Schedules
 Detailed Energy Transaction Reports for
User-Defined Period of Time
 Evaluate Energy Cost for Multiple Transactions
per Location (Regions, Areas, Zones)
 Transaction Management Tools
 Energy Cost Analysis & Reporting
 Graphical & Tabular Transaction & Cost Views

 Operating Reserve Analysis
 Spinning Reserve
 Non-Spinning Reserve
 Fuel Pressure
 Reserve Capacity Monitoring
 Notification of Inadequate Reserve
 Predict Operating Reserve
 Unit Commitment Based on Load Forecast Data
 Determines Startup and Shutdown Times
 Consider Economical & Security Operation Considerations
Reserve Management

Monitor & Manage Power Reserves & Maintain Reliability
Reserve Management

 Identify System-Wide Reserve Capacity
Requirements
 Monitor & Maintain Regulating, Contingency,
Interruptible Imports, & On-Demand Reserves
 Easily Replace Generating Capacity & Energy
Lost Due to Forced Outages
 Compensate for Curtailment of Interruptible
Imports from Other Areas
 Ensure Reliable System Operation
Reserve Management

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Real-Time Intelligent Load Shedding
 Load Preservation
 Load Restoration
 Load Shedding Validation
Intelligent Load Shedding

Objectives
 Operation Dependent
 Fast Response
 Optimal Load Shedding

Why Load Shed
 Partial loss of energy source due to a disturbance
(Generators and/or Utility Connections)
Optimal Load Shedding
 Best combination (also minimum) load that must be
removed to keep the system operational
Load Shedding Protection is Essential
 Critical loads with limited power supply

 Shed Too Much Load
 Loss of Critical Process
 Total Loss of Production
 Safety & Environmental Concerns
 $$$
Improper Load Shedding

A. Breaker Interlock Scheme
B. Under-Frequency Relay (81)
C. PLC-Based Load Shedding
Conventional Methods

 Optimal Load Preservation
 Fast Response Time
 Reliable Operation
 Minimum Load Shedding
Load Preservation

Fast Load Shedding
CB
Trip
60
Trigger
Signal
to CB
10
Fault
Detection
(50)
Fault
Clearing
Time
ms
10
Trigger
Received
by PLC
Load
CB
Open
70Local
PLC
Time
ms
PLC
Output
Triggers
20
Remote
PLCs
PLC
Output
Triggers
70
Load
CB
Open
12060
Trigger
Received
by PLCs
20
Time
ms

Fast Load Shedding
Fault
Detection
(50)
Trigger
Signal
to CB
CB
Trip
3.50.5
Fault
Clearing
Time
Cy
0.5
Trigger
Received
by PLC
PLC
Output
Triggers
Local
PLC
1
Load
CB
Open
4
Time
Cy
Remote
PLCs
PLC
Output
Triggers
4
Load
CB
Open
73.5
Trigger
Received
by PLCs
1
Time
Cy

Actual Load Shedding
CB
Trip
56
Trigger
Signal
to CB
6
Fault
Detection
(50)
Fault
Clearing
Time
ms
6
Trigger
Received
by PLC
Load
CB
Open
61Local
PLC
Time
ms
PLC
Output
Triggers
11
Remote
PLCs
PLC
Output
Triggers
31
Load
CB
Open
8126
Trigger
Received
by PLCs
11
Time
ms

ILS vs. Frequency Relay LS

ILS vs. PLC Based LS

 Restart Inhibition
 Logical Load Sequencer
 Load Restoration Priority
Load Restoration

Load Restoration

Monitor & Compare the Following Parameters:
 System Frequency
 Available Spinning Reserve
 Starting & Operating Voltages
 User-Defined Logic
 Alternate Source Detection
 System Configuration Status
 Interlock & Switching Sequence Logics

 Confirm Load Shedding Actions
 Simulate ILS Recommendations
 Integrated Stability Knowledge Base

Conditions & Triggers Can Be Simulated:
 Loss of Generation
 Under-Frequency
 Mechanical Failures
 Steam Pressure Decay
 Other Conditions Leading to Load Shed

Breaker Interlock Scheme
Shed load larger
than maximum
import power

 Limitations
 Fixed load priority
 Only one stage of load shedding
 Usually more loads are shed than needed
 Modifications are costly and impractical
 Can result in complete system shutdown
 Advantages
 Fast action
 Simple to implement
Breaker Interlock Scheme

Shed fixed load
based on 81 relay
settings
Under-Frequency Relay (81)

Stage
Frequency
Hz
Delay
Sec.
MW
Shed
1 58.5 0.25 10
2 57.5 2.00 30

 Features
 Detects after effects of disturbances
 Detects frequency & rate of change
 Can have multiple stage settings
 Settings are based on analysis
 Fixed settings (10% of load for .5 Hz drop)

 Limitations
 Slow response time
 Lack of knowledge about system loading
 Lack of knowledge about the disturbance
 Lack of knowledge about spin reserve
 Analysis knowledge is always lost

Shed load based on the PLC tables
PLC-Based Load Shedding

 Advantages
 Access to system loading
 Access to system generation
 Access to CB operating status
 Knowledge about spin reserve

 Limitations
 Lack of system topology / connectivity / islanding
 Lack of system islanding conditions
 Load priority is predefined and fixed
 Slow response - initiation from frequency relays
 Drop load based on the frequency relay settings
 Fixed logic – calculations are preformed at PLC

P + j Q
Gen
Load 3
Load 2
Load 1
Normal Operation – 0 Spin Reserve
Needs for Fast Response

j QL
Gen
Load 3
Load 2
Load 1
j QG
3-Phase Fault for 5 Cycles
P = 0

Power Inrush after Fault Clearance
P‟ + j Q‟
P‟ > P
Q‟ >> Q
Gen
Load 3
Load 2
Load 1

Slow Load Shedding
P + j Q
Gen
Load 3
Load 2
Load 1

Fast Load Shedding
P + j Q
Gen
Load 3
Load 2
Load 1

Requires Intelligence to Recognize
 System Topology
 Configuration
 Operating Status
 Generation Level
 Power Exchange
 Operating Load
 Spin Reserve
 Disturbance Type & Location
 Transient Response to Disturbances
Needs for Optimal Solution

P + j Q
Gen1
Load 1
P‟ + j Q‟
Gen2
P1 + jQ1
P3 + jQ3
P2 + jQ2
P4 + jQ4
P5 + jQ5
P6 + jQ6
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4
Load 5
Load 6
Study Condition Intelligent Load Shedding

p + j q
Gen1
Load 1
p‟ + j q‟
Gen2
P1 + jQ1
P3 + jQ3
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4
Load 5
Load 6
Study Condition Intelligent Load Shedding
P5 + jQ5

p + j q
Gen1
Load 1
p‟ + j q‟
Gen2
P1 + jQ1
P3 + jQ3
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4
Load 5
Load 6
Actual Condition Intelligent Load Shedding
P5 + jQ5

Gen1
Load 1
p‟ + j q‟
Gen2
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4
Load 5
Load 6
Actual Condition Intelligent Load Shedding
P5 + jQ5

Dependencies
 Disturbance Type & Location
 Generation Level
 Spin Reserve
 System Configuration
 System Loading
 Load Distribution
 Operation Constraints
 Individual Circuit Breaker Loading
Objective
 Shed Minimum Load

How to Achieve Objectives
 Fast Load Shedding (less than 100ms)
 Optimal Combinations of Loads (CBs)
 Neural Network + Direct Logic
 Knowledge Base
 Direct User-Definable Logic
 Multiple Subsystems

ILS Knowledge Base
 Hundreds of TS Studies Stored
 System Knowledge is Never Lost

Key Features
 User-Defined Load Priority
 User-Defined Load Groups
 Unlimited Load Shedding Schedules
 Operator Friendly Interface
 On-Line Testing to Validate ILS Actions
 User-Defined Trigger Inhibition
 Operator Alerts

ILS Operator Friendly Interface
Operator Display
 Load MW
 Loads to Shed
 Spinning Reserve
 Required Load to Shed
 Active Triggers
Unlimited Load Shedding Schedules

Optimal CB Combination

ILS Load Shed Verification

ILS Configuration

ILS Normal Operation
ILS Server

PLC Based Backup Operation
System Data
Frequency Relay
X
ILS Server

ILS Response
 Generator Breaker Trip
 Utility Main Breaker Trip
 Fuel Availability
 Process Alarms
 Faults in the System
 Spinning Reserve Availability
 User-Customizable Triggers
Response to Mechanical & Electrical Disturbances

ILS Project – One-Line

ILS Project - Communication

© 1996-2009 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Real-Time Intelligent Substation
 Substation Automation
 Switching Management
 Load Management
Intelligent Substation

 Flexible Automation
 Programmable Logic Editor
 Online Control
Substation Automation

 Minimize Outages
 Reduces Operating & Maintenance Costs
 Enhance Information Management
 Improve Productivity
 Improve Asset Management
Benefits of iSub

 Automatic Supervision of Interlocks
 Graphical Presentations of Safety Procedures
 Local & Global Alarm & Warnings
 Detect Fault Location - Distribution Systems
 Equipment Diagnostics
 Intelligent Interlocking System
 Diagnostics of Disturbances
 Automation with Supervisory & Advisory Control
 Substation Control via Operator

 Enforce Complex Logic for Device Protection &
Coordination
 Programmable Logic Editor with Online Compiling
& Execution
 Automatic Generation of Switching Sequences
 Enterprise-Wide View of System
 Automated Retrieval of All Data from the Substation
 Security Control with Multiple Access Levels
 Supporting Third Party SCADA Technology

Automation Applications
 Automatic Voltage
Control
 Synchronism
 Tap Position Monitoring
 Load & Bus Transfer
 Load Curtailment
 Capacitor Control
Algorithm
 Substation Maintenance
Mode
 Fault Detection
 Sequence of Event
Recorder

 Predictive Maintenance Through Analysis of
Operating Conditions
 Sophisticated Built-In Control & Protection
Algorithms
 Enables Integration of Protective Systems
 Provides Remote Data Retrieval & Setting
Capability
 Common Database
 Web-Enabled Design

Arc Flash Analysis
in Real-Time

 Switching Sequence Management
 Safety & Security Procedures
 Interlock Logic Evaluator
 Switching Plan Validation
Switching Management

 User-Friendly Switching Plan Builder
 Point & Click Selection of Switching Device from
the One-Line Diagrams
 Graphical Display of Selected Switching Devices
 Multi-Level Switching Request Approval
 Assignment of User-Definable & Interlock Logic
per Each Switching Device

 Checking of Select Switching Plans Against
Forbidden or Potentially Hazardous Actions
 Unlimited Switching Plans Each with an Unlimited
Number of Switching Actions
 Switching Order Reports Include Switching Mode,
Start / Stop Time, & Nature of Work
 Simulate & Evaluate Switching Plans in All States
Prior to Execution

System Switching
 Required for Scheduled Outage & Restoration
 Required for Feeder Balancing & Load Transfer
 Critical Steps in System Operations
 Switching Errors Resulting in Serious
Consequences
 Management Tool Needed to Reduce Cost for
Preparing Sequence
 Management Tool Needed to Predict Results of
Executing a Sequence

ETAP SSM Features
 An Integral Tool to PSMS
 Specify Sequence from User-Friendly Spreadsheet
 Specify Sequence from OLV Operations
 Build in Interlock Logic for Switching Devices
 Use-Defined System Logic for Au-to Switching
Based on System Operating Conditions
 Auto & Step Simulation to Test A Sequence &
Predict Result Real Time System Data
 On-Line Execution of Switching Sequences

Switching Sequence Editor
 Spreadsheet Editor to
Create & Modify Sequence.
 Action on Switching Devices
and System Logic &
Procedures.
 Actions Sorted Automatically by Groups
and Delay Time.
 Editing Functions for Rearranging and
Modifying Sequences.

Create Sequence from OLV
 Sequence Builder to Create Sequence
Graphically from OLV.
 Add & Rearrange Actions by Mouse Click.
 Rearrange Sequence from OLV or Editor.
 OLV Shows System Configuration Changes as
Sequence Being Modified.

Build in Device Interlock
 Embed System Control Logic
and System Procedure in a
Sequence
 Use System Procedure for
Non-Switching Actions
(Checking, Lock, & Logging)
 Use Control Logic to
Implement Automatic Switching based on System
Operating Conditions

Build in Device Interlock
 Complicated Interlock Logic
Specified in Switching Device
 Pre-Condition Logic based on
Status of Other Devices and
System Operating Conditions
 Post-Action Logic to Chain Switching Actions
 Pre-Condition Logic and Post-Action Logic
Specified Separately for Open & Closing Actions

Switching Sequence Simulation
 Step & Auto
Execution of
Sequence
 Logic Alert and
Operating Alert
 Execute Actions form System Control Logic
 Execute Actions from Interlock Post-Actions
 Predict Effect of Each Switching Action
 OLV Display of System Configuration & Operating
Conditions.

On-Line Sequence Execution

380 kV Substation

230 kV Substation

69 kV Substation

Double-End Substation

 Demand-Side Management
 Time-of-Use Load Shifting
 Intelligent Load Management
Load Management

 Reduce Energy Costs
 Reduce Peak MWh Costs
 Reduce Mvar & Power Factor Penalties
 Improve System Operation & Stability
 Increase Equipment Life
 Increase System Capacity
 Shared Decision Making Process
Intelligent Load Management

Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4 Load 4
Demand-Side Management
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3 Load 3
Load 1
Load 2
Load 4
Load 1
Load 3
Load 2
Load 4
Load 1
Load 3
Load 2
MW
Time
Load 1
Load 3
Load 2
Load 5
Load 6
Load 5
Load 6
Load 5
Load 7
Load 4
Load 1
Load 3
Load 2
Load 7

Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4 Load 5
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3 Load 4
Load 2
Load 3
Load 5
Load 2
Load 4
Shed 1
Load 3
Load 7
Load 2
Load 5
Load 4
MW
Time
Start 1
Load 2
Load 4
Load 3
Load 1
Load 6
Load 1
Load 1
Load 6
Load 3
Load 7
Load 1
Load 3
Load 2
Load 1
Hold 1
Block 6
Hold 1,6
Shed 3
Hold 1
Start 3

Load 1
Load 2
Load 3
Load 4 Load 5
Load 1
Load 2
Load 3 Load 4
Load 2
Load 3
Load 5
Load 2
Load 4
Shed 1
Load 3
Load 7
Load 2
Load 5
Load 4
MW
Time
Start 1
Shift 6
Load 2
Load 4
Load 3
Load 1
Load 6
Load 1
Load 1
Load 6
Load 3
Load 7
Load 1
Load 3
Load 2
Load 1
Hold 1
Block 6
Hold 1,6
Shed 3
Hold 1
Start 3Shift 6

ETAP - etap real-time overview

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Similar to ETAP - etap real-time overview

Similar to ETAP - etap real-time overview (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

ETAP - etap real-time overview