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ETAP - device coordination
1.
©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation Technology,
Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Protective Device Coordination ETAP Star
2.
Slide 2©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Agenda • Concepts & Applications • Star Overview • Features & Capabilities • Protective Device Type • TCC Curves • STAR Short-circuit • PD Sequence of Operation • Normalized TCC curves • Device Libraries
3.
Slide 3©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Definition • Overcurrent Coordination – A systematic study of current responsive devices in an electrical power system.
4.
Slide 4©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Objective • To determine the ratings and settings of fuses, breakers, relay, etc. • To isolate the fault or overloads.
5.
Slide 5©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Criteria • Economics • Available Measures of Fault • Operating Practices • Previous Experience
6.
Slide 6©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Design • Open only PD nearest (upstream) of the fault or overload • Provide satisfactory protection for overloads • Interrupt SC as rapidly (instantaneously) as possible • Comply with all applicable standards and codes • Plot the Time Current Characteristics of different PDs
7.
Slide 7©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Analysis When: • New electrical systems • Plant electrical system expansion/retrofits • Coordination failure in an existing plant
8.
Slide 8©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Spectrum Of Currents • Load Current – Up to 100% of full-load – 115-125% (mild overload) • Overcurrent – Abnormal loading condition (Locked-Rotor) • Fault Current – Fault condition – Ten times the full-load current and higher
9.
Slide 9©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Protection • Prevent injury to personnel • Minimize damage to components – Quickly isolate the affected portion of the system – Minimize the magnitude of available short-circuit
10.
Slide 10©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Coordination • Limit the extent and duration of service interruption • Selective fault isolation • Provide alternate circuits
11.
Slide 11©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Coordination t I C B A C D D B A
12.
Slide 12©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Protection vs. Coordination • Coordination is not an exact science • Compromise between protection and coordination – Reliability – Speed – Performance – Economics – Simplicity
13.
Slide 13©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Required Data • One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams) • Power Grid Settings • Generator Data • Transformer Data – Transformer kVA, impedance, and connection Motor Data • Load Data • Fault Currents • Cable / Conductor Data • Bus / Switchgear Data • Instrument Transformer Data (CT, PT) • Protective Device (PD) Data – Manufacturer and type of protective devices (PDs) – One-line diagrams (Relay diagrams)
14.
Slide 14©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Study Procedure • Prepare an accurate one-line diagram (relay diagrams) • Obtain the available system current spectrum (operating load, overloads, fault kA) • Determine the equipment protection guidelines • Select the appropriate devices / settings • Plot the fixed points (damage curves, …) • Obtain / plot the device characteristics curves • Analyze the results
15.
Slide 15©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Time Current Characteristics • TCC Curve / Plot / Graphs • 4.5 x 5-cycle log-log graph • X-axis: Current (0.5 – 10,000 amperes) • Y-axis: Time (.01 – 1000 seconds) • Current Scaling (…x1, x10, x100, x100…) • Voltage Scaling (plot kV reference) • Use ETAP Star Auto-Scale
16.
Slide 16©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination
17.
Slide 17©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination TCC Scaling Example • Situation: – A scaling factor of 10 @ 4.16 kV is selected for TCC curve plots. • Question – What are the scaling factors to plot the 0.48 kV and 13.8 kV TCC curves?
18.
Slide 18©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination TCC Scaling Example • Solution
19.
Slide 19©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Fixed Points • Cable damage curves • Cable ampacities • Transformer damage curves & inrush points • Motor starting curves • Generator damage curve / Decrement curve • SC maximum fault points Points or curves which do not change regardless of protective device settings:
20.
Slide 20©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Capability / Damage Curves t I I2 2 t Gen I2 t Motor Xfmr I2 t Cable I2 t
21.
Slide 21©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Cable Protection • Standards & References – IEEE Std 835-1994 IEEE Standard Power Cable Ampacity Tables – IEEE Std 848-1996 IEEE Standard Procedure for the Determination of the Ampacity Derating of Fire-Protected Cables – IEEE Std 738-1993 IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current- Temperature Relationship of Bare Overhead Conductors – The Okonite Company Engineering Data for Copper and Aluminum Conductor Electrical Cables, Bulletin EHB-98
22.
Slide 22©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Cable Protection 2 2 1 t A T 234 0.0297log T 234 The actual temperature rise of a cable when exposed to a short circuit current for a known time is calculated by: Where: A= Conductor area in circular-mils I = Short circuit current in amps t = Time of short circuit in seconds T1= Initial operation temperature (750C) T2=Maximum short circuit temperature (1500C)
23.
Slide 23©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Cable Short-Circuit Heating Limits Recommended temperature rise: B) CU 75-200C
24.
Slide 24©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Shielded Cable The normal tape width is 1½ inches
25.
Slide 25©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination NEC Section 110-14 C • (c) Temperature limitations. The temperature rating associated with the ampacity of a conductor shall be so selected and coordinated as to not exceed the lowest temperature rating of any connected termination, conductor, or device. Conductors with temperature ratings higher than specified for terminations shall be permitted to be used for ampacity adjustment, correction, or both. • (1) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated 100 amperes or less, or marked for Nos. 14 through 1 conductors, shall be used only for conductors rated 600C (1400F). • Exception No. 1: Conductors with higher temperature ratings shall be permitted to be used, provided the ampacity of such conductors is determined based on the 6O0C (1400F) ampacity of the conductor size used. • Exception No. 2: Equipment termination provisions shall be permitted to be used with higher rated conductors at the ampacity of the higher rated conductors, provided the equipment is listed and identified for use with the higher rated conductors. • (2) Termination provisions of equipment for circuits rated over 100 amperes, or marked for conductors larger than No. 1, shall be used only with conductors rated 750C (1670F).
26.
Slide 26©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Transformer Protection • Standards & References – National Electric Code 2002 Edition – C37.91-2000; IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power Transformers – C57.12.59; IEEE Guide for Dry-Type Transformer Through-Fault Current Duration. – C57.109-1985; IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-Fault-Current Duration – APPLIED PROCTIVE RELAYING; J.L. Blackburn; Westinghouse Electric Corp; 1976 – PROTECTIVE RELAYING, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS; J.L. Blackburn; Marcel Dekker, Inc; 1987 – IEEE Std 242-1986; IEEE Recommended Practice for Protection and Coordination of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems –
27.
Slide 27©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Transformer Category ANSI/IEEE C-57.109 Minimum nameplate (kVA) Category Single-phase Three-phase I 5-500 15-500 II 501-1667 501-5000 III 1668-10,000 5001-30,000 IV above 1000 above 30,000
28.
Slide 28©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Transformer Categories I, II
29.
Slide 29©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Transformer Categories III
30.
Slide 30©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Transformer t (sec) I (pu) Thermal 200 2.5 I 2 t = 1250 2 25Isc Mechanical K=(1/Z) 2 t (D-D LL) 0.87 (D-R LG) 0.58 Frequent Fault Infrequent Fault Inrush FLA
31.
Slide 31©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination
32.
Slide 32©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Transformer Protection MAXIMUM RATING OR SETTING FOR OVERCURRENT DEVICE PRIMARY SECONDARY Over 600 Volts Over 600 Volts 600 Volts or Below Transformer Rated Impedance Circuit Breaker Setting Fuse Rating Circuit Breaker Setting Fuse Rating Circuit Breaker Setting or Fuse Rating Not more than 6% 600 % 300 % 300 % 250% 125% (250% supervised) More than 6% and not more than 10% 400 % 300 % 250% 225% 125% (250% supervised) Table 450-3(a) source: NECAny Location – Non-Supervised
33.
Slide 33©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Transformer Protection • Turn on or inrush current • Internal transformer faults • External or through faults of major magnitude • Repeated large motor starts on the transformer. The motor represents a major portion or the transformers KVA rating. • Harmonics • Over current protection – Device 50/51 • Ground current protection – Device 50/51G • Differential – Device 87 • Over or under excitation – volts/ Hz – Device 24 • Sudden tank pressure – Device 63 • Dissolved gas detection • Oil Level • Fans • Oil Pumps • Pilot wire – Device 85 • Fault withstand • Thermal protection – hot spot, top of oil temperature, winding temperature • Devices 26 & 49 • Reverse over current – Device 67 • Gas accumulation – Buckholz relay • Over voltage –Device 59 • Voltage or current balance – Device 60 • Tertiary Winding Protection if supplied • Relay Failure Scheme • Breaker Failure Scheme
34.
Slide 34©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Recommended Minimum Transformer Protection Protective system Winding and/or power system grounded neutral grounded Winding and/or power system neutral ungrounded Up to 10 MVA Above 10 MVA Up to 10 MVA Above 10 MVA Differential - √ - √ Time over current √ √ √ √ Instantaneous restricted ground fault √ √ - - Time delayed ground fault √ √ - - Gas detection √ - √ Over excitation - √ √ √ Overheating - √ - √
35.
Slide 35©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Question What is ANSI Shift Curve?
36.
Slide 36©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Answer • For delta-delta connected transformers, with line-to-line faults on the secondary side, the curve must be reduced to 87% (shift to the left by a factor of 0.87) • For delta-wye connection, with single line-to- ground faults on the secondary side, the curve values must be reduced to 58% (shift to the left by a factor of 0.58)
37.
Slide 37©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Question What is meant by Frequent and Infrequent for transformers?
38.
Slide 38©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Infrequent Fault Incidence Zones for Category II & III Transformers * Should be selected by reference to the frequent-fault-incidence protection curve or for transformers serving industrial, commercial and institutional power systems with secondary-side conductors enclosed in conduit, bus duct, etc., the feeder protective device may be selected by reference to the infrequent-fault-incidence protection curve. Source: IEEE C57 Source Transformer primary-side protective device (fuses, relayed circuit breakers, etc.) may be selected by reference to the infrequent-fault- incidence protection curve Category II or III Transformer Fault will be cleared by transformer primary-side protective device Optional main secondary –side protective device. May be selected by reference to the infrequent-fault- incidence protection curve Feeder protective device Fault will be cleared by transformer primary-side protective device or by optional main secondary- side protection device Fault will be cleared by feeder protective device Infrequent-Fault Incidence Zone* Feeders Frequent-Fault Incidence Zone*
39.
Slide 39©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Motor Protection • Standards & References – IEEE Std 620-1996 IEEE Guide for the Presentation of Thermal Limit Curves for Squirrel Cage Induction Machines. – IEEE Std 1255-2000 IEEE Guide for Evaluation of Torque Pulsations During Starting of Synchronous Motors – ANSI/ IEEE C37.96-2000 Guide for AC Motor Protection – The Art of Protective Relaying – General Electric
40.
Slide 40©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Motor Protection • Motor Starting Curve • Thermal Protection • Locked Rotor Protection • Fault Protection
41.
Slide 41©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Motor Overload Protection (NEC Art 430-32 – Continuous-Duty Motors) • Thermal O/L (Device 49) • Motors with SF not less than 1.15 – 125% of FLA • Motors with temp. rise not over 40°C – 125% of FLA • All other motors – 115% of FLA
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Slide 42©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Motor Protection – Inst. Pickup LOCKED ROTOR S d 1 I X X " PICK UP LOCKED ROTOR I RELAY PICK UP 1.2 TO 1.2 I PICK UP LOCKED ROTOR I RELAY PICK UP 1.6 TO 2 I with a time delay of 0.10 s (six cycles at 60 Hz) Recommended Instantaneous Setting: If the recommended setting criteria cannot be met, or where more sensitive protection is desired, the instantaneous relay (or a second relay) can be set more sensitively if delayed by a timer. This permits the asymmetrical starting component to decay out. A typical setting for this is:
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Slide 43©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Locked Rotor Protection • Thermal Locked Rotor (Device 51) • Starting Time (TS < TLR) • LRA – LRA sym – LRA asym (1.5-1.6 x LRA sym) + 10% margin
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Slide 44©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Fault Protection (NEC Art / Table 430-52) • Non-Time Delay Fuses – 300% of FLA • Dual Element (Time-Delay Fuses) – 175% of FLA • Instantaneous Trip Breaker – 800% - 1300% of FLA* • Inverse Time Breakers – 250% of FLA *can be set up to 1700% for Design B (energy efficient) Motor
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Slide 45©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Low Voltage Motor Protection • Usually pre-engineered (selected from Catalogs) • Typically, motors larger than 2 Hp are protected by combination starters • Overload / Short-circuit protection
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Slide 46©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Low-voltage Motor Ratings Range of ratings Continuous amperes 9-250 — Nominal voltage (V) 240-600 — Horsepower 1.5-1000 — Starter size (NEMA) — 00-9 Types of protection Quantity NEMA designation Overload: overload relay elements 3 OL Short circuit: circuit breaker current trip elements 3 CB Fuses 3 FU Undervoltage: inherent with integral control supply and three-wire control circuit — — Ground fault (when specified): ground relay with toroidal CT — —
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Slide 47©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Minimum Required Sizes of a NEMA Combination Motor Starter System MAXIMUM CONDUCTOR LENGTH FOR ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND CONDUIT SYSTEMS. ABOVE GROUND SYSTEMS HAVE DIRECT SOLAR EXPOSURE. 750 C CONDUCTOR TEMPERATURE, 450 C AMBIENT CIRCUIT BREAKER SIZE FUSESIZE CLASSJ FUSE MOTORHP 460VNECFLC STARTER SIZE MINIMUM SIZE GROUNDING CONDUCTOR FORA50%CURRENTCAPACITY MINIMUM WIRE SIZE MAXIMUM LENGTHFOR1% VOLTAGE DROP NEXT LARGEST WIRE SIZE USENEXT LARGERGROUND CONDUCTOR MAXIMUM LENGTHFOR1% VOLTAGE DROPWITH LARGERWIRE 250% 200% 150% 1 2.1 0 12 12 759 10 1251 15 15 15 5 1½ 3 0 12 12 531 10 875 15 15 15 6 2 3.4 0 12 12 468 10 772 15 15 15 7 3 4.8 0 12 12 332 10 547 20 20 15 10 5 7.6 0 12 12 209 10 345 20 20 15 15 7½ 11 1 12 10 144 8 360 30 25 20 20 10 14 1 10 8 283 6 439 35 30 25 30 15 21 2 10 8 189 6 292 50 40 30 45 20 27 2 10 6 227 4 347 70 50 40 60 25 34 2 8 4 276 2 407 80 70 50 70 30 40 3 6 2 346 2/0 610 100 70 60 90 40 52 3 6 2 266 2/0 469 150 110 90 110 50 65 3 2 2/0 375 4/0 530 175 150 100 125 60 77 4 2 2/0 317 4/0 447 200 175 125 150 75 96 4 2 4/0 358 250 393 250 200 150 200 100 124 4 1 250 304 350 375 350 250 200 250 125 156 5 2/0 350 298 500 355 400 300 250 350 150 180 5 4/0 500 307 750 356 450 350 300 400
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Slide 48©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Required Data - Protection of a Medium Voltage Motor • Rated full load current • Service factor • Locked rotor current • Maximum locked rotor time (thermal limit curve) with the motor at ambient and/or operating temperature • Minimum no load current • Starting power factor • Running power factor • Motor and connected load accelerating time • System phase rotation and nominal frequency • Type and location of resistance temperature devices (RTDs), if used • Expected fault current magnitudes • First ½ cycle current • Maximum motor starts per hour
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Slide 49©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Medium-Voltage Class E Motor Controller Ratings Class El (without fuses) Class E2 (with fuses) Nominal system voltage 2300-6900 2300-6900 Horsepower 0-8000 0-8000 Symmetrical MVA interrupting capacity at nominal system voltage 25-75 160-570 Types of Protective Devices Quantity NEMA Designation Overload, or locked Rotor, or both: Thermal overload relay TOC relay IOC relay plus time delay 3 3 3 OL OC TR/O Thermal overload relay 3 OL TOC relay 3 OC IOC relay plus time delay 3 TR/OC Short Circuit: Fuses, Class E2 3 FU IOC relay, Class E1 3 OC Ground Fault TOC residual relay 1 GP Overcurrent relay with toroidal CT 1 GP NEMA Class E2 medium voltage starter NEMA Class E1 medium voltage starter Phase Balance Current balance relay 1 BC Negative-sequence voltage relay (per bus), or both 1 — Undervoltage: Inherent with integral control supply and three- wire control circuit, when voltage falls sufficiently to permit the contractor to open and break the seal-in circuit — UV Temperature: Temperature relay, operating from resistance sensor or thermocouple in stator winding — OL
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Slide 50©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Starting Current of a 4000Hp, 12 kV, 1800 rpm Motor First half cycle current showing current offset. Beginning of run up current showing load torque pulsations.
51.
Slide 51©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Starting Current of a 4000Hp, 12 kV, 1800 rpm Motor - Motor pull in current showing motor reaching synchronous speed Oscillographs
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Slide 52©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Thermal Limit Curve
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Slide 53©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Thermal Limit Curve Typical Curve
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Slide 54©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination 200 HP MCP O/L Starting Curve I 2 T (49) MCP (50) (51) ts tLR LRAs LRAasym
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Slide 55©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Protective Devices • Fuse • Overload Heater • Thermal Magnetic • Low Voltage Solid State Trip • Electro-Mechanical • Motor Circuit Protector (MCP) • Relay (50/51 P, N, G, SG, 51V, 67, 49, 46, 79, 21, …)
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Slide 56©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Fuse (Power Fuse) • Non Adjustable Device (unless electronic) • Continuous and Interrupting Rating • Voltage Levels (Max kV) • Interrupting Rating (sym, asym) • Characteristic Curves – Min. Melting – Total Clearing • Application (rating type: R, E, X, …)
57.
Slide 57©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Fuse Types • Expulsion Fuse (Non-CLF) • Current Limiting Fuse (CLF) • Electronic Fuse (S&C Fault Fiter)
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Slide 58©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Minimum Melting Time Curve Total Clearing Time Curve
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Slide 59©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Current Limiting Fuse (CLF) • Limits the peak current of short-circuit • Reduces magnetic stresses (mechanical damage) • Reduces thermal energy
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Slide 60©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Current Limiting ActionCurrent(peakamps) tm ta Ip’ Ip tc ta = tc – tm ta = Arcing Time tm = Melting Time tc = Clearing Time Ip = Peak Current Ip’ = Peak Let-thru Current Time (cycles)
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© 1996-2009 Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination
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Slide 62©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Symmetrical RMS Amperes PeakLet-ThroughAmperes 100 A 60 A 7% PF (X/R = 14.3) 12,500 5,200 230,000 300 A 100,000 Let-Through Chart
63.
Slide 63©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Fuse Generally: • CLF is a better short-circuit protection • Non-CLF (expulsion fuse) is a better Overload protection • Electronic fuses are typically easier to coordinate due to the electronic control adjustments
64.
Slide 64©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Selectivity Criteria Typically: • Non-CLF: 140% of full load • CLF: 150% of full load • Safety Margin: 10% applied to Min Melting (consult the fuse manufacturer)
65.
Slide 65©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Molded Case CB • Thermal-Magnetic • Magnetic Only • Motor Circuit Protector (MCP) • Integrally Fused (Limiters) • Current Limiting • High Interrupting Capacity • Non-Interchangeable Parts • Insulated Case (Interchange Parts) Types • Frame Size • Poles • Trip Rating • Interrupting Capability • Voltage
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Slide 66©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination MCCB
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Slide 67©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination MCCB with SST Device
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Slide 68©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Thermal Minimum Thermal Maximum Magnetic (instantaneous)
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Slide 69©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination LVPCB • Voltage and Frequency Ratings • Continuous Current / Frame Size / Sensor • Interrupting Rating • Short-Time Rating (30 cycle) • Fairly Simple to Coordinate • Phase / Ground Settings • Inst. Override
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Slide 70©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination CB 2 CB 1 IT ST PU ST Band LT PU LT Band 480 kV CB 2 CB 1 If =30 kA
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Slide 71©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Inst. Override
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Slide 72©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Overload Relay / Heater • Motor overload protection is provided by a device that models the temperature rise of the winding • When the temperature rise reaches a point that will damage the motor, the motor is de- energized • Overload relays are either bimetallic, melting alloy or electronic
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Slide 73©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Overload Heater (Mfr. Data)
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Slide 74©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Question What is Class 10 and Class 20 Thermal OLR curves?
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Slide 75©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Answer • At 600% Current Rating: – Class 10 for fast trip, 10 seconds or less – Class 20 for, 20 seconds or less (commonly used) – There is also Class 15, 30 for long trip time (typically provided with electronic overload relays) 6 20
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Slide 76©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Answer
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Slide 77©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Overload Relay / Heater • When the temperature at the combination motor starter is more than ±10 °C (±18 °F) different than the temperature at the motor, ambient temperature correction of the motor current is required. • An adjustment is required because the output that a motor can safely deliver varies with temperature. • The motor can deliver its full rated horsepower at an ambient temperature specified by the motor manufacturers, normally + 40 °C. At high temperatures (higher than + 40 °C) less than 100% of the normal rated current can be drawn from the motor without shortening the insulation life. • At lower temperatures (less than + 40 °C) more than 100% of the normal rated current could be drawn from the motor without shortening the insulation life.
78.
Slide 78©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Overcurrent Relay • Time-Delay (51 – I>) • Short-Time Instantaneous ( I>>) • Instantaneous (50 – I>>>) • Electromagnetic (induction Disc) • Solid State (Multi Function / Multi Level) • Application
79.
© 1996-2009 Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination
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Slide 80©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Time-Overcurrent Unit • Ampere Tap Calculation – Ampere Pickup (P.U.) = CT Ratio x A.T. Setting – Relay Current (IR) = Actual Line Current (IL) / CT Ratio – Multiples of A.T. = IR/A.T. Setting = IL/(CT Ratio x A.T. Setting)IL IR CT 51
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Slide 81©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Instantaneous Unit • Instantaneous Calculation – Ampere Pickup (P.U.) = CT Ratio x IT Setting – Relay Current (IR) = Actual Line Current (IL) / CT Ratio – Multiples of IT = IR/IT Setting = IL/(CT Ratio x IT Setting)IL IR CT 50
82.
Slide 82©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Relay Coordination • Time margins should be maintained between T/C curves • Adjustment should be made for CB opening time • Shorter time intervals may be used for solid state relays • Upstream relay should have the same inverse T/C characteristic as the downstream relay (CO-8 to CO-8) or be less inverse (CO-8 upstream to CO-6 downstream) • Extremely inverse relays coordinates very well with CLFs
83.
Slide 83©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Situation Calculate Relay Setting (Tap, Inst. Tap & Time Dial) For This System 4.16 kV DS 5 MVA Cable 1-3/C 500 kcmil CU - EPR CB Isc = 30,000 A 6 % 50/51 Relay: IFC 53CT 800:5
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Slide 84©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Solution AInrsuh 328,869412I A338.4 800 5 II LR Transformer: A kV kVA L 694 16.43 000,5 I IL CTR IR Set Relay: A551.52 800 5 328,8)50( 1 )38.1(6/4.3380.6 4.5338.4%125 AInst TD ATAP A
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Slide 85©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Question What T/C Coordination interval should be maintained between relays?
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Slide 86©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Answer A t I B CB Opening Time + Induction Disc Overtravel (0.1 sec) + Safety margin (0.2 sec w/o Inst. & 0.1 sec w/ Inst.)
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Slide 87©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Recloser • Recloser protects electrical transmission systems from temporary voltage surges and other unfavorable conditions. • Reclosers can automatically "reclose" the circuit and restore normal power transmission once the problem is cleared. • Reclosers are usually designed with failsafe mechanisms that prevent them from reclosing if the same fault occurs several times in succession over a short period. This insures that repetitive line faults don't cause power to switch on and off repeatedly, since this could cause damage or accelerated wear to electrical equipment. • It also insures that temporary faults such as lightning strikes or transmission switching don't cause lengthy interruptions in service.
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Slide 88©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Recloser Types • Hydraulic • Electronic – Static Controller – Microprocessor Controller
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Slide 89©1996-2010 ETAP/Operation
Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Recloser Curves
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