Major field and vegetable crops in nepal one over view himal bhusal -fina presen.
1. Major field and vegetable crops in
Nepal, one overview
Presented by:
Himal Bhusal
888809084
MSc. Ag in Plant Science
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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3. Land use pattern of Nepal
Type Land in Ha. (‘000) Percentage
(%)
Agriculture land cultivated 3091 21
Agriculture land uncultivated 1030 6.99
Forest ( Including shrub) 5828 39.59
Grass land and pasture 1766 11.99
Others 3003 20.4
Source: MoAD statistical information 2016/017
4. Composition of GDP and AGDP
Domination of cereal crop followed by livestock and vegetables
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9. 1. Wheat (Triticum aestivum )
It is one of the major cereal crops after rice and
maize in Nepal
After the introduction of semi-dwarf varieties
from Mexico, the area and production of wheat in
Nepal has been increased dramatically
The area, production and productivity of wheat in
Nepal in fiscal year 2016/017 was 735850 ha, 1879191
tons and 2.554 t/ha, respectively.
It is used for the preparation of bread, flakes,
pancakes, biscuits, noodles, flat breads, leavened
breads and rolls, porridge etc
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10. Why the productivity of wheat is low in Nepal ?
A. Infestation of and diseases and pests :
i) Loose smut: C.O. Ustilago tritici, whole head is
converted to smutted mass, all grains in the head are lost
Important smuts diseases of wheat Up to 25% incident,
recorded in Nepal
ii) Leaf Blight: C.O Bipolaris sorokiniana
Approximately 20% or more losses to wheat yield.
iii) Wheat rust: yellow, brown and leaf rust
Yellow C.O. Puccnia striiformis ( Major one in Nepal) (stripe)
Brown C.O. Puccinia triticina (leaf rust)
Black C.O. Puccinia graminis var. tritici (Stem rust)
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11. Symptoms of loose smut and rust complex
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Loose smut Yellow rust Leaf rust Black rust
12. Wheat rust never sleep
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In most rust fungi, only the
teliospores are adapted to
survive apart from a living
host plant for more than a
few months under field
conditions.
Puccinia graminis is
heteroecious. This word
describes rust fungi that
require two unrelated host
plants, such as wheat and
barberry, to complete
their life cycle
17. Introduction
Cauliflower and Cabbage are the two most important crops.
Knol-khol, Chinese cabbage and Broccoli are grown in certain
areas. Brussel's Sprouts and Kale are yet to be introduced.
English name Botanical name
Cauliflower Brassica oleracea var botrytis
Cabbage Brassica oleracea var capitata
Sprouting broccoli B. oleracea var italic
Knol-khol Brassica caulorapa
Brussel's sprout B. oleracea var gemmifera
Kale B.oleracea var acephala
Chinese cabbage B.chinensis(Heading type)
B.pekinensis(non-heading type)
Origin: Mediterranean region but Chinese cabbage-China
18. cauliflower
Turnip
Cabbage
Major Production constraint in
Cole crops (a) Diseases
1. Clubroot: Plasmodiophora brassicae
• Source of Disease: Infested soil,
Seedlings from infected soil and area,
infested agri/ equipments
• Different types of clubs in roots
• Rotting of clubs followed by
permanent wilting of plants
19. 19
Epidemic level in Nepal
fungus is an obligate
parasite
Especially important is the
low pH of the soil
It can live for 10 years in the
absence of its host
Transmit on shoes, tools,
farm equipment, runoff,
splashing water, wind, etc
Major constraint to the cultivation of crucifers, especially
cabbage and cauliflower in Nepal
20. 2. Alternaria leaf spot:
Causal organism: Alternaria brassicae, A. brassicicola.
Symptoms: brown to black spots with concentric rings.
Black spots on siliqua.
21. sclerotia
Head rot
Stalk rot
3.Stalk rot/White rot
CO: Sclerotinia scerotiorum
Symptoms:
Water soaked lesion in collar
region, fluffy white mycelial
growth, rotting of stem and bolts,
black sclerotia in side the stem
when cut opened, or may be
appeared on the plant surface in
congenial conditions.
22. Black rot Disease (Xanthomonas
campestris pv. campestris):
Symptoms: Yellowish V-shaped lesions
starting from leaf margin, veins black
proceeding to midrib, invade stalk and
rot.
Management
Use of disease free seed.
Crop rotation for 2-3 seasons.
Seed treatment with copper sulphate
(0.2%) for 10 minutes found effective.
Black veins
26. Disorders of Cauliflower con..
Ricey ness :
Velvety appearance ,formation of small white
flower buds at the
curding stage.
Causes:
Temperature fluctuation i.e., higher or lower
than optimum
required for a particular variety.
Whip tail: Deficiency of Mo cause whip tail
leaves becomes cup shaped and wither
Brown root : Problem created due to
Boron deficiency
small water soaked area in the centre of the
curd
seriously affected plants the stem becomes
hallow with water soaked tissues
27. Agricultural: Challenges for Nepal
• Excessive groundwater usage
• Declining water tables 1-3m /
Yr
• 67% of Glaciers in rapid retreat
• Medium-term increased river flows, flash floods, soil erosion
• Longer-term (40 years+) reduced river flows
• Increasing Heat and Water stresses
• Wheat production down by 40-45%
by 2050 (ADB 2009)
Increasing Pulation
28. Factors are responsible for our agricultural
backwardness
Traditional farming:
• Agricultural tools are not advanced
• Farmers are not skilled in the methods of the modern
agriculture
• Crops and grains are destroyed by pests, insects and
weeds.
Lack of proper irrigation system:
a. We have not been able to utilize our vast water
resources to irrigate cultivable land.
b. Hardly about 20% of the total land under cultivation
has good irrigation facilities.
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29. Factors are responsible……
farmers have to depend highly on monsoon rain which
in not timely and reliable.
In winter much of the farm land remains unused due
to the lack of irrigation facilities
During each monsoon landslides and floods excessive
rain damage of the crop land
Lack of transport and market:
Due to lack of market our agro-based products rot in
the places where they are grown.
Food grains grow in the Terai cannot be transported to
other areas easily
fruits such as apple grown in the north easily get
market in the south.
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30. Factors are responsible……
Due to lack of storage facilities , agricultural products
suffer low price
Unscientific and undemocratic distribution of land:
Land distribution in not scientific and democratic.
Those who are actual tillers don't own land at all while
those who don't even tread field hoard huge areas of
land and leave it uncultivated.
Fertile valley and plains are being occupied by the
settlement and industries.
Over-fragmentation of agricultural land i.e. broken
into too small parcels.
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31. Factors are responsible……
Over pressure of manpower:
Less than 20% of total area of Nepal in under
cultivation.
But over 60% of population overburdens the land.
When the share of land for a farmer gets very low, per
ca-pita production decreases.
Poor economic condition:
Nepalese farmers are subsistence farmers.
They are compelled to take loan even to run their
family.
They born in debt and die in debt.
Interest rates are high.
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32. Factors are responsible……
Much of their production goes in paying interests.
In such conditions they cannot afford applying new
technology and machinery to improve farming.
Very limited of research activities:
There have not been enough researches and
experiments to find the best crops and the best climate
and soil type.
Government plans and endeavors are quite insufficient
in this regard.
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34. Potential Solutions :
Provide agro-training for farmers
Run breeding programs
Provide micro-credits, insurance service
Establish more agro-based industries
Introduce land reform for a democratic
distribution and scientific cultivation of land
Improve irrigation facilities, etc.
Introduce high yielding cultivars
Management of disease/ pest infestation
Promotion of scientific research programs
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37. Introduce new technology:
Increase wheat yield by >50% via >photosynthesis and new
hybrid technology
Approaches and Outputs
Wide-crosses, trait- based breeding,
transgenic
Rubisco optimization, reduced
photorespiration
Increased sink demand
Increased stalk strength, reduced lodging
Public-private sector consortium to develop
hybrid wheat
BISA: Borlaug Institute for South Asia/
CIMMYT
38. Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI) Gene Stewardship
Award was awarded to the Nepal wheat team for their
performance in promoting durable wheat varieties and
enhancing food security in 2012 Beijing, China
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Rust resistant wheat
cultivar Vijaya
Nepalese wheat scientist
