class note Hem Raj Pant Department of Plant Pathology AFU, Nepal

1. HEM RAJ PANT
PLANT PATHOLOGY TIPs
 Plant pathologist are plant doctors
 Out of 36.5% loss, 14.1%, 12.2%, and 10.2% are by disease, weeds and insects
respectively.
 1845= Irish famine by late blight of potato (Phytophthora infestans)
 1871-1893= In Srilanka (Ceylon), Coffee rust (Hemileia vastatrix)
 1878=In France, Downy mildew in grape by Plasmapara viticola
 1945= Bengal famine by brown spot of rice (Bipolaris oryzae)
 Collar rot of apple and pear by Phytophthora cactorum and Phytophthora citrophthora
respectively
 Powdery mildew of citrus by Acrosporium tingitaninum
 Citrus greening by Candidatus liberibacter spp
 Vector of citrus greening 1) Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) 2) African citrus
psyllid (Trioza erythreae)
 Head blight of wheat (Head scab) by Fusarium graminearum
 Low temperature causes leaf discolouration
 Cold injury in banana makes leaves black and dead due to protein denaturation
 Potato splindle virus, Coconut cadang cadang and Chlorotic mottle are examples of
viriod
 Downy mildew of pearl millet (Green ear of bajra) by Sclerospora graminicola
 Sporadic diseases are green ear of bajra, black rust of wheat, angular leaf spot of
cucumber, and early blight of potato
 Endemic diseases are club root of crucifers, onion smut, black wart of potato, etc
 Epiphytotic diseases are Erwinia spp, late blight of potato, brown leaf spot of rice, red rot
of sugarcane, rice blast
 Pandemic disease is late blight of potato
 Seed borne diseases are False smut of rice, rice blast, brown spot of rice, etc
 Internally seed borne disease are Ustilago tritici(loose smut of wheat), Ustilago
nuda(loose smut of barely), Ustilago avenae(loose smut of oat), etc
 Externally seed borne disease are Tilletia caries/foetida (Covered smut/Hillbunt/Common
bunt of wheat), Ustilago hordei(covered smut of barely), Helminthus leaf blight of wheat,
etc
 Soil borne diseases are Fusarium, Phythium, Rhizoctinia, Phytophthora, etc
 Air borne diseases are Rust, blight, Powdery mildew,etc
 Obligate parasites(Biotrophs) are Puccinia, Erysiphe, Ustilago, Albugo, downy mildew,
Synchitrium,etc
 Facultative parasites (Necrotrophs) are Fusarium, Rhizoctinia, Sclerotinia,Sclerotinia,
Pythium etc.
 Facultative saprophytes (Hemibiotroph) are Helminthosporium, Alternaria,
Phytophothora, etc

2. HEM RAJ PANT
 Fusarium oxysporum infects xylem vessels while Fusarium solani infects phloem cells
 Smut of corn by Ustilago maydis and Smut of sugarcane by Ustilago scitaminea
 Kernel bunt of wheat by Tilletia indica and Dwarf bunt of wheat by Tilletia controversa
 Zonal spot by Alternaria
 Powdery mildew= looks as whitish powder, Necrosis disease, Sporulation of pathogen in
upper surface, haustoria present, barrel shaped conidia
 Downy mildew= looks as day old chicken feather, Chlorosis disease, Sporulation of
pathogen in abaxial (lower) surface,
 Black rust=Stem rust(Puccinia graminis tritici), Brown rust= leaf rust(Puccinia
recondite), yellow rust= stripe rust(Puccinia striiformis)
 In wheat rust , Uredospore (single celled, stalked and echinulated) produced during active
growing period and Teliospore (bicelled, stalked) produced when plant is about to mature
 White blisters mainly on cruciferous plants, white blister of mustard by Albugo candida
which has clubed sporangiophore and bear sporangia in chains
 Sclerotia= Compact, often hard mass of dormant fungus mycelium looking black or dark
brown in color. e.g. Claviceps, Pyricularia curcumae, Rhizoctinia, Sclerotinia,
Sclerotium, etc
 Powdery scab of potato by Fungus(Spongospora subterranean) and
bacteria(Streptomyces scabies)
 Increase in cell size either due to cell enlargement(Hypertrophy) or due to cell
division(Hyperplassia)
 Examples of Hypertrophy are Galls, leaf curl and witches broom
 Stem gall of coriander by Protomyces macrospores
 Smaller galls are called wart e.g. Black wart of potato by Sychitrium endobioticum
 Large galls are called Knot e.g. Root knot of vegetables by Meloidogyne incognita and
Club root of crucifers by Plasmodiophora brassicae
 Peach leaf curl by Taphrina deformans but leaf spot of turmeric by Taphrina maculans
and plum pocket disease of plum by Taphrina pruni
 Witches broom (Numerous slender branches arises from limited region) by Mycoplasma
 Spots are localized lesions consisting of dead and collapsed cell
 Anthracnose are necrotic and slightly sunken regions scattered on leaves, flowers, fruits
and stems e.g.Mango anthracnose by Colletotrichum gleosporoides
 Canker are localised necrotic lesion sunken beneath the surface or a dead area in the bark
or cortex of stem especially on a woody plant e.g Citrus canker by Xanthomonas
campestris pv. Citri
 Shot holes are perforated appearance of a leaf as the dead areas of local lesions drop out
 Mosiac are alternate patches of yellow and green e.g. Yellow vein mosaic of okra(
Transmitted by white fly)
 Rosette are short branching habit of plant
 Enation means tissue malformation or overgrowth

3. HEM RAJ PANT
 Stem pitting are honey comb like structure caused by Citrus tristeza virus
 Holocarpic fungus= entire thallus converts in reproductive structure
 Eucarpic fungus= Only a portion of thallus develops in reproductive structure
 Fragmentation produces oidia or arthrospores. If cells get enveloped in thick wall before
they separate they are known as chlamydospore
 Budding produces small buds called blastospore
 Conidia germinates only by means of germtube while sporangia germinates both directly
by germtube (at 18-20˚C) and indirectly by zoospore production( at 10-12˚C)
 Swarm spore=Plasmaspore=Zoospore have flagella hence motile but Aplanospore lack
flagella hence non motile
 Parasexual cycle is a cycle in which plasmogamy, karyogamy and haplodization takes
place but not at specified time or at specified points in the life cycle of an organism
 Planogametic copulation in Allomyces, Gametangial contact in Pythium and
Phythophthora, Gametangial copulation in Mucor, Spermatization in Puccinia
(Basidiomycetes) and Somatogamy in Peronosporaceae (downy mildew fungi)
 Asexual fruiting body= Pycnidium in Phoma spp, Acervulus in Fusarium and
Colletotrichum, Synnema in Graphium and Arthrobotryum, and Sporodochium in
Epicoccum.
 Sexual fruiting bodies= Cleistothecium in Powdery mildew, Perithecium in Venturia
inequalis and claviceps purpurea, Apothecium in Morel, Truffles, Agaricus, Pleurotus
and Ascostroma in Eupenicillium and Talaromyces
 Truffles and Morel are mushroom belonging to Ascomycetes while all other mushroom
belongs to Basidiomycetes
 Acrasiomycetes e.g. Copromyxa, Protosteliomycetes e.g. Dictyostelium, Myxomycetes
e.g. Echinostelium
 Chytridiomycetes= whiplash type flagella posteriorly located e.g. Blackwart of potato,
Olpidium brassicae ( Parasitic on Mustard) and Physoderma maydis (Brown spot of
maize)
 Hypochytridiomycetes= Tinsel type flagella anteriorly located e.g. Rhizidiomyces (
parasitic on algae)
 Plasmodiophoromycetes= 2 flagella both whiplash type anteriorly located. e.g. Club root
of crucifers, Powdery scab of potato
 Oomycetes= Coenocytic mycelium, 2 flagella, one tinsel type located anteriorly and
another whiplash type located posteriorly. e.g. Pythium, Phytophthora, Downy mildew
and Albugo
 Ascomycetes=well developed mycelium and have cross wall called septa. Dikaryotic
phase present in secondary mycelium. Ascomycetes produces Asci. Each asci has 8
ascospores. e.g. Taphrina, Erysiphe, Claviceps, etc
 Basidiomycetes= well developed mycelium and have cross wall called septa. Diakaryotic
phase longer than Ascomycetes. Basidiospore are produced. Nucleus fuse and forms

4. HEM RAJ PANT
Zygote, Meiotic division occurs, 4 nuclei formed, in every nucleus small structure called
sterigmata is formed, each nuclei enters into swollen tip of sterigmata. e.g. Rust and Smut
 Deuteromycetes=Fungi imperfectii as they lack sexual stage. They produce conidia and
have well developed mycelium e.g. Phoma, Botrytis, Colletotrichum (perfect
stage=Glomerella), Alternaria, Helminthosporium (Cochliobolus), Cercospora
(Mycospherella), Pyricularia (Magnaporthe), Fusarium (ciberella), Rhizoctinia
(Thanatephorus), Sclerotium, Sclerotinia, Aspergillus (Eurotium) and Penicillium
(Talaromyces)
 All above perfect stages belongs to Ascomycetes except Thanatephorus which belongs to
Basidiomycetes
 Puccinia produce 1) Spermaspore on upper leaf of barberry 2) Aeciospore on lower leaf
of barberry 3) Uredospore in actively growing phase of wheat 4) Teliospore as wheat
start to mature 5) Basidiospore on air as Teliospore germinates
 Primary source of inoculum of rust in wheat is Aeciospore.
 In linseed, Teliospore are sessile, single celled and formed in layers.
 Teliospore, Basidiospore and Uredospore are produced in linseed rust (Melampsora lini)
 Uromyces fabae is autoecious rust while Uromyces pisi is heterocious rust with its aecial
stage in Euphorbia
 In Ustilago whole panicle converts into smut spores, no grain at all while in Tilletia only
few grains of panicle are converted into smut spores
 Alternaria and Helminthosporium produce conidia which are brown in colour while
Colletotrichum, Pyricularia and Cercospora produce hyaline conidia
 Sclerotinia (Cottony white mycelium and Black sclerotia), Sclerotium (Shining silvery
white mycelium and Brown sclerotia) and Rhizoctinia (Brown mycelium and Brown
sclerotia)
 Myzus persica Transmit more than 80 different viruses and White fly(Alternate host
Ageratum) transmits more than 25 different viruses
 Xiphinema, Longidorus and Trichodorus are nematodes that transmit viruses
 Mycoplasma like organisms(Phytoplasma) are gram -ve, Obligate parasite and without
flagella, insensitive to Penicillin and inhibited by Tetracycline e.g. Asters yellow,
Mulberry dwarf, Little leaf of brinjal, Grassy stunt, Rice yellow dwarf, etc
 Spiroplasma like organisms = can be cultured in nutrient media, temporarily checked by
Penicillin and inhibited by Erythromycin, Tetracycline, Neomycin and Amphotericin e.g.
Corn stunt, Citrus stubburn, etc
 Rickettsia like Organisms= well defined cell wall without flagella, mostly gram -ve
except sugarcane ratoon stunting and Bermuda grass stunting, sensitive to both Penicillin
and tetracycline. Fastidious Pholem limited bacteria cannot be cultured while Fastidious
xylem limited bacteria can be cultured. Xylella fastidiosa causes pierce disease of grape,
Alfa alfa dwarf, etc and Citrus greening by phloem limited bacteria

5. HEM RAJ PANT
 TMV(rod shaped bacteria), Bean common mosaic virus (Flexible rod shaped bacteria),
Squash mosaic virus (Spherical shaped) and Tulip mosaic virus (Polyhedral virus)
 Cuscuta (Holo-stem parasite), Loranthus (Semi-stem parasite), Orobanche(Holo-root
parasite) and Striga (Semi-root parasite)
 Nematodes= Ectoparasite (Xiphenima, Longidorus), Endoparasite (Pratylenchus,
Meloidogyne and Heterodera), Semi-endoparasite (Hoplolaimus, Tylenchulus) and both
ecto and endoparasite (Anguina, Aphelenchoides and Ditylenchus)
 Xiphinema (Dagger nematode), Longidorus (Needle nematode), Trichodorus (Stubbyrot
nematode), Anguina (Seed gall nematode), Ditylenchus (Stem and bulb nematode),
Tylenchulus (Citrus nematode), Criconematidae (Ring nematode), Pratylenchus (Root
lesion nematode), Aphelenchoides (Foliar nematode), Hoplolaimidus (Lance nematode),
Belonolaimidus (Sting nematode), Heterodera (Cereal cyst nematode), Globodera (
Potato cyst nematode), Meloidogyne (Root knot nematode), Hirshmaniella (Rice root
nematode)
 Simple interest disease= Smut, Wilt, Downy mildew of rapeseed, Sclerotinia blight of
brinjal, Club root of crucifers, Root knot nematode, etc
 Compound interest disease= Rust, Powdery mildew, Rice blast, Late blight of potato,etc
 Hope =variety of Wheat = delay opening of stomata hence resistant to Puccinia graminis
tritici
 Szinkum= variety of Mandarian = narrow entrance of stomata surrounded by elevated
lips hence resistant to bacteria
 In apple = small size of lenticles hence prevent entry of Pseudomonas papulasum
 Histological defense structures= Cork layers (e.g. Potato scab by Streptomyces scabies),
Tyloses (e.g. Wilt of sweet potato by Fusarium oxysporum fsp batatus), Abscission layer
(e.g. Peach leaf spot by Xanthomonas pruni) and Gum deposition (e.g. leaf spot and blast
of rice)
 Cellular defense structure in Scab of Cucumber by Cladosporium cucumerinum
 Cytoplasmic defense structure in black stem rust of Wheat by Puccinia graminis tritici
 Necrotic or hypersensitive or suicidal defense in late blight of Potato by Phytophthora
infestans
 Pathotoxin (victorin), Vivotoxin (Piricularin) and Phytotoxin (Alternaric acid)
 Father of Pathology- Anton de Berry
 Father of Mycology - P.A. Micheli
 Father of Nematology - N.A. Cobb
 Father of Pure culture technique- Brefeld
 Father of Epidemiology - Vanderplank
 First plant parasitic bacteria - Erwinia amylovora discovered by T. J. Burill
 First identified Plant parasitic nematode - Anguina tritici discovered by J.T. Needham
 Bordeaux mixture developed by P.M.A. Millardet from Bordeaux University
 Gene for gene concept of disease resistance by H.H. Flor

6. HEM RAJ PANT
 Term Horizontal and Vertical resistance by Vanderplank
 Bordeaux mixture= Copper sulphate + lime + water
 Burgundy mixture = Copper sulphate + sodium carbonate + water
 Chestnut compound = Copper sulphate + ammonium carbonate + water
 Chaubattia paste = Copper carbonate + red lead + raw linseed oil (8:8:10 ratio)
 Carboxin=Vitavax, Oxycarboxin=Plantavax, Carbendazim=Bavistin, Benomyl= Benlate,
Metalaxyl = Ridomil
 Pasteuria penetrans= Bacterial biological control of Meloidogyne and Paecilomyces
lilaenus= Fungal boilogical control of Meloidogyne

7. Some tips on Introductory entomology
Hem raj pant
Pinning positions in insects
a) Mesothorax in between 2 forewings): Butterfly, Moth, Mantid, Cockroach, Flies, Bee,
Wasp, etc
b) Pronotum Posterior part): Grasshopper, Cricket, Tree hopper, leaf hopper, Plant hopper,
Spittle bugs, etc.
c) Scutellum: For all true bugs
d) Elytron right forewing): Beetle, weevil
Note: Ethyl acetate and Sodium cyanide are used to kill insects for preserving them
Head orientation
a) Hypognathus = Mouth parts pointed downward eg. Grasshopper, Cricket, Cockroach
b) Prognathus = Mouth parts projected forward eg. Weevil, Beetle, Mantid
c) Opisthognathus = Mouth parts projected backward eg. True bugs, Aphid, Cicada
Leg modifications of insects
a) Fossorial (Digging) =Fore legs of Mole cricket
b) Natatorial (Swimming) = Hind legs of water beetle
c) Raptorial (Grasping) = Fore legs of Mantid
d) Saltatorial (Jumping) = Hind legs of Grasshopper
e) Scansorial (Clinging) =Legs of body lous
f) Cursorial (Walking) =Legs of Cockroach
g) Pollineferous (Pollen carrying) = Honey bee worker
Mouth types of Insects
a) Biting and chewing type = Grasshopper, Cockroach, Cricket, Caterpillar, grub
b) Piercing and sucking type = Bugs, Aphids, Jassids, Scale insects, Mosquitoes
c) Chewing and lapping type = Honey bee and Silkmoth
d) Sponging type = Housefly
e) Siphoning type = Butterfly, Moth
f) Lacerating type = Thrips

8. Hem raj pant
Wings modification
a) Elytron = Beetle b) Hemielytron = Bugs
c) Halter = Housefly d) Hamuli = Honeybee
e) Membranous = Dragon flies, Damselflies f) Stigma = Dragon flies, Damselflies
g) Scaly = Butterfly, Moth h) Fringed = Thrips
i) Tegmina = Grasshopper, Cockroach
Antennae type of insects
1. Filiform (Thread like) = Grasshopper
2. Moniliform (Neckless like) = Termites
3. Serrate (Saw like) = Click beetle, Mangostem borer
4. Clavate ( Club like) = Butterflies
5. Setaceous (Bristle like) = Cockroaches
6. Capitate (Knob like) = Sap beetle
7. Pectinate (Comb like) = Fire coloured beetle
8. Bipectinate (Feather like) = Silk moth
9. Flavellate (Cobra like) = Cedar beetle
10. Aristate (Bearing Arista) = Housefly
11. Plumose = Male mosquito
12. Pilose = female mosquito
13. Lamellate (Leaf like) = Dung beetle
14. Geniculate (Elbow like) = Ant, Weevil, Honey bee
15. Stylate = Rubber fly
Insect metamorphosis
a) Ametabola (No or simple metamorphosis): Egg - Young - Adult e.g. Apterygotes (Silver fish)
b) Paurometabola (Gradual metamorphosis): Egg - Nymph - Adult e.g. Orthoptera,
Dictyoptera, Heteroptera, and Isoptera
c) Hemimetabolus (Incomplete metamorphosis): Egg - Naiad - Adult e.g. Ephemeroptera,
Odonata and Plecoptera
d) Holometabolus (Complete metamorphosis): Egg - Larva - Pupa - Adult e.g. Endopterygota
(Butterfly, Moth, Bee, etc)

9. Hem raj pant
Classification of respiratory system on the basis of presence
of fuctional spiracles
a) Holopneustic = 10 pairs (2 thoracic and 8 abdominal) of functional spiracles. eg.
Grasshopper, Cockroach,etc
b) Peripneustic = (1 + 8 ) functional spiracles. eg. Lepidopteran caterpillars
c) Hemipneustic = at least 8 pairs of functional spiracles are present
d) Amphipneustic = One mesothoracic and one abdominal spiracle eg. Maggot
e) Propneustic = Only one thoracic spiracle is functional
f) Metapneustic = Only one abdominal spiracle is functional
g) Aneustic = No single functional spiracle is present. eg. Chironomid larvae
Insect most found in places
a) Plants = Butterflies, Beetles, Grasshopper, Whiteflies, etc
b) Soil = Termites, Cutworms, Wireworms, Cricket
c) House and barn = Silver fish, House cricket, Storage grain pests, Flies, Mosquitoes
d) Light = Noctuid moths
e) Water = Dragonfly, Damselfly, Water bugs, Water beetles
Wing venation
a) Longitudinal veins (7 veins) = Costa, Subcosta, Radius, Radial sector, Media, Cubitus, Anal
b) Cross veins = Humeral, Radial, Radio-Sectorial, Sectoral, Radiomedial, Media, Media-
cubital, Cubito anal
Some Points to remember
 Shortest life cycle = a) Mayfly - 24 hrs, b) Fleshfly - 3 day and c) Drosophila - 10 days
 Longest life cycle = a) Cicada - 13-17 yrs, b) White grub - 3-6 yrs and c) Silkworm - 30
days
 Monarch butterfly can fly 600 km at a time
 Size of insects ranges 0.20 mm to 120 mm
 A flea with 0.125 legs can make high jump of 20 cm
 Insect can be found in temperature varies from -20˚C ( Ice bug) to 80˚C (Locust)
 A housefly pair can produce 191 * 1015
population from April-August i.e. depth of 47 ft
of earth
 Kala Jwar (Eupatorium) can be controlle by Cecidochares utilis

10. Hem raj pant
 No. of compound eyes in various insects:
a) Worker ant = 1-9 b) Drosophila = 800 c) Housefly = 4000
 d) Worker honey bee = 4000 e) Water beetle = 9000 f) Drone honey bee =
10,000
g) Dragonfly = 30,000
 Simple eye or dorsal ocelli are found in adult insects & hemimetabolous larvae
 Stemmata or lateral ocelli are found in holometabolous larvae. They vary from 2-12. In
Flea and most hymenopterous larvae there are no stemmata. In Sawfly larvae = one
stemmata on each side & In lepidopterous larvae = 6 stemmata and scattered
 Cockroach and butterfly have no simple eyes
 Dermal receptors are found in Lepidopterous and Tenebrio larvae
 Ectognathous = Mouth parts do not lie in the cavity of the head & Entognathous = e.g.
Collembola, Diplura and Protura (Mouth parts lie in the cavity of the head)
 Diptera order includes only one pair of wings
 Termites (Worker), Fleas, Aphid (generally), lice are wingless
 Flying speed of some insects
a) Hawk moth = 15 m/s b) Dragonfly = 10 m/s c) Honey bee = 7.5 miles/hr
d) Monarch butterfly = 6.5 miles/hr e) Locust = 6 miles/hr
 Wing beat of Honey bee = 250 cycles/sec and Mosquito = 280-350 cycles/sec
 Average body temperature of bee = 40-41˚C
 Dorsum/Tergum = Dorsal portion of body of insects
 Notum = Dorsal portion of thorax only (Pronotum = Notum of Prothorax, Mesonotum =
Notum of Mesothorax and Metanotum = Notum of Metathorax)
 Venter/Sternum = Ventral portion of body
 Pheuron/Pleuron = Lateral portion of body
 Meson = Longitudinal line of body
 Sclerite = Tergum + Pleuron + Sternum

11. Tips to remember for Msc.Ag entrance
Hem raj pant
SIMPLE FRUITS
Name Fruit type Edible part
Banana Berry Mesocarp + Endocarp + Placenta
Papaya " Endocarp
Grape " Pericarp + Placenta
Avocado " Mesocarp
Sapota "
Guava " Pericarp
Tomato "
Citrus Hesperidium Endocarp
Mango Drupe Mesocarp
Peach " Epicarp + Mesocarp
Plum " "
Apricot " "
Apple Pome Thalamus
Pear " "
Loquat " "
Watermelon Pepo
Pomegranate Balausta Outer coat & seed
Litchi Nut Aril
Almond " "
Walnut " Endocarp
Coconut " "
Cashewnut " Cotyledon + Peduncle
Wood apple Amphisarca
Bael " Succulent placenta
Carrot Schizocarp
Okra Capsule
Aonla "

12. Hem raj pant
AGGREGATE FRUITS
Custard apple Etaerio of berries Pericarp
Raspberry "
Strawberry Etaerio of achene Succulent thalamus
MULTIPLE FRUITS
Fig Syconus Recipticle
Jack fruit Sorosis
Pineapple " Bract + Perianth
Mulberry "
INFLORESCENCE TYPE
Racemose = Mango, Avocado, Pear Cymose = Papaya, Guava
Cyme = Citrus, Litchi Corymb = Grape, Apple, Peach
Spadix = Banana Spike = Pineapple
Fascida = Cherry, Plum
OVARY POSITION
Perigynous = Pear, Peach, Plum, Cherry, Apricot
Hypogynous = Mango, Avocado, Citrus, Almond, Apple
Epigynous = Papaya, Guava, Banana, Litchi, Pineapple, Grape
Monocotyledon plants = Banana, Pineapple, Date palm, Coconut, Arecanut
Climacteric fruits = Mango, Banana, Sapota, Guava, Papaya, Apple, Fig, Peach, Pear, Plum,
Annona, Tomato, Avocado, Apricot, Passion fruit, Kiwi, Melon
Non-climacteric plants = Citrus, Grape, Pomegranate, Pineapple, Litchi, Baer, Jamun, Cashew,
Cucumber, Cherry, Strawberry, Tree tomato
WHO ?
King of fruits =Mango King of temperate fruits = Apple
King of Arid plants = Baer Queen of fruits = Litchi
King of Spices = Black pepper Queen of spices = Cardamom
King of Pulses = Gram Queen of Pulses = Pea

13. Hem raj pant
King of flower = Dahalia Queen of flower = Rose
Queen of beverages = Tea Beverage as food of god = Cocoa
Richest fruit of Vit C = Barbados cherry Butter fruit = Avocado
King of Annuals = Pansy Poor man's fruit = Baer
Miracle fruit = China kiwi fruit White gold = Cotton
Century plant = Date palm King of forest = Teak
Adam's fig or delicious fruit = Banana
DUE TO
Yellow color in Papaya is due to Caricaxanthin
Redness of Apple Anthocyanin
Red color in Tomato Lycopene
Red color in Chilly Capcyanthin
Pungency in Chilli Capsiacin
Orange color in Carrot Carotene
Red color in Carrot Anthocyanin
Yellow color in Turmeric Curcumin
Bitterness in Bitter gourd Memordicocite
Yellow color in Onion Quercetin
Red color in Onion Anthocyanin
Pungency in Onion Allyl propyl disulphide
Pungency in Radish Isocyanate
Pungency in Mustard Glucosilates
Pungency in Garlic Diallyl sulphide
Green color in Potato Solanin
Sour taste of Gram leaves Malic/Oxalic acid
Pungency in Pepper Oleoresin
Pungency in Cabbage Sinigrin
MODE OF POLLINATION
a) Autogamy or self pollination
 Cleistogamy = Papaya, Grape, Sapota
 Homogamy = Citrus, Peach, Apricot

14. Hem raj pant
b) Allogamy or Cross pollination
 Decliny or unisexuality
 Monoecious = Banana, Walnut, Coconut, Pecan
 Dioecious = Papaya, Walnut, Grape
 Self incompatibility = Mango, Apple, Almond, Apricot, Pineapple, Pear, Cherry
 Dichogamy
 Protandry = Walnut, Coconut
 Protgyny = Banana, Pomegranate, Avocado, Fig, Anona, Plum
 Heterostyly
 Pin type = Sapota, Pomegranate
 Thrum type = Almond
FORMS OF FLOWERS
a) Perfect flowers: Papaya, Grape, Mango, Litchi, Citrus, Cashewnut, Peach, Plum, Guava,
Apple, Sapota, Avocado
b) Staminate flowers: Papaya, Grape, Mango, Litchi, Citrus, Cashewnut, Date palm,
Pomegranate, Walnut
c) Pistillate flowers: Papaya, Grape, Walnut, Pecan
d) Teratological: Papaya, Grape, Mango, Pomegranate
AGENCIES OF POLLINATION
a) Pollination by Wind or Anemophily: Papaya, Pomegranate, Coconut, Cashewnut, Datepalm
b) Pollination by Animal or Zoophily:
 By insect (Entomophily) = Apple, Pear, Peach, Plum, Almond, Walnut, Mango, Citrus,
litchi, Guava, Baer, Anona
 By birds (Ornithophily) = Pineapple, Banana
Some frequently asked points in competitive exams
 Tourmaline is the main source of boron in soil
 Neutralizing value of liming materials: CaO > Ca(OH)2 >CaMg(CO3)2 >CaCO3
 Mineral chlorite has extra layer of illite
 Concept pH by Sorenson
 Normal erosion - splash erosion - Sheet erosion - Rill erosion - Gully erosion
 Vertisol = High in swelling clay resulting in shrinking
 Pomade = prepared by cold fat extraction method called enfleurage
 Marc = Damp solid material in maceraton process
 Quath and kawath are prepared from decoction
 Aloe vera - burn plant - monocot - liliaceae
 Neem = paradise tree, Datura = Apple of peru, Tusi = Sacred basil,
 Yoga originated from South Africa

15. Hem raj pant
 Symbiotic nitrogen fixation: Rhizobium + Leguminous, Gymnosperm plant Cycas,
Frankia ( Actinomycete) + Non- leguminous (Casaurina), Nostoc + Anthoceros,
Anaebaene + Azolla
 Free living nitrogen fixing bacteria = Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Clostridium, Bacillus,
Thiobacillus
 Reddish pigmet ( leghaemoglobin) has affinity for molecular oxygen
 Cow milk contains 87% water, 5% lactose, 4% lipid, 2.5% Casein, Lactalbumin &
Protein 0.5%
 Commonly Streptococcus lactis ferments lactose of milk and produce lactic acid
 Enterobacter aerogenes causes ropiness in milk
 Pasteurization = 62.9˚C for 30 minutes, 71.7˚C for 15-17 second
 Cream and panir are unripe cheese
 Soft cheese = Limburger & Camembert, Semi hard cheese = Roquefort and Swiss, and
Hard cheese is cheddar
 Quack grass = Agropyron repens which controls soil erosion
 Hartley is the variety of Walnut
 Withering is related to tea
 Khumal tane is variety of Asparagus bean
 Cotton oil is semi solid
 IAA precursor is Methionine
 Theodolite is used for the survey of irregular land
 Sucrose synthesis occurs in Cytosol
 Amino acid synthesis occurs in Mitochondria
 Calvin cycle = C3 cycle because 1st stable product is 3 carbon phosphoglyceric acid
 Fully vacuolated means fully turgid cell
 Root pressure is responsible for guttation
 'Transpiration is necessary evil' given by Curtosis
 If chloroplast is burnt, Mg is left
 Photolysis of water takes place in PSII
 XX female and XY male in Human and Drosophila while XX male and XY female in
Birds, Silkworm and reptiles
 Kleinfelter and Turner syndrome are sterile
 More the X chromosome no. i.e. XXY, XXXY, etc decreases the intelligence
 More the Y chromosome no. i.e. XYY, XYYY, etc increases aggressiveness
 Gametophytic self incompatability = eg. Pineapple, rye grass, Sporophytic SI = Radish
 Autotetraploids = Rye, Grasses, Alfa alfa, Groundnut, Potato
 Autotriploids = Banana, Apple, Watermelon, Sugarbeet
 Allopolyploids = Triticale, Tobacco, Brassica, Cotton, Wheat, etc
 Dwarfing gene of rice is Dee-gee-voo-gen
 Sugarbeet and barely are salt tolerant crop
 Wheat is king of cereals
 C4 Plants = Bajra, Maize, Sugarcane, Sorghum, Amaranthus, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus
rotundus, Eleusine indica, etc.
 Oil content in soyabean & groundnut is 20% and 45% respectively
 Akiochi disease due to H2S toxicity