assignment to submitted Dr. sundarman shrestha Hem raj pant Msc. Ag department of plant pathology AFU

2. AGARICALES
Characteristics and Importance
Presenter
Hem Raj Pant
Department of pathology

3. INTRODUCTION
 Agaricales : includes basidiomycetes fungi whose fruiting
body commonly called as Mushroom
 pileus(cap) and stipe(stalk) are conspicuous part
 commonly called 'gill fungi‘
 270 genera and around 4000 species
 Infact the word mycology (Gr. mykes=mushroom, fungus +
logos=discourse) has been derived from the mushrooms.
 includes the mushrooms, the toadstools, and the boletes.
 In boletes, the basidia not borne on gills, they are lined inside
deep tubes rarely on shallow pits formed on the undersurface
of the fleshy basidiocarp.

4. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION
 Mushrooms are fleshy, sometimes tough, umbrella-like sporophores that
bear basidia on the surface of gills or plates (lamellae)
 Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Mycota
Sub-division: Basidiomycotina
Class: Basidiomycetes
Sub-class: Holobasidiomycetidae II or Hymenomycetes II
Order: Agaricales
Family: Agaricaceae
Genus: Agaricus
Species: bisporus

5. Characterstics
1. Distribution and habitat
Ubiquitous
Terrestrial (all types of woodland and grassland)
Psathyrella aquatica, the only gilled mushroom known to
fruit underwater

6. 2. Somatic structures
Mushroom is not the whole fungus.
 Mycelium is the vegetative part
 mushroom is the reproductive part
Mycelia 3 types
 Primary, secondary and tertiary
 Primary mycelium arises from a homokaryotic basidiospore
 secondary mycelium is dikaryotic hyphae
 tertiary mycelium forms complex fruit bodies

7. 2. Somatic structures contd…
Fairy rings
The Mycelium of some mushrooms when it grows
on the ground particularly forms a circular colony
that continues growing year after year and
produces a crop of basidiocarps at the periphery
of the colony thus forming a ring called a fairy ring.

8. 3. Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction by 2 types of oidia in few agaricales
 Coprinus cinereus has oidia of the wet type
 monokaryons of Coprinus micaceaus and Clitocybe truncicola has dry
type oidia
Oidia can perform two functions
 May germinate and give rise to mycelium
 may behave as spermatia
Coprinus lagopus and Volvariella volvacea produce Chlamydospores
which germinate and give rise to mycelium

9. 4. Sexual reproduction:
 Majority of the members are heterothallic and show either unifactorial
or bifactorial heterothallism
 compatible thalli are brought together either by hyphal fusion or by
means of oidia
 The dikaryotic mycelium thus formed ultimately leads to the formation
of basidiocarps
 The fusion of the dikaryotic nuclei takes place in the basidium
(produced in the gills) which is followed by reductional division
resulting in the formation of generally uninucleate but sometimes
binucleate basidiospore which are haploid.

10. 5. Basidiocarp
 The fruiting body (sporocarp, basidiocarp, basidioma) has a
stalk (stipe) and a pileus
 Shape of pileus : conical to flattened
center has knob or pit
 Color of pileus : All shades (red, yellow, purple, white,
orange, pink, green, brown or black)
 basidia are borne on gills or tubes in pileus
gills or tubes on the pileus may be closely or distantly
spaced

11. 5. Basidiocarp
Other structures besides gills and pileus
Annulus: skirt like ring on stipe
Cortina : veil on margin of pileus
Volva : cup like membrane surrounding the base of
stipe
Three basic types of basidiocarp development have
been recognized viz. gymnocarpous,
psuedoangiocarpous and hemiangiocarpous

12. CLASSIFICATION
1. Boletaceae 2. Hygrophoraceae
3. Tricholomataceae 4. Entolomataceae
5. Amanitaceae 6. Plutaceae
7. Lepiotaceae 8. Agaricaeae
9. Bolbitiaceae 10. Strophariaceae
11. Coprinaceae 12. Cortinariaceae
13. Paxillaceae 14. Gomphidiaaceae
15. Russulaceae 16. Cantharellaceae

13. Important families

14. TRICHOLOMATACEAE
 large family composed of white spored
species with attached gills
 The Armillariella mellea (honey mushroom)
produce basidiocarp in clusterson the roots of
trees or dead stumps
 Pleurotus ostreatus, P. sapidus, P. ulmaris are
good edible mushrooms of this family
Fig: Pleurotus ostreatus

15. AGARICACEAE
 Distinguishing characters
 blackish or brown colour of the basidiospores
 presence of pallid to pink or rosaceous coloured free
gills on the pileus
 An annulus is typically present on the stipe
 They are fine edible mushrooms. e.g. Agaricus
bisporus, A. campestris, etc.
Fig : Agaricus bisporus

16. Beneficial effects of Agaricales
a) Source of nutrient
 Protein 40.93%
 Vitamins Quantity
 B1 (thiamine) 0.12 mg
 B2 (riboflavin) 0.52 gm
 C (Ascorbic acid) 8.60 gm
 K Little
 Niacin 5.05 mg
 Pantothenic acid 2.38 mg
 Minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium and potassium obtained in
good quantity.
 They have high amount of lysine and tryptophan, which are deficient in cereals

17. b) Economic value
 significantly higher rate of economic return
 Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), Oyster mushroom
(Pluerotus sajor-caju), Paddy straw mushroom (Volvariella
volvacea) and Shitake (Lentinus edodes) are common in
Nepal
 mushroom like Yarshagumba is highly valuable
 great potential for the enhancement of economic status of poor
people in our country

18. c) Medicinal use
 Morchella- For fever and diarrhea
 Pleurotus officinalis- Used against stoppage of bleeding, also
against T. B., Jaundice, Worms
 Fomes ignarius- Rapid coagulation of blood
 Ganoderma lucidum- Known for longevity mushroom, fights
against any disease
 Coprinus comatus- Antidiabetic effect
 Lentinus edodes, Auricularia polytricha, Agaricus bisporus-
Lowers blood cholesterol level

19. d) Neutriceuticals and dietary
supplements
 Mushroom neutriceutical is defined as mushroom extract which
is consumed in the form of capsules or tablets as a dietary
supplement and has potential therapeutic applications.

20. e) Others
 Fomes fomentarium, Ganoderma applanatus used in making
cap, hand bag
 Coprinus comatus used as ink for writing

21. Harmful effects
 Some mushroom are poisonous and takes a life of human
Major types of mushroom poisoning and their effects
 liver and kidney damage, and death; onset of symptoms
following ingestion, over 6 hours, usually 10 hrs
 Group I - Deadly cyclopeptide (amanitin) poisoning:
Genus: Amanita and Galerina
 Group II - Deadly monomethyhydrazine poisoning
Genus: Gyromitra (Helvella)

22. Harmful effects contd…
affecting the autonomic nervous system; onset
of symptoms 20 minutes to 2 hrs.
Group III - Coprine poisoining
Genus: Coprinus
Group IV - Muscarine (sweating poisioning)
Genus: Clitocybe and Inocybe

23. Harmful effects contd…
affecting the central nervous system; onset of
symptoms 20 minutes to 2 hrs.
Group V - Ibutenic acid -muscimol poisoning
Genus: Amanita
Group VI - Psilocybin- psilocin poisoning
Genus: Psilocybe and Panaeolus

24. Harmful effects contd…
causing gastrointestinal irritation; onset of
symptoms 30 minutes to 3 hrs
Group VII - Gastrointestinal irritants
Genus: Russula