nervous system introduction

1. PRESENTED BY
Mrs Nirmala Das
M.Sc.NURSING PREVIOUS

2. Components of nervous systemComponents of nervous system
Nervous System is divided into 2
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

3. Central Nervous System
•Brain
•Spinal Cord

4. Brain
• Forebrain
• Midbrain
• Hindbrain

5. Forebrain
CEREBRUM
oFrontal lobe
oParietal lobe
oTemporal lobe
oOccipital lobe

6. LETS WATCH A VEDIO ON NERVOUS SYSTEM

8. Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex
CEREBRUM
http://www.bioon.com/book/biology/whole/image/1/1-6.tif.jpg

10. FRONTAL LOBE
VOLUNTARY BODY
MOVEMENTS
MOVEMENTS THAT
PERMIT SPEAKING
THINKING, AND
JUDGEMENT FORMATION
FUNCTIONS

11. Alteration seen in frontal damage:

12. HYPO ACTIVITY OF FRONTAL LOBE

13. Hyperactivity of frontal lobe

14. Parietal lobe:
FUNCTIONS
PERCEPTION OF SENSORY
INFORMATIONS

15. ALTERATIONS SEEN IN PARIETAL DAMAGE:

17. Temporal lobe
FUNCTIONS HEARING
SHORT TERM
MEMORY
EXPRESSION OF
EMOTIONS

18. Alterations seen in temporal damage

19. Occipital lobe:
FUNCTIONS
VISUAL RECEPTION
AND INTERPRETATION

20. ALTERATIONS SEEN IN OCCIPITAL
DAMAGE
BLINDNESS
VISUAL
HALLUCINATIONS

21. DIENCEPHALONDIENCEPHALON

22. DIENCEPHALON
The diencephalon connects the cerebrum
with lower brain structures.
 Its major structures include the thalamus,
hypothalamus, and limbic system.

23. THALAMUS
•The thalamus integrates all sensory input (except smell) on its
way to the cortex.
•The thalamus is also involved in temporary blocking minor
sensations, so that an individual can concentrate on one
important event when necessary.
•The thalamus also has some involvement with emotions and
mood.

24. Functions of thalamus
• Receiving visual and sensory signal
• Relay sensory signal to the cerebral cortex
• Memory formation and emotional expression
pain perception
• Control sleep and awake states

25. Thalamus damage
• Problems related to sensory perception
• Sleep disorders
• Auditory issue
• THE thalamus damage can also lead to
permanent coma

26. HYPOTHALAMUS
The Hypothalamus is located just below the thalamus
and just above the pituitary gland and has a number of
diverse functions:
Regulation of Appetite
Regulation of temperature

27. Regulation of the pituitary gland

28. LIMBIC SYSTEM
The limbic system, which is sometimes called the
“emotional brain,” is associated with fear and
anxiety; anger and aggression; love, joy, and hope;
and sexuality and social behavior.
•

29. HIPPOCAMPUS
• The hippocampus is located in the inside fold of each
temporal lobe below the thalamus.
• It is the site of the intersection between the storage of
memories and their reproduction with emotional
colouring.
• Alzheimer’s disease cause damage to the
hippocampus.

30. AMYGDALA
• THE amygdala is responsible for determining
what memories r stored and where memories
are stored.
• It is responsible for fear sexual arousal, and
aggressions

31. membranes
.Membranes covering the brain and the spinalMembranes covering the brain and the spinal
cordcord
• Dura mater
• Arachnoid mater
• Pia mater
The Dura mater and arachnoid maters are separated by a
potential space, the subdural space. The arachnoid and
pia maters are separated by the subarachnoid space,
containing CSF.

34. Cerebrospinal Fluid
• CSF is secreted into each ventricles of the brainCSF is secreted into each ventricles of the brain
by choroid plexus. From the roof of the 4thby choroid plexus. From the roof of the 4th
ventricle CSF flows through foramina into theventricle CSF flows through foramina into the
subarachnoid space and completely surroundssubarachnoid space and completely surrounds
the brain and spinal cord.the brain and spinal cord.
• CSF is a clear, slightly alkaline fluid with aCSF is a clear, slightly alkaline fluid with a
specific gravity of 1.005specific gravity of 1.005

35. FUNCTIONS
• Supports and protects the brain and spinal cordSupports and protects the brain and spinal cord
• Maintains a uniform pressure.Maintains a uniform pressure.
• Act as a cushion and shock absorber .Act as a cushion and shock absorber .
• Keeps brain and spinal cord moist and thereKeeps brain and spinal cord moist and there
may be interchange of substances between CSFmay be interchange of substances between CSF
and nerve cells.and nerve cells.

37. MESENCEPHALON

38. The mesencephalon extends from the Pons to
the hypothalamus.
 It is responsible for the integration of various
reflexes, including visual reflexes auditory
reflexes and righting reflexes.

39. HIND BRAIN

40. • The Pons is the bulbous structure.
• It also play a key role in sleep
• Forms connection between the cerebellum and the
brainstem.
• It also contains the central connections of cranial
nerves

41. MEDULLA
It is most important part of brain its function are
involuntary:or done without thought.
 It contains vital centers that regulate heart rate, blood
pressure, and respiration, and reflex centers for
swallowing, sneezing, coughing, and vomiting.

42. CEREBELLUM

It is situated just below the occipital lobes of the
cerebrum.
 The functions are concerned with involuntary
movement, such as muscular tone and coordination
and the maintenance of posture and equilibrium.

43. Spinal cordSpinal cord

44. It is approximately 45 cm long in an adult
male, and is about the thickness of the little
finger.
When specimen of CSF is required it is taken
from a point beyond the end of the cord i.e.
below the level of 2nd
lumbar vertebrae.
The spinal cord is the nervous tissue link
between the brain and the rest of the body.

45. TYPES OF NERVESTYPES OF NERVES
3 types of nerves3 types of nerves
Sensory nerveSensory nerve
Motor nerveMotor nerve
Mixed nerveMixed nerve

46. Peripheral Nervous System

47. Peripheral Nervous System

49. SPINAL NERVES
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves
• 8 cervical
• 12 thoracic
• 5 lumbar
• 5 sacral
• 1 coccygeal
The spinal nerves arise from both sides of the
spinal cord and emerge through the
intervertebral foramina

50. CRANIAL NERVES
• 1st
olfactory: sensory
• 2nd
optic: sensory
• 3rd:OCULOMOTOR
motor
• 4th
trochlear: motor
• 5th
trigeminal :mixed
• 6th
abducent:motor
• 7th
facial :mixed
• 8th
vestibulocochlear :sensory

51. • 9th
glossopharyngeal :mixed
• 10th
vagus :mixed
• 11th
accessory :motor
• 12th
hypoglossal :motor

52. CONCLUSION

54. FRONTAL LOBE
Q1. What are the alterations seeing in Parietal
damage ?
A.Inablity to keep apointments
B.Loss of hearing
C.Apasia
Answer .

55. Q2. What are the Functions of Parietal Lobe ?
A.Movement that Permit speaking
B.Judgment formation
C.Perception of sensory information
D.All the Above
Answer .

56. PARIETAL LOBE
Q1. What is the Full Form of ADHD ?
Answer .
Attention Deflict Hyper Activity
Disorder

57. Q2. What is the Function of Frontal Lobe
A.Voluntary Body Movements
B.Thinking & Judgment Formation
C.Movement that Permit Speaking
D.All The Above
Answer
D

58. Temporal Lobe
Q1. What are the alterations seeing in Occipital
damage ?
A.Visual Hallucination
B.Sensory Distortion
C.Rigidness
Answer .

59. Q2. What is the Function of Cerebrum
Answer .
Senses
Thinking
Imgination

60. OCCIPITAL LOBE

61. Q2. What is the Function of Cerebellum
Answer .
Mintanace of
Body Posture & Balance